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1. DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
E.coli and M.genitalium
genome
 GUIDE-DR S T GIRISHA SIR
SUBMITTED BY
VENKATESH N
1st MSc[Microbiology ]
REG-19TUSM6039
BANGLORE UNIVERSITY

2. INDE
SL CONTENT SLIDE NUMBER
01 E.coli chromosome introduction 01-04
02 Genetic vital statistics of E.coli genome 05
03 E.coli chromosome properties and gene distribution 06-08
04 Interwound configuration and nucleoid associated protein 09-11
05 M.genitalium genome introduction&genetic vital statistics 12-13
06 Genome and gene distribution .gene mapping 14-18
07 Comparision b/w E.coli and M.genitalium genome 19
08 Conclusion and Refrence 20-21

3.  NUCLEOID=Nucleoid is the irregular shapes of region that found
in almost all prokaryotic organisms it contains genetic material in it
 GENOME= Genome is a complete set of DNA In a organism
including all of its gene. genome conatins all of information
needed to build and maintain organism

4. E .coli GENOME
 E .coli is a sphere shaped bacteria with 6Kbp long and 4 Kbp wide it is
I
Gram positive bacteria belongs to Eubacteria
 First genome sequenced in the year of 1997
 Genome size =4.6Mbp
 E.coli have the SINGLE CIRCULAR CLOSED DNA that composed of
the 4.6M base pairs in length conataining 4285 annotated
protein coding genes
 4285 Annotated protein coding genes organized into 2584 operons
 The coding density in E.coli Genome found very high a mean
distance between the genes 118 base pairs

5. Genome size 4.6Mbp
Chromosome Single. circular
Number of Genes E .coli k-
12
4401 among this 90% of Genes are
functional genes
Percentage of with human
homologus
8%
Average gene size 1 Kbp. no Introns
Transposons Strain specific .60copies /Genome
Genome sequenced in 1997
GENETIC VITAL STATISTICS

6. 4.6Mbp[4600 Kbp]
E.coli GEONOME PROPERTIES
 E .coli conatins the total Number of
genes =4401 in which 90% genes are
coding genes
 Among the total number of genes
4285 genes are codes for protein and
116 encodes for RNAs
 4285 protein encoding genes are
organized into 2584 operons
 Chromosomes have several gene families evolved from the common
ancestor.The largest gene family consists 96three[ABC] transporters
which import and export variety of small molecule and protein

7. E.Coli chromosome
E .coli chromosome is a single and
circular
 The outer circle[green] is the
concentration of mRNA
 The next two circles represent the
predicted binding sites for IHF and
FIS protein
 Next circle is AT content
 The two inner circles represents
the skew of the open reading
frames [start points of
transcription]
E.Coli genome

8. FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES E.Coli [4.6Mbp] % GENES
Metabolism 21.0
Structural 5.5
Transport 10.0
Regulation 8.5
Translation 4.3
Transcription 1.3
Replication 2.7
Other known 38.1
Other Uknown 8.5
Protein binding gene number 4285
% OF GENE DISTRIBUTION IN E.coli GENOME

9. INTERWOUND CONFIGRATION OF DNA
 The size of E.coli genome[4.6Mb] is greater than the
size of E.coli organism hence [4.6Mbp] chromosome
must be folded many times to fit within in a cell of the
organism
 The negative super coiling foces DNA into an
interwound configuration .Interwound supercoiling at
the expense of ATP by the enzyme gyrase and this
supercoiling produce a two important consequences
Interwound DNA
1)DNA molecule doubles back itself so that the length is halved relative
that of the linear form of strcture
2) A protein bound to DNA is one supercoiling domain interacts more
than 100 times more frequently with other protein of the same domain
than interacts with protein bound to the different domain

10.  Many reactions of the chromosome require the formation of intricate
DNA –PROTEIN MACHINE to Replicate .Transcribe .and some of
metabolic reactions to carry out
NUCLEOID ASSOCIATED PROTEINS
1)IHF [integration host factor]
2)FIS [factor of inversestimulation]
3)HU [Heat unstable ]
4)H-NS

11. Protein Strcture Mass Sub unit Function
IHF PROTEIN Histone like
protein(heterodimer)
20KDa ∞ and β
subunits
*Allows supercoiling and helps in compact of
DNA
FIS PROTEIN Small basic DNA
bending protein
11.24KDa ∞andβ
subunits
*Initiates DNA replication
HU -PROTEIN Small basic protein
(heterodimer)
18KDa Hua.Hub
subunits
*condense the chromosome and Regulation of
DNA replication
H-NS PROTEIN Histone like
protein(Homodimer)
15.6KDa - *Affects translation by binding to mRNA
compaction

12. M.genitalium GENOME
 Mycoplasma genitalium is a small parasitic bacterium that live on
the ciliated epithelial cells of primate Genital and respiratory tract
 M.genitalium conatins the smallest known genome (0.58Mbp)
 M.genitalium have the single circular closed DNA (chromosome)
With 580 Kbp contain 525 genes
 G+C content acros the genome varies from 27% to 37%
but the overall G+C content is 32%
 Scott N.Peterson and his team at UNIVERSITY OF NORTH
CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL reported first genetic map using
“pulsed field gel electrophoresis “

13. Genome size 580Kbp[0.58Mbp]
Chromosome Single circular closed
Number of genes 525 among which 468 protein coding
genes
Operon 1.Rrna operon
G+C content 32%
GENETIC VITAL STATISTICS

14. M.Genitalium GENOME
 M,genitalium genome composed by the
580Kbp
 Genome contains total number of genes
=525 among which 468 genes encodes for
the proteins
 This genome conatins the one set of [ABC]
Transporter which import and export of
various small molecule and proteins
 It consist of single operon [rRNA]operon
 Genes coding for the rRNA average 44% and 52% for tRNA and the
G+C content for rRNA.tRNA are much more higer than the rest of
genome
M.H PROTEIN

15. FUNCTIONAL CATEGORY M.Genitalium(0.58mbp)
Metabolism 14.6
Strctural 3.6
Regulation 6.0
Translation 21.0
Transcription 2.6
Replication 6.8
Other known 32.8
% OF GENE DISTRIUTION IN M.ginatlium GENOME

16. M.genitaliumGRNOME PROPERTIES
 M.Genitalium genome lack of genes which responsible for amino
acid biosynthesis and contain few genes for nucleic acid .vitamin
.fatty acid synthesis
 They also lack genes for oxidative metabolism [kreb cycle or
E-D pathway.gluconeogenesis and catalase
 However genome posses the genes necessary for DNA
Replictaion .Trascription .Translation even these contain minimal
set of r RNA and t RNA genes
Significant concentration of genes in this genome is for the
following functions *adhesins .*antigenic vartion to invade host
immune system *attachment organells

17. GENE MAPPING OF M.genitalium

19. PROPERTY /FUNCTION E.coli M.genitalium
Genome size
4.6Mbp 0.58Mbp
Chromosome
Single circular Single circular
Number of genes
4401 525
ABC transporter
96 1
Operon
2584 1rRNA
Protein coding genes
4285 468
Metabolism
21.0% 14.6%
Transport
10.0% 7.3%
Regulation
8.5% 6.0%
Translation
4.3% 21.0%
Transcription
1.3% 2.6%
Replication
2.7% 6.8%
Other known
38.1% 32.8%
COMPARE B/W E.coli AND M.genitalium GENOME

20. CONCLUSION
 E .coli used as a model organism
 By studying the genome of the organism help to produce
Recombinant strains and starin improvements also done
 E.Coli used in mass production of protein
 Used to produce the vaccine
 Used in bioremediation field
 E .coli Used for the production of human insulin

21. Refrence
 https;//naturereview>org.in
 https;//microwiki.com
 https;//pg- epaatashala.co.in
 www.sciencedirect.org.co.in
 ARTICLE –M.genitalium genome
Claire M. Robert D

22. THANK YOU