Bangalore Call Girls Majestic đ 9907093804 High Profile Service 100% Safe
Â
Demography and Pyramids Of Pakistan
1. MBBS.USMLE, DPH, Dip-Card, M.Phil, FCPS
Assct: Professor Community Medicine
Services Institute Of Medical Sciences
Lahore.
Ex-Asst Professor Community Medicine
UmulQurrah University Makka Saudi Arabia
5. Demography - Definition
īŧ The term demography was coined by a
Belgian statistician Achille Guillard in
1855
īŧ Derived from Greek word âdemosâ
meaning a human being
īŧ Defined as: â the study of human
populations with respect to their size,
distribution, structure and changes
within them.â
6. Demography - Definition
īŧ SIZE: number of people at a given
time
īŧ DISTRIBUTION: arrangement of
population in space at a given time
īŧ STRUCTURE: distribution of
population in age and sex groupings
īŧ CHANGES: occur due to the growth
or decline of the total population due
to births, deaths, immigration and
emigration
7. What is Population?
A group of individuals
or items that share one or more
characteristics from which data can be
gathered and analyzed.
7/15/2022 7
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
8. Worldâs most populous countries are,
China India USA
Indonesia Brazil Pakistan
Bangladesh Russia Nigeria
7/15/2022 8
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
9. Demography - Historically
īŧ Confucius of China (500 B.C.): believed
that excessive population growth
depresses the living standards of the
people
īŧ Ancient Greeks Plato and Aristotle (300
B.C.) were of the view that the optimum
size of the city-state can be achieved
either by restricting or encouraging
births with punishments or rewards
10. Population Theories
īŧ Theory:
A description of an event, an
explanation of why it happens, and
gives a prediction about future event
īŧ Two kinds of Population Theories:
īŧ Macrolevel Theories (Malthus and Marx);
and demographic transition theories
īŧ Microlevel Theories â Cost utility theory
12. Old Balance â New Balance
ī¯ Old Balance: Death rate high, birth
rate high â net result population size
remain the same in balance
ī¯ Transitional Stage: population
increases because of imbalance in
deaths and births
ī¯ New balance: Death rates and birth
rates are low and stay in balance with
a threat of decline
13. Epidemiological Transition
THREE STAGES: coined by Omran in
1971
īŧ Age of pestilence and famine
īŧ Age of receding epidemics and
sanitation awareness
īŧ Age of degenerative diseases
14. Demographic Transition
There are FIVE stages of demographic
transition:
īŧ Stage 1 â High Stationary
īŧ Stage 2 â Early Expanding
īŧ Stage 3 â Late Expanding
īŧ Stage 4 â Low Stationary
īŧ Stage 5 â Declining
15. īŧ Pakistan is world 6th most populous country.
īŧ With an Estimated population of Pakistan is
220,826,319 as of Sunday, June 28, 2020,
īŧ Natural growth rate 2.50 (2020).
īŧ With the same growth rate Pakistan will become the
4th largest nation in 2050.
7/15/2022 15
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
16. ī With the median age of around 20 years.
Therefor, it is called a âyoungâ country.
ī Currently approximately 106 million below the
age of 30 years.
ī Total working age of population is 122.03
million.
ī Labour force estimated 55 million as of 2014-
15.
ī Proportion of population residing in urban
centres has risen to 36%.
7/15/2022 16
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
17. Factors affecting Distribution of population
Topography Climate
Soil Water
Minerals
7/15/2022 17
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
18. Social
Areas of better housing, education and health facilities are
closely populated.
Cultural
Places with religious and cultural significance attract people.
7/15/2022 18
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
19. What is Demography?
ī¯ Demography is the study of human
populations (their size, composition
and distribution across place, and the
process through which populations
change.
ī¯ Births, deaths and migration are the
âbig threeâ of demography, jointly
producing population stability or
change
7/15/2022 19
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
20. Demography is scientific study of
human population
It focuses on 3 phenomena:
i. Changes in population size
ii. Composition of population
iii.Population distribution in space
Important âdemographic processesâ
include: fertility, mortality, marriage,
education & social mobility
7/15/2022 20
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
21. In a broader sense, additional characteristics such
as ethnicity (race, mother tongue), social
characteristics (marital status, literacy,
educational attainment, womenâs status), and
economic characteristics (employment status,
occupation, income) also need to be considered
when describing population characteristics
1. Census
2. National Survey
3. Registration of vital events
4. Demographic Studies
7/15/2022 21
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
22. Population studies are concerned not only with
population variables but also with relationships
between population changes & other variables â
social, economic, political, biological, genetic,
geographical, environmental, health & the like
Definition of Key Words
ī Size refers to the number persons in the population
ī Distribution refers to the arrangement of the
population in space at a given time
ī Structure is the distribution of population among its sex
& age groupings
7/15/2022 22
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
23. īChange is the growth or decline of the total
population or one of its structural units. The
components of change total population are births,
deaths, & migrations
īAge-Sex Composition of a population refers to the
proportion of males & females in different age-groups.
It has a direct bearing on social, economic, health needs
of communities or countries. In an âoldâ population, for
example, the society has to arrange for the care of the
elderly, & the countryâs health system must be
organized accordingly. In a âyoungâ population, on the
other hand, the country has to provide more schools,
immunizations, & economic support for the young
īNet-Migration refers to the total number of persons
added or subtracted from a population as a result of
the combined effect of immigration & emigration
7/15/2022 23
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
24. īUrbanization refers to mass migration of rural
population into urban centers resulting in
increasing the urban population & growth of cities
īPopulation Growth Rate (%/ year) is the rate
at which a given population is expected to
increase in a given period of time.
īPopulation Doubling Time refers to the time
that would take for a population to double.
Because the population increase is on the
compound interest formula, a 1% per year
increase would cause the population to double in
about 70 years. If the population is increasing at
3% per year, than the doubling time will be 23.3
years
7/15/2022 24
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
25. īPopulation Pyramid is a pictorial presentation
of the age-sex composition of a population
īReplacement Level Fertility (or Zero
population growth) is activated when a couple has
two births during their reproductive life, just
enough to replace themselves. At a community scale,
the replacement level is considered when there are, on the
average, 2.1 births per woman, to compensate for child
deaths
īMomentum of Population Growth is the
characteristic of population growth when a sharp
decline in births does not bring in an immediate
reduction in natural increase
7/15/2022 25
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
27. Growth Rate
īŧ It refers to the rate at which a given population
is expected to increase in a given period of
time. It is shown in percentage per year
īŧ Population Growth = Natural Increase + Net
Migration
īŧ Natural Increase = (No. of Births â No. of Deaths)
īŧ Net Migration = (IM - OM)
īŧ Where IM = In migration i.e. No. of persons moving
into an area
īŧ OM = No. of persons moving out of an area
28. Population Doubling Time
īŧ It is the time that would take for a
population to double itself
Population Doubling time = 70
Growth rate
īŧ If the growth rate is 2% and would
remain so than the time for a population
to double itself in number would be 70/2
= 35 years
29. Population Dynamics
ī¯ How to calculate the size of a
population if we know the growth rate
Pt1 = Pt0 (1 + r)t
Pt1 = Future population
Pt0 = Present Population
r = Growth rate per cent
t = number of years between t0
and t1
30. There are four ways in which the number of people in
an area can change during two time periods t0 & t1
Pt1 = Pto + (B â D) + (IM â OM)
B = number of live births to mothers in the area
D = number of residents died
IM = number of persons moving into the area fro permanent
residence
OM = number of persons moving out of the area to live
elsewhere
Thus the population of an area may change due to
natural reasons (B â D) known as natural increase or
due to migration (IM â OM) known as net-migration.
Subsequently:
Population Growth = Natural Increase
+ Net Migration
7/15/2022 30
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
31. Compound Growth
If the population of a city is 100000 and
a growth rate of 5%. After 6 years it
will be using the formula:
Pt1 = Pt0 (1 + r)t
Pt1 = 100000 (1 + 0.05)6
134009
32. Population Growth Rate
âĻis a measurement that combines both natural increase
and net migration to calculate the overall growth of
a countryâs population.
To calculate:
Population Growth Rate = natural increase rate +
net immigration rate/1000 x 100 (%)
7/15/2022 32
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
34. While characteristic is an attribute of an individual
(e.g. male, young, healthy, employed etc),
composition is a property of a group of people. It
describes how the total given population is
constituted (e.g. 51% males, 20% below age 5, 85%
healthy 7& 30% employed etc).
Dependency Ratio is an index summarizing an age
distribution. Strictly, this is he ratio of population
who are economically not active to those who are
economically active. However, due to the difficulties
in defining economic activity in many countries,
especially when international comparisons are
made, a ratio of age group is used instead:
7/15/2022 34
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
35. Population Composition (Contâd)
Dependency Ratio
= Children + Elderly X 100
Working Age
= Pop below 15 + 65 & above X 100
Pop 15 â 64 years
Dependency Ratio of Pakistan = 95.1
Dependency Ratio of UK = 66.5
īSex Ratio: The overall sex ratio is simply the ratio of
males to females in the population & is calculated by
taking the number of males in a population & dividing it
by the number of females in the same population
Sex Ratio = Number of Males X 100
Number of Females
7/15/2022 35
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
36. Demographic Cycle
World history suggests that every nation passes
through a demographic cycle. The stages are:
1.High Stationary Stage: characterized by
high birth rate and high death rate
2.Early Expanding: The death rate begins to
decline while birth rate remains unchanged
3.Late Expanding: The death rate declined
still further and birth rate tend to fall
4.Low Stationary Stage: Low birth and low
death rates
5.Declining Stage: birth rate is lower than
the death rate and population starts
declining
7/15/2022 36
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
37. īOld Balance: (High fertility & High Mortality)
A large supply of births was necessary to compensate
for the large number of deaths. MMR & IMR extremely
high
īNew Balance: (Low fertility & Low Mortality)
Represents an improved condition of human efficiency
& health, with fewer deaths considerably less efforts
required to bring a generation to maturity. Production
of agricultural & industrial commodities is greater & life
style is more comfortable
īImbalance: (High Fertility & Low Mortality)
In between old & new balance is the period of rapid
natural increase. This growth is helpful for under-
populated nations. Too fast growth of population
leading economic, social & political chaos ( being faced
by numerous developing countries including Pakistan)
7/15/2022 37
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
38. Europe, Japan &
USA
Zero or very
slow
Low
Low
Europe 19th century, East
Asian countries in the mid
20th century
Slow
Low
Declining
Europe 18th century,
Pakistan 1970s
Rapid
Low
High
Europe 17th century, India
1930s â 40s
Slow
Declining
High
Europe prior to 15th
century, most other
developing countries
till the 19th century
Zero to very
slow
High
High
Example
Natural
Increase
Death Rates
Birth Rates
7/15/2022 38
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
39. 39
Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1 : Pre
industrializa
tion: Stable
population
growth
Stage 2:
Rapid
population
growth
Stage 3:
Continued and
decreasing
population
growth
Stage 4:
Stable low
population
growth
CBR
High Birth
rates
High Birth
rates
Falling Birth rates Low Birth rates
Family Size
-- planned
Family
Planning --
The general
plan is to
have many
kids
Family
Planning --
The general
plan is to have
many kids
Family Planning --
The plan is to have
fewer kids
Trends
stabilize with
2 kid families
or less
Infant
Mortality
Rate/
Fertility
Rate
Many children
because few
survive, high
fertility rate
Still many kids
because
expect few to
survive high
fertility
Lower infant
mortality rates --
less pressure to
have children,
fertility declines
Small family
size low
fertility rate
Family
Economics
Many children
are needed to
work the land
Children are
still useful for
work
Increased
mechanization and
industrialization
means less need
for labor/kids
Women are
working in
great
numbers
7/15/2022 DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
40. 40
Demographic Transition
Model
Stage 1 : Pre
industrializati
on: Stable
population
growth
Stage 2: Rapid
population
growth
Stage 3:
Continued and
decreasing
population
growth
Stage 4: Stable
low population
growth
CBR
High Birth
rates
High Birth
rates
Falling Birth
rates
Low Birth rates
Status of
Kids
Children are a
sign of virility &
status and old
age insurance
Children are a
sign of virility &
status and old
age insurance
Increased desire
for material
possessions and
less desire for
large families
Kids are an
expense &
âblingâ
Gender
roles
Strong sex
roles
Strong sex
roles
Emancipation of
women
Emancipation of
women
7/15/2022 DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
41. DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
41
Stage 1 : Pre
industrializatio
n: Stable
population
growth
Stage 2:
Rapid
population
growth
Stage 3:
Continued
and
decreasing
population
growth
Stage 4:
Stable low
populatio
n growth
CDR High Death
Rates
Falling
Death Rates
Death rates
Low
Death rates
Low
Health
Conditi
ons
Poor Diet &
Sanitation,
Famine and
Disease
Improved
diet,
sanitation &
medical
care
Slight
improvemen
t
No change
Transp
ort
Faciliti
es
Limited
transport, trade
& travel
Improved
transport to
move food
and doctors
Slight
Improvemen
t
Stable
Child
Deaths
High child
mortality before
age 5
A decrease
in child
mortality
Child
mortality
very low
Stable
7/15/2022
46. Transition 1
ī¯ Both high birth rates and death rates fluctuate in the first stage of
the population model giving a small population growth (shown by the
small total population graph). There are many reasons for this:
ī¯ little access to birth control
ī¯ many children die in infancy (high infant mortality) so parents tend
to have more children to compensate in the hopes that more will live
ī¯ children are needed to work on the land to grow food for the family
ī¯ children are regarded as a sign of virility in some cultures
ī¯ religious beliefs (e.g. Roman Catholics and Hindus) encourage large
families
ī¯ high death rates, especially among children because of disease,
famine, poor diet, poor hygiene, little medical science.
7/15/2022 46
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
47. Stage 2
ī¯ Birth rates remain high, but death rates fall
rapidly causing a high population growth (as shown
by the total population graph). The reasons for this
could be:
ī¯ improvements in medical care - hospitals,
medicines, etc.
ī¯ improvements in sanitation and water supply
ī¯ quality and quantity of food produced rises
ī¯ transport and communications improve the
movements of food and medical supplies
ī¯ decrease in infant mortality.
7/15/2022 47
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
48. Stage 3
ī¯ Birth rates now fall rapidly while death rates continue to fall.
The total population begins to peak and the population
increase slows to a constant. The reasons for this could be:
ī¯ increased access to contraception
ī¯ lower infant mortality rate means there is less need to have a
bigger family
ī¯ industrialization and mechanization means fewer laborers are
required
ī¯ the desire for material possessions takes over the desire for
large families as wealth increases
ī¯ equality for women means that they are able to follow a
career path rather than feeling obligated to have a family.
7/15/2022 48
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
49. Stage 4
ī¯ Both birth rates and death rates remain
low, fluctuating with 'baby booms' and
epidemics of illnesses and disease.
ī¯ This results in a steady population.
7/15/2022 49
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
50. Stage 5?
ī¯ stage 5 was not originally thought of as
part of the DTM, but some northern
countries are now reaching the stage where
total population is declining where birth
rates have dropped below death rates. One
such country is Germany, which has taken in
foreign workers to fill jobs. The UK's
population is expected to start declining by
2021.
7/15/2022 50
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
51. Examples
ī¯ Population changes over time and space and the
DTM can show both of these. Examples for both of
these are shown below. Firstly, examples of
countries that can be classed as exhibiting the
population traits now, are shown as an example of
how population can change over SPACE. Secondly,
the dates the UK passed through each stage are
indicated as an example of how population in one
country can change over TIME.
7/15/2022 51
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
52. ī¯ Stage 1
Ethiopia / Bangladesh
UK: pre-1780
ī¯ Stage 2
Sri Lanka / Brazil
UK: 1780 - 1880
ī¯ Stage 3
Uruguay / China
UK: 1880 - 1940
Stage 4
Canada / Japan
UK: post-1940
7/15/2022 52
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
53. World Population Trend/
Population Dynamics:
2000 years ago 250 million population
1800 978 million
1900 1650 million
1950 2.5 billion
1970 3.6 billion
1980 4.4 billion
1985 4.8 billion
2000 To 2016 6 billion to 7.4 billion
7/15/2022 53
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
54. ī¯ The rampant population growth is viewed as the
greatest obstacle to the economic & social
development of the majority of peoples in the
underdeveloped world
ī¯ Approximately 95% of population growth is in
developing countries
ī¯ Currently, 1/3 of the world population is < 15, &
will soon enter the reproductive bracket, giving more
potential for population growth
ī¯ The expected number of births per woman, at
current fertility rate is:
īŽ Africa 6.1
īŽ Asia 3.2
īŽ Latin America 3.4
īŽ North America 2.0
īŽ Europe 1.6
7/15/2022 54
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
55. ī¯Economic implications
Due to population explosion there are
īŽ Short term pressure affects during 2-3
decade
īŽ Long term over next century and beyond
economic affects
ī¯Demographic Implications
In population with low birth and death
rate, 20-30% of population is under 15;
9-13% is 65 or more. The median age
for this population is 32 and there is
increased demand for senior citizen
7/15/2022 55
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
56. ī¯Environmental / Ecological Implications
Due to population explosion there are
īŽ Short term pressure affects during 2-3 decade
īŽ Long term over next century and beyond
economic affects
ī¯Social / Political Implications
In population with low birth and death rate,
20-30% of population is under 15; 9-13%
is 65 or more. The median age for this
population is 32 and there is increased
demand for senior citizens
7/15/2022 56
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
57. Age Pakistan U.K.
0 -14 44.5 22.2
15 â 64 51.2 60.0
65 & above 4.2 17.8
7/15/2022 57
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
59. Population Of Pakistan
īŧ Pakistan is world 6th most populous
country.
īŧ With an Estimated population of
Pakistan is 220,826,319 as of Sunday,
June 28, 2020,
īŧ Natural growth rate 2.50 (2020).
īŧ With the same growth rate Pakistan will
become the 4th largest nation in 2050.
ī¯
7/15/2022 59
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
60. Population of Pakistan (contâd)
ī¯ In general, it has also been found that
where there is rapid population growth
and high fertility rates, poverty incidence
is also highest.
7/15/2022 60
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
61. Population dynamics in 2020
According to our estimations, daily change rates of
Pakistan population in 2022 will be the following:
ī¯ 12 767 live births average per day (531.97 in a hour)
ī¯ 3 561 deaths average per day (148.38 in a hour)
ī¯ -1 034 emigrants average per day (-43.10 in a hour)
7/15/2022 61
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
62. Population Causes Over Population Obstacles
7/15/2022 62
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
63. Population Causes Over Population Obstacles (contâd)
ī¯ Dangerous for economic development
ī¯ Lower per capital income.
ī¯ Low rate of savings.
ī¯ Problems for education sector.
ī¯ Housing problems.
ī¯ Food shortage
ī¯ Population and capital formation.
ī¯ Unemployment.
ī¯ Population and environment.
7/15/2022 63
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
64. Population of Pakistan
ī¯ How much population of Pakistan in
2022?
ī¯ 229,571,350
ī¯ The current population of Pakistan
is 229,571,350 as of Wednesday,
July 13, 2022, based on Worldometer
elaboration of the latest United
Nations data.
7/15/2022 DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
64
65. The current population of
Pakistan in
ī¯ 2022 is 235,824,862, a 1.91%
increase from 2021.
ī¯ The population of Pakistan in 2021
was 231,402,117, a 1.85% increase from
2020.
ī¯ The population of Pakistan in 2020
was 227,196,741, a 1.75% increase from
2019.
ī¯ The population of Pakistan in 2019
was 223,293,280, a 1.62% increase from
2018.
7/15/2022 DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
65
66. Demography Of Pakistan
ī¯ Nationality
ī¯ Pakistani
ī¯ Ethnic groups
ī¯ Punjabi 44.68%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%, Sindhi
14.1%, Sariaki 8.38%, Muhajirs 7.57%, Balochi
3.57%, other 6.28%
ī¯ Religions
ī¯ Muslim 96.4% (Sunni 85-90%, Shia 10-15%),
other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.6%.
7/15/2022 66
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
68. Demography Of Pakistan (contâd)
ī¯ Languages
ī¯ Punjabi 48%,
ī¯ Sindhi 12%,
ī¯ Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%,
ī¯ Pashtu 8%,
ī¯ Urdu (official) 8%,
ī¯ Balochi 3%,
ī¯ Hindko 2%,
ī¯ Brahui 1%,
ī¯ English (official), Burushaski, and other 8%
7/15/2022 68
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
69. Demography Of Pakistan (contâd)
ī¯ Literacy ( the ability to read and write)
ī¯ definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 54.9%
male: 68.6%
female: 40.3%
ī¯ Education expenditures
ī¯ 2.7% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) (2009)
and 5.5% (2018) 3.3% (2019e) â1.5%
(2020e) 2.0% (2021e)
7/15/2022 69
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
70. Demography Of Pakistan (contâd)
Educational institutions by kind
ī¯ Primary schools: 156,592
ī¯ Middle schools: 320,611
ī¯ High schools: 23,964
ī¯ College of Arts and Sciences: 3,213
ī¯ Degree colleges: 1,202
ī¯ Technical and vocational institutions: 3,125
ī¯ Universities: 153 ( recognize by HEC)
7/15/2022 70
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
71. Demography Of Pakistan (contâd)
Health expenditures
ī 2.6% of GDP
Urbanization
Urban population
ī¯ 36.2% of total population (2011).
Rate of urbanization
ī¯ 2.68% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
7/15/2022 71
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
72. Letâs Practice...
Calculate Doubling Time:
Country
70/population
growth rate
Doubling Time
Canada 70 / 0.8%
Togo 70 / 2.4%
7/15/2022 72
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
76. Objectives
ī¯WHAT is a population pyramid?
ī¯HOW to read a population pyramid?
ī¯Recognise SHAPES of population
pyramids.
ī¯IMPORTANCE of population
pyramids.
7/15/2022 76
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
77. What is a population pyramid?
ī¯ It is a diagram that gives information about
the proportion of males and females in
each age group.
ī¯ Also shows:
- proportion of young people (0 -14 )
- proportion of working people (15 â 59)
- proportion of elderly people (60+)
7/15/2022 77
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
78. Population Pyramids
âĸ A population pyramid is two back-to-back
bar graphs, one showing the number of
males and one showing females in a
particular population in five-year age groups
(also called cohorts).
âĸ A great deal of information about the
population broken down by age and sex can
be read from a population pyramid, and this
can shed light on the extent of its
development.
â Birth rate trends
â Death rate trends
â Number of economic dependents (<15, >65)
7/15/2022 78
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
79. What is a population pyramid?
Vertical Axis - Age Groups
Horizontal Axis â Percentage / number
Young dependents
Working population
Elderly dependents
7/15/2022 79
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
81. How to read a population pyramid?
ī¯ Read the title e.g. country or city or racial
group
ī¯ Comment on general shape of the
pyramid
ī¯ Note the proportion of people in various
age groups
ī¯ Note the sex ratio
ī¯ Interpret the data
7/15/2022 81
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
82. Types of Population Pyramid
1. Triangular-shaped
2. Beehive-shaped Pyramid
3. Rectangular-shaped Pyramid
Shape of pyramids is controlled by
īŽ births,
īŽ deaths, &
īŽ migrations.
7/15/2022 82
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
83. Reading Population Pyramids
ī¯ Shape of sides:
īŽ Concave sides indicate a high death rate and convex sides
indicate a low death rate.
īŽ If the population pyramid exhibits concave sides it
indicates a high death rate.
7/15/2022 83
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
84. Dependency Ratio
īĩ The working age of people varies.
īĩ Traditionally people worked until they were 65 years
old.
īĩ The common trend now is for people to retire closer
to 55 years of age.
īĩ However, for statistic purposes we recognize people
between 15 and 65 as the workers of a society.
īĩ People under 15 and over 65 are considered
dependant upon the working population.
īĩ The dependency ratio (DR) of a population indicates
how many people are dependant upon every 100
workers.
The formula is
DR = (pop. 0-14) + (pop. 65+)*100
(pop. 15-64)
7/15/2022 84
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
85. Descriptions
ī¯ Bumps in the sides:
īŽ Irregularities in the sides indicate a demographic
anomaly.
īŽ The 30 -50 age group in the population pyramid
represents the baby boom.
īŽ This bump will travel upward as the baby boomers age.
ī¯ Classification:
īŽ Indicates standard of living as described above.
7/15/2022 85
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
87. Broad-based Pyramid
Title: India, 2000
Shape: Broad Base - high birth rates
Narrow Top - small elderly pop
- high death rate
Proportion: - Large proportion of young
- high young dependency
ratio
Sex Ratio: Balance pyramid - Balance sex
ratio
7/15/2022 87
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
91. Each pyramid tells a story
about the
past, present & future
of a country & its people.
92. Male Female
Population in millions
In this
country the
number of
people in each
age group is
about the
same.
The largest
category of
people were
born about
40 years
ago.
In this country there is a low Birth Rate
and a low Death Rate.
This population pyramid is typical of
countries in the richer parts of the world
7/15/2022 92
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
93. Population in millions
Male Female
In this
country the
birth rate is
decreasing.
In the future the
elderly people will make
up the largest section
of the population in this
country.
This is happening
more and more in
many of the worldâs
richer countries.
7/15/2022 93
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
94. Male Female
Population in thousands
This country has a large
number of temporary
workers. These are people
who migrate here especially
to find a job.
7/15/2022 94
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
96. Baby boomers?
ī¯ Who are the baby boomers?
ī¯ Baby boomers are the demographic
group born during the postâWorld
War II baby boom, approximately
between the years 1946 and 1964.
This includes people who
are between 52 and 70 years
old in 2017, according to the U.S.
Census Bureau.
7/15/2022 96
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
97. Importance of Population Pyramids
ī¯ Policy Planning
~ future housing estates
~ future schools
~ future jobs
ī¯ Comparison with other countries
~ developed (US) vs developing (India)
7/15/2022 97
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
103. Analysis of the Italyâs
Pyramid
ī¯1. Decline in Birth Rate
ī¯2. Baby Boom
ī¯3. Low Death Rate with increasing
number of elderly.
ī¯4. More women due to: a. longer life
expectancy and World Wars (I and
II)
ī¯5. More 75-79 yrs than 0-4 yrs.
Signs of a future worker shortage
and an overall declining population.
7/15/2022 103
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
108. Beehive-shaped Pyramid
Title: Singapore, 2000
Shape: Rocket-shaped / Narrow Base
â Low Birth Rates, Slow pop growth
Proportion: Large proportion of working
population, 15-59 yr old - large
group of economically active pop
Sex Ratio: Balanced pyramid
7/15/2022 108
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
109. DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
Japan showing its
high number of
dependants to
working age
population
âĸlots of elderly
(nearly black color)
âĸ Working age
population (purple
color)
âĸfew kids (dark
purple color)
Result is high
Dependency Ratio
7/15/2022 109
112. Rectangular Pyramid
Title: Netherlands, 2000
Shape: Rectangular-shaped - Zero Pop Growth
Narrow Base - Low Birth Rates
- Life-expectancy is high e.g. 80+
- Low death rates
Proportion: Bars of equal length - Balance
Proportion
Sex Ratio: Balance pyramid - Balance Sex
Ratio
7/15/2022 112
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022
115. Test Yourself
1. What does the vertical axis on the population pyramid
represent?
2. What type of population pyramid is indicative of a lesser
developed country?
3. What does a narrow base to the population pyramid
indicate?
4. What type of population pyramid has a triangular shape?
5. What type of population pyramid is wider at the
reproductive age than at the pre-reproductive ages.
6. _?_ are graphs that show the age structure of a
population by age & gender.
7. What type of population pyramid is depicted below?
What characteristic of this population pyramid indicate
its high death rate?
7/15/2022 115
DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED
GMC 2022