The document discusses the Pythagorean theorem and distance formula. The Pythagorean theorem states that for a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. It is used to find the length of the third side of a right triangle when two sides are known. The distance formula is used to find the distance between two points in a plane by taking the square root of the sum of the squared differences between their x- and y-coordinates. Examples of applying both the Pythagorean theorem and distance formula are provided.