This document summarizes several chapters from the book Rippa on the history of education in the United States. It discusses the ongoing struggles for equality, particularly for women's education from the 19th century onward. It also outlines how business interests began influencing public education during the Great Depression and World War II. The document then covers the transition of the American high school and changes in higher education, including the growth of community colleges. It concludes by noting several key acts and reforms that expanded the federal role in education through the 20th century.

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2. Rippa Chapter 9 Continuing struggles for equality of educational opportunity Educational inequality for women – rights- social position – capitalism – income gaps – Rush, Mann and Barnard advocates – Abigal Adams – Wollstonecraft – emancipation of women -19 amendment – Willard – Troy Female Seminary Lyon – Mount Holyoke - careers – academic content Westward migrations – first coeducational colleges – led to staffing of schools exclusively with women. Social rebellion – work opportunities – feminisim – status – marriage and career – equal employment- Gilligan – gender differences – subject matter –male oriented – autonomy – Affirmative action – discrimination – Civil rights – separate but equal – Brown vs. Board of Education – racial integration – busing -

3. Rippa Chapter 10Impact of the Business Creed Depression – schools closed – hardship – shifting values – business oriented – political threat – New Deal – Liberty League – business interests – Wagner Act – free enterprise system campaign – NAM – textbook banning – Robey – commissioned textbooks – indoctrinating World war 2 – totalitarian threat – business begins to influence public education – American way of life – free enterprise drive – Chamber of Commerce – influence teachers – NAM- mass media – sell free enterprise to nations schools

4. Rippa Chapter 11 The American School in Transition High school – college bound – vocational – Eliot – the committee of ten - elective system – standards and teaching methods – units, credits or equivalents – Classical curriculum vs. diversified curriculum – influenced by educational psychology – Social functions of education shift Eight year study – quality of education Contant report – school district consolidation – too small to offer diversity Educational Reform Movement 1950 -1960 – expanded curricula – methodology – new content in subject matter – innovation in education Concept of structure and implications for learning School organization – non graded arrangement - Trump plan – large groups, small groups, independent study – technology and flexibility – 1970’s drive for alternative schools – 1980’s mediocre educational performance – committees formed – fundamental reform needed.

5. Rippa Chapter 12 & 13Cross Currents in Higher Education/ Contemporary Issues and Problems Higher education tied to political and social history – changes in society – scientific discoveries – academic freedom – philanthropic funding fueled growth – research and graduate work – journals – societies – corporate support – Land Grant Act of 1862 – opportunities for liberal education – initiated federal aid to education – matching dollars idea – states established higher education – Professional education improves – apprenticeship fazed out – teaching, law and medicine upgraded – philanthropic support – accreditation – Carnegie Commission Report of 1986 – certification of teachers – links between economic growth and quality of schools – schools to be run by teachers – Holmes Report of 1986 – recommended abolishing undergraduate degree in teaching Community College – reverse discrimination – Coleman Report – social class effect on student scores – laws enacted for handicapped inclusion – minorities – native americans – bilingual student - demographic changes – changing social order – poverty –new immigrants – culturally disadvantaged – open admission policy -

6. Rippa Chapter 14 & Dewey Approaching the Twenty-First Century National Defense Education Act – Elementary and Secondary Education Act – Johnson – Higher Education Act of 1965 – cabinet level Department of Education 1979 – federal government in educational leadership – New Federalism - Advancement in technology Dewey – Education is individual and social- process of living – school as social institution that stems from home life and community - teacher as influencer – education tied to human activity and social experience – method tied to interests and nature of child- education tied to social progress and growth – whole child – child vs. curriculum – individual nature vs. social culture – child centered – stimuli – experience – development – organic connection – motivation – though provoking