2. Important Events in Behaviorism
1. 1863 - Ivan Sechenov's Reflexes of the Brain was published. Sechenov
introduced the concept of inhibitory responses in the central nervous system.
2. sssss
3. 1913 - John Watson's Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It was published. The
article outlined the many of the main points of behaviorism.
4. 1920 - Watson and assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted the famous "Little
Albert" experiment.
5. 1943 - Clark Hull's Principles of Behavior was published.
6. 1948 - B.F. Skinner published Walden II in which he described a utopian
society foundssed upon behaviorist principles.
7. 1959 - Noam Chomsky published his criticism of Skinner's behaviorism,
"Review of Verbal Behavior."
8. 1971 - B.F. Skinner published his book Beyond Freedom and Dignity, in which
he argued that free will is an illusion.
3. 3 basic ideas about learning are:
1. Conditioning:
(pavlov and the dribbling dogs).learning is
seen as a question of developing
connections(known as stimulus response
bonds) between events.
2. Habit formation:
(skinner and the sporty pigeons):
3. Importance of environment:
(writing on a clean slate)
4. Behaviorism can perhaps be best summed up by the
following quote from the famous psychologist John
B. Watson:
"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and
my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll
guarantee to take any one at random and train him
to become any type of specialist I might select --
doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even
beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents,
penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race
of his ancestors."
5. There are two major types of
conditioning:
1.Classical conditioning is a technique
used in behavioral training in which a naturally
occurring stimulus is paired with a response.
Next, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with
the naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the
previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the
response without the presence of the naturally
occurring stimulus. The two elements are then
known as the conditioned stimulus and
the conditioned response.
6. conditionings
2.Operant conditioning Operant
conditioning (sometimes referred to as
instrumental conditioning) is a method
of learning that occurs through rewards
and punishments for behavior. Through
operant conditioning, an association is
made between a behavior and a
consequence for that behavior.
1959 - Noam Chomsky published his criticism
of Skinner's behaviorism, "Review of Verbal
Behavior."
7. conclusion
• While behaviorism is not as dominant
today as it was during the middle of
the 20th-century, it still remains an
influential force in psychology.
Outside of psychology, animal
trainers, parents, teachers, and
many others make use of basic
behavioral principles to help teach
new behaviors and discourage
unwanted ones.
