presentation

2. Human respiratory system
 The system in the body which helps us to
breathe is human respiratory system.
 The human respiratory system consist of:
1. The breathing organ…
2. The ribs
3. The intercostal muscles
4. The diaphragm

8.  Intercostal muscle terdapat di antara
tulang2 rusuk.
 Terlibat dlm breathing mechanism
 Menyebabkan tulang rusuk bergerak

13. Characteristics of alveolus is an
efficient tissue for exchange of gas.
 Has large exposed surface area
(small in size).
 Has moist surface.
 Has thin walls (one-cell thick).
 Covered by a lot of blood capillaries.

14. Equation to shows the
process of cell respiration
@ Food is oxidised
Food* + Oxygen Energy + Water + CO2
vapour
*Food = Glucose

15. Harmful substances (air pollutants) to
the respiratory
system.
 Nicotine  Burning plastic
 Tar materials
 Carbon monoxide -production of
- Excess CO can cause death poisonous gases
- Reduce the ability of blood to transport
oxygen like hydrogen
 Carcinogens chloride, ammonia
-causes the growth of cancerous cell
and hydrogen
 Irritants cyanide.
 Sulphur dioxide
 Nitrogen dioxide
 Haze

18. Diseases of the respiratory
system
 Bronchitis  Heart diseases
 Asthma
 Pneumonia
 Emphysema
 Tuberculosis
 Lung cancer

19.  Bronchitis
 Bronchi becomes red & swollen.
 The air passages are clogged with
mucus and dust.
 Caused by virus, bacteria, dust &
tobacco smoke.

20.  Asthma
 In which breathing is obstructed due
to the narrowing of air passages and
increased mucus secretion.
 Caused by allergic reactions to
substances in the air, food &
medicines.

21.  Pneumonia
 Alveoli are filled with fluid.
 Caused by virus, bacteria or
chemicals in polluted air.
 Affected person has fever &
prolonged cough.

22.  Lung emphysema
o Happen as a result of abnormal
growth in the cell.
o Caused by certain chemical
substances in the cigarette smoke.
o Alveolar wall break down.
o Exchange of gases is inhabited.

23.  Tuberculosis (TB)
 A lung infection caused by bacteria.
 Lung tissue is destroyed and replaced
by scar tissue inhibiting gas
exchange.
 Affected person experiences prolong
cough phlegm containing blood.

24.  Lung cancer
 Caused by carcinogens present in
tobacco smoke.
 Carcinogens cause the production of
cancerous cells in the lungs.

25. Ways to improve the air quality
 Enforce anti-air  Practice car-
pollution pooling.
 Used unleaded  Fixing catalytic
petrol converters on
 Develop and used motor vehicles.
electric cars (pengubah )
 Do not smoke  Using electric
 Plant trees around precipitators in
houses factories.
(pemendap elektrik)