This document provides an overview of cellular and wireless networks. It discusses the history and evolution of 1G to 4G cellular networks, including the development of technologies like GSM, CDMA, UMTS, HSPA and LTE. It also covers the basics of wireless local area networks (WiFi) and describes the IEEE 802.11 standards including 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n. Finally, it discusses future trends in both cellular and wireless networks.

1. Introduction to Cellular and Wireless Networks

2. Lesson Content Introduction Cellular Networks – 1.0 to 3.5G and Beyond Wireless Networks – WiFi and WiMAX Summary and future trends © NDI Communications ©

3. Wireless and Cellular Networks - History In 1905, Guglielmo Marconi invented the first Radio application for Naval requirements In 1912, with the drowning of the Titanic, Radio communications became essential In 1930, the First mobile transmitter was developed. First – Simplex communications.

4. Wireless and Cellular Networks - History In 1935, FM – Frequency Modulation developed. Later used in WW2 by the US In 1942, a Patent for Frequency Hoping was registered by actress Hedy Lamarr and composer George Antheil. Later developed to CDMA. They called it “Secret Communication System ” During the years 1946-1968, wireless communications developed for government services – Police, Fire departments etc…

5. Wireless and Cellular Networks - History In the mid-late 90’s, development of 2.0G+ cellular networks, along with the emerging of wireless data networks. Since the early 2000’s, fast cellular and wireless services, along with advanced, IP-Based services 1979 in Tokyo, Japan. Later in the early 80’2 in the US and Europe – the first real mobile hone, including handoff. In the early-mid 80’s, various technologies came, like WLL, LMDS, and Wireless LAN.

6. What do we have today ? Cellular technologies Started 1.0G, analog communications Today (2009), 3.5G moving to 4.0G LTE technology Wireless technologies: Wireless LAN (WiFi), for close areas, mostly private networks, moving to mobility WiMAX for high bandwidth, SP networks

7. Early Technologies – 1G to Early 3G Evolution 3GPP WCDMA R.99 [2Mbps] GRPS (2,5G) and EDGE (2.75G) [Upto 384Kbps] Cdma2000 (1.25/3.75MHz) [307-2048Kbps] cdmaOne (ANSI-95-B) [64-115] D-AMPS (TDMA) ANSI-136 IS-136 (ANSI-136-A/B) [Upto 64Kbps] TDMA-EDGE (IS-136HS) [Upto 384Kbps] Early 3.0G 2.5G 2G 1G GSM NMT cdmaOne (ANSI-95) TACS AMPS 2005 1990 2000 1995

8. Wireless and Mobile 3G Technologies Evolution 3GPP MIMO/ HSDPA R7 SAE/LTE R8 3GPP HSUPA R6 3GPP HSDPA R5 3GPP WCDMA R.99 3GPP2 1xEVDV RevA 3GPP2 1xEVDO Rev0 3GPP2 1xEVDO RevB IEEE 802.16e-2005/ ETSI HiperMAN SISO/OFDMA IEEE 802.16e-2005/ETSI HiperMAN MIMO/Beamforming/OFDMA 3G to 4G IEEE 802.16-2004/ ETSI HiperMAN OFDM WiMAX 2008 2005 2010 2007 2009 2006

9. Where is it in the Network? Core/Switching Network Service Networks First Mile Access Video CMTV Direct TV Content Aggregator FO Technologies Internet AOL Earthlink DSLAM Yahoo Voice PSTN Wireless Cellular Skype Vonage

10. Some Wireless Principles – Radio Communications In wireless / mobile communications, the principle is to get the maximum capacity from the air, or what called – the air interface. For this purpose, we use the following techniques: Frequency bands – that we are allowed to use Modulation – that carry the information over the radio waves Multiplexing – that shared the air interface between different users.

11. What is the whole story here? How much bps can we get from every Hz ??? (The Shannon’s Theorem) C = W * log2 (1 + SNR) Claude E. Shannon Channel Capacity [Bits/sec] Signal Bandwidth [Hz] Signal to Noise Ratio [Number]

12. Lesson Content Introduction Cellular Networks – 1.0 to 3.5G and Beyond Wireless Networks – WiFi and WiMAX Summary and future trends

13. 1.0G Analog Systems 2.0G TDMA/GSM/CDMA 2.5G GPRS/1XRTT 3.0G-3.5G UMTS/CDMA 2000 HSDPA/HSUPA 1xEVDO/DV 4.0G LTE Speech SMS WAP Video Streaming, Video conference, High speed Packet Data Speech and packet based Data Services 10’s Mbps data transfer Speech Only Voice 30-40Kbps Data Voice 5-100Mbps Data Voice No Data Voice 1-5Mbps Data Voice 100-200Kbps Data Wireless and Mobile Communications – Cellular Networks 2010 2003 2001 1985 1992-2000 Voice Over IP

14. How it works – The beginning Traditional mobile service was structured in a fashion similar to television broadcasting One very powerful transmitter located at the highest spot in an area would broadcast in a radius of up to 50Km.

15. And then With one antenna – limited cover and number of users Therefore – split into many low power transmitters

16. The Solution - Cells Frequency reuse Different color – different frequency In the example N (Reuse factor) =7

17. Practical Frequency reuse – Cell Splitting E Macro cells F D A G C E F D B A Micro cells G C E F D B A G C B Pico cells We start with Macro-Cells Rural areas Then Micro-Cells More crowded rural areas Then Pico-Cells Urban area

18. Moving between Cells Base Station Base Station Mobile phones moves between cells The handset should not be disconnected F2

19. The Solution - The Handover Process RSSI RSSI RSSI FRQ B FRQ A FRQ C Handover Happens Here Handover Happens Here RSSI - Received Signal Strength Indicator

20. Handset to Network Connection When Handset is turned on – it looks for the best receive on FCC Transmit to the MSC his location on the BCC Starts talking on FVC/BVC Forward Voice Channel Reverse/Backwards Voice Channel Forward Control Channel Reverse/Backwards Control Channel

21. Frequency Code Code Frequency Time Time Time Code Frequency FDMA CDMA TDMA Access Methods The Major Air-Interface Methods are: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

22. The Cellular Network Structure The User The Access Network The Switching Network The Services Circuit Switching Mobile Internet Air Interface MW FO Cables FO Cables Intelligent Network Packet Switching Cell phones The Core Network The Radio Network Intelligent Network Advanced Services

23. The Cellular Network Structure – 2.0G-2.5G TRAU PSTN MSC BSC VLR BTS HLR Mobile Device Circuit Switching Packet Switching PCU GGSN Packet Network IP net BTS SGSN Data Network BTS – base Transceiver Station BSC – base Station Controller TRAU - Transcoding Rate Adaptation Unit MSC – Mobile Switching Center HLR – Home Location Registrar VLR – Visitor Location registrar PSTN – Public Switched Telephone Network SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node PCU – Packet Control Unit

24. 3.0G - Introduction Started as IMT–2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000): Used worldwide Used for all mobile applications Support both packet-switched (PS) and circuit-switched (CS) data transmission Offer high data rates up to 2 Mbps (depending on mobility/velocity) Offer high spectrum efficiency

25. The IMT-2000 Vision IMT-SC* Single Carrier (UWC-136): EDGE GSM evolution (TDMA); 200 KHz channels; sometimes called “2.75G” IMT-MC* Multi Carrier CDMA: CDMA2000 Evolution of IS-95 CDMA, i.e. cdmaOne Now – 3GPP2 IMT-DS* Direct Spread CDMA: W-CDMA Evolution of GSM - UMTS Now - 3GPP; UTRAN FDD IMT-TC** Time Code CDMA Originally from 3GPP; UTRAN TDD Came from China; TD-SCDMA IMT-FT** FDMA/TDMA (DECT legacy)

26. 3.0G – UMTS / W-CDMA UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Spread Spectrum radio technology All sites transmits in the same frequencies They differ by codes High capacity for voice and data applications Standardized by 3GPP

27. Basic 3.0G UMTS Cellular Network Architecture UMTS Access Network 3G handset RNC Node B SGSN Packet Switched Network

28. HSDPA/HSUPA Both known as HSPA – High Speed Packet Access Primary target of HSDPA/HSUPA is to enhance system throughput with minimum changes in network architecture Is an extension to WCDMA Release ’(”99”) Release 5 - HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) Downlink – 14.4Mbps, Uplink – 384Kbps Release 6 - HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) Downlink – 14.4Mbps, Uplink - 5.76Mbps Following technologies (2009) HSPA+ (Release7)

29. LTE – Long Term Evolution Peak download rates of 326.4 Mbit/s for 4x4 antennas, 172.8 Mbit/s for 2x2 antennas for every 20 MHz of spectrum. Different terminal classes – from simple voice to high bandwidth multimedia At least 200 active users in every 5 MHz cell. Co-existence with legacy standards – GSM and W-CDMA-based UMTS and cdmaOne or CDMA2000) networks Full support for IP services - Mobile TV, Radio and television broadcasts and more

30. Lesson Content Introduction Cellular Networks – 1.0 to 3.5G and Beyond Wireless Networks – WiFi and WiMAX Summary and future trends

31. What is Wireless LAN (WiFi)? General: A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area network Based on the IEEE 802.11 standards Performance Typical range is on the order of 10’s of meters 10’s of Mbps, depends on standard Reasonable reliability, low cost devices Free frequency band – no licenses required !!!

32. 802.11 published in 1997. Works in The 2.4GHz Band. BW – up to 2 Mbps Uses DSSS/FHSS Modulation 802.11a Published in 1999. Works in The 5MHz Band. BW – up to 54Mbps Uses OFDM modulation 802.11b Published in 1999. Works in the 2.4GHz Band. BW up to 11.0 Mbps Uses DSSS modulation 802.11g Published in 2003. Works in The 2.4GHz Band. BW up to 54Mbps Uses OFDM modulation 802.11n Published in 2007 (Draft). Works in The 2.4/5.0GHz Bands. BW up to 248Mbps. Uses OFDM and MIMO Wireless and Mobile Communications – WiFi

33. The 802.11 Architecture AP AP AP Fixed Terminals f1 f2 f3

34. Nomadic Access 802.11 LAN STA1 BSS1 ESS BSS2 STA1 STA2 802.11 LAN Access Point - Station integrated into the wireless LAN and the distribution system STA (Station) – A wireless node BSS – (Basic Service Set) - Group of stations using the same radio frequency EES (Extended Service Set) - Interconnection network to form one logical network. based on several BSS 802.x Secured LAN Organization Network

35. Ad-Hoc Architecture Direct communication within a limited range Station (STA):terminal with access mechanisms to the wireless medium Basic Service Set (BSS):group of stations in range and using the same radio frequency 802.11 LAN STA1 STA3 BSS1 STA2 BSS2 STA5 STA4 802.11 LAN

36. The 802.11 Architecture – the Physical Layer Fixed Terminals Mobile Terminal Wired network access point Application Application TCP TCP IP IP LLC LLC LLC 802.11 MAC 802.3 MAC 802.3 MAC 802.11 MAC 802.11 PHY 802.3 PHY 802.3 PHY 802.11 PHY

37. Unlicensed Frequency Bands Shortwave Radio FM Broadcast Infrared Wireless LAN AM Broadcast Television Cellular (840 MHz) Audio NPCS (1.9 GHz) Ultra Low Extremely Low Very Low Very High Visible Light Ultra- violet Ultra High Super High Low Medium High Infrared X Ray 5.15-5.25GHz 5.25-5.35GHz 5.725-5.825 2.4 – 2.483GHz Ultra-low frequency (ULF) -- 0-3 Hz Extremely low frequency (ELF) -- 3 Hz - 3 kHz Very low frequency (VLF) -- 3kHz - 30 kHz Low frequency (LF) -- 30 kHz - 300 kHz Medium frequency (MF) -- 300 kHz - 3 MHz High frequency (HF) -- 3MHz - 30 MHz Very high frequency (VHF) -- 30 MHz - 300 MHz Ultra-high frequency (UHF)-- 300MHz - 3 GHz Super high frequency (SHF) -- 3GHz - 30 GHz Extremely high frequency (EHF) -- 30GHz - 300 GHz

38. 802.11b/g Channels 11 Non-overlapping channels 22MHz channel bandwidth, 5MHz channel spacing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5 10 4 9 3 8 5MHz 2 7 22MHz 11 1 6 2.483GHz 2.441GHz 2.400GHz

39. The ISM Frequency Bands The ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) frequency bands (900 MHz & 2.4 GHz) are un-licensed in most of the world The ISM rules varies depending on the country: In the US, the FCC allocates both the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz band with 1W maximum power In Europe, the ETSI allocates only the 2.4 GHz band with 100 mW maximum power

40. 802.11 Spreading Techniques FHSS, DSSS 802.11 OFDM 802.11a DSSS, HR-DSSS 802.11b HR-DSSS, ERP-DSSS, OFDM 802.11g OFDM, MIMO 802.11n Spreading/Modulation Technique Standard

41. Spread Spectrum Techniques Distributes the signal over a wide range of frequencies and then collected back at the receiver Initially adopted in military applications, for its resistance to jamming and difficulty of interception. In the last years, adopted in commercial wireless communications In the 2.4 GHz band, the regulation specifies that systems have to use one of the two main spread spectrum technique: Direct Sequence or Frequency Hopping

42. Spreading code (PRN) 10110100 Spreaded Signal 10110100 01001011 10110100 10110100 Data Signal 1011 DSSS – Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum MOD Data Signal Spreading Code Resulting Signal

43. Frequency Time FHSS – Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum

44. Basic Modulation Techniques Modulation – Mapping of information on changes in the transmitted signal. Basic modulation techniques are: Amplitude Modulation (AM) – for amplitude changes Amplitude changes with input signal Frequency Modulation (FM) – for frequency changes Frequency changes with input signal Phase Modulation – for phase changes Phase change with input signal Mostly used for analog transmission, for example AM/FM radio

45. Advanced Modulation Techniques The main job of the radio modem is to transform bits into modulations of the radio waves, and there are many ways to do that. The modulation techniques that are in used in Wireless and Cellular communications are: FSK – Frequency Shift Keying PSK – Phase Shift Keying – BPSK (Binary-PSK) and QPSK (Quadrature-PSK) QAM – Quadrature Amplitude Modulation OFDM – Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

46. Modulation Techniques - FSK Data f1 f2 Modulated Signal Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave 2-FSK (or Binary-FSK) is when two frequencies are used: One frequency (Mark Frequency) for binary ‘1’ One frequency (Space Frequency) for Binary ‘0’ Binary FSK

47. Modulation Techniques - PSK 90º Q-PSK: 90º B-PSK: ‘01’ 180º 180º 0º 0º ‘00’ ‘0’ ‘10’ ‘1’ ‘11’ 270º 270º Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave). In Wireless-LAN, PSK is used in two forms: B-PSK (Binary PSK) – when two phases are used Q-PSK (Quadrature PSK) – when four phases are used

48. Modulation Techniques - PSK 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 11 10 00 01 Data Data f1 f1 180 0 270º 180 180 180 0 0º 90º 180º 0 0 Modulated Signal Modulated Signal 90º 90º Q-PSK: B-PSK: ‘01’ ‘00’ ‘10’ 180º 180º ‘0’ ‘1’ 0º 0º ‘11’ 270º 270º

49. Modulation Techniques - QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), is a relatively simply technique. It is simply a combination of amplitude modulation and phase shift keying. In QAM, the QAM order (QAM-16, QAM-64 etc) defines how many signals exists in the scheme. QAM-4 indicates 4 signals – 00/01/10/11 QAM-8 indicates 8 signals – 000/001/010/011/100/101/110/111 Etc ….

50. Example – QAM-8 111 010 010 Phase Shift Amplitude Bit Value 0º 1 000 0º 2 001 90º 1 010 90º 2 011 f1 180º 1 100 180º 2 101 2/270º 1/90º 1/90º 270º 1 110 Modulated Signal 270º 2 111 Data

51. Modulation Techniques - FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) is a technology that transmits multiple signals simultaneously over a single transmission path Frequency (Hz) Signal B Signal A

52. Modulation Techniques - OFDM Orthogonal FDM (OFDM) spread spectrum technique is a special case of FDM It distributes the data over a large number of carriers that are spaced apart at precise frequencies. DC Subcarrier DATA Subcarrier GUARD Subcarrier PILOT Subcarrier Channel

53. The 802.11 Architecture – the Data Link (MAC) Layer Fixed Terminals Mobile Terminal Wired network access point Application Application TCP TCP IP IP LLC LLC LLC 802.11 MAC 802.3 MAC 802.3 MAC 802.11 MAC 802.11 PHY 802.3 PHY 802.3 PHY 802.11 PHY

54. Wired MAC (CSMA/CD) Vs. Wireless MAC (CSMA/CA) In Wired LAN – CSMA/CD When want to transmit – wait for free media Transmit Frame If collision – stop transmission immediately Retransmit after random time (back-off) In Wireless LAN – CSMA/CA When want to transmit – wait for free media Wait a random time Transmit Frame If collision – the station do not notice it Collision - erroneous frame Increase back-off

55. Standards and Amendments Summary Mesh Extensions: 802.11s QoS Extensions: 802.11e, 802.11r Security Extentions: 802.11i, 802.11w Radio and Regulatory: 802.11d, 802.11h, 802.11j Data Rates: 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n

56. What is WiMAX WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Fixed (and nomadic) access: 802.16-2004/802.16d (8/2004) Mobile access: 802.16e (5/2005) Typically 2-8 Km’s, Maximum cell size ~45 Km’s Maximum speed 100 Mbps (64QAM/20MHz)

57. Wireless and Mobile Communications – WiMAX Mid-late 90’s Early technologies – LMDS, MMDS No standardization 2001-2003 Early standards, 802.16 - 10-66GHz LOS, 802.16a – 2-11GHz NLOS 2004 – 802.16-2004 (802.16d) Revision and consolidation of all of the above 2005 – 802.16e (802.16-2005) OFDMA, Mobility, Improved security, Improved MIMO, Competing 4.0G

58. WiMAX Topologies Fixed P2P Backhaul (802.16-2004) Fixed P2MP Backhaul (LOS) (802.16-2004) Fixed/Nomadic Access Provider/Enterprise Network (NLOS) (802.16-2004/802.16d) Nomadic Broadband complementary to 3.0G-4.0G (802.16e) 802.16-2004

59. 802.16d (802.16-2004) IEEE standard for the fixed wireless broadband 802.16d supports both services: Time division duplex (TDD) Frequency division duplex (FDD) Used for fixed access: Outdoor – when the antenna is located outside the building Indoor – when the antennas are located inside the building

60. 802.16-2004 (previously 802.16d) Fixed WiMAX, Outdoor Subscriber Station Directional antennas When installed, it’s aligned with base station It’s fixed – it never moves location Always higher throughput than omni-directional antenna Applications Rural / Macro-cell deployments Wi-Fi hot spot backhaul High bandwidth residential connectivity Challenging environments Wi-Fi

61. 802.16-2004 (previously 802.16d) Fixed WiMAX, Indoor Subscriber Station Omni-directional antenna Do not require alignment with base station Portable but fixed when in use Lower throughput than directional Applications Consumer CaTV/DSL-like broadband Customer self installation predecessor for portable/mobile

62. Portable Client - 802.16e Omni-directional antenna Not aligned with base station Location can vary Portable to support both fixed and mobile use Can be moving while in use Lower throughput than directional antenna Lower throughput than Omni-directional (Indoor Fixed) Applications Competitor to the 4.0G cellular networks

63. Lesson Content Introduction Cellular Networks – 1.0 to 3.5G and Beyond Wireless Networks – WiFi and WiMAX Summary and Future trends

64. IP in the Mobile world Converged networks All types of data carried over IP Seamless mobility in the IP level User can move between technologies and providers, and still be connected IMS and the NGN – Advanced multimedia over IP. Services apart from providers Content providers and access providers

65. Internet/ Intranet Call Session Control Function Subscriber DB Media Gtwy PSTN DSL/ Cable WLAN WiMAX GSM/UMTS The Converged Network Application Servers Applications Infrastructure

66. Seamless Mobility Phone Home Phone Web Kiosk Laptop PC REMOTE Headset DSL PC WLAN HOME PSTN Corporate Fixed / Mobile Communications PC LAN IP LAN OFFICE MOBILITY Desk Phone PBX UserMobility MOBILE Mobile / PDA (eg. P900) DeviceMobility WiFi / 1x / 3G PC GSM / CDMA Mobile 1xRTT / GPRS PDA NetworkMobility

67. Personal Broadband Fiber Cable DSL 3G UMTS-HSPA EV-DO Rev. A/B PRE- LTE technologies 2G GPRS, 1XRTT 4G 3.0 Mobile WiMAX 802.16e 2.0 WiMAX 802.16d MunicipalCommunity Wi-Fi Mesh Mbps. Speed Broadband 1.0 Pre-WiMAX Broadband Wireless Wi-Fi Hot Spots .5 Mobile Roaming Portable Fixed Nomadic Source: Yankee Group, 2006 On the Road to Personal Mobile Broadband

68. Summary Thanks for your time Yoram Orzach NDI Communications yoram@ndi.co.il Cloudy Bay Souvignon Blanc 2007 New Zeeland