3. • A biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is
derived from biological carbon fixation.
Biofuels include fuels derived
from biomass conversion, as well as solid
biomass, liquid fuels and
various biogases. Biofuels are gaining
increased public and scientific attention,
driven by factors such as oil price hikes, the
need for increased energy security, and
concern over greenhouse gas emissions
from fossil fuels.
6. Technology
• Biomass technology today serves many markets
that were developed with fossil fuels and modestly
reduces their use
• Uses - Industrial process heat and steam, Electrical
power generation, Transportation fuels (ethanol
and biodiesel) and other products.
• Primary focus of the Biomass Program –
development of advanced technologies.
7. Bio-refinery
• A facility that integrates biomass conversion
processes and equipment to produce fuels,
power, and chemicals from biomass.
• Analogous to today's petroleum refineries
• It is based on the “Sugar Platform“ and the
“Thermochemical Platform“
8. Bio-diesel
• Made by transforming animal fat or vegetable
oil with alcohol .
• Fuel is made from rapeseed (canola) oil or
soybean oil or recycled restaurant grease.
• Directly substituted for diesel either as neat
fuel or as an oxygenate additive
9.
10. Modified Waste Vegetable Fat
• Designed for general use in most compression
ignition engines .
• It can be modified in various ways to make a
'greener' form of fuel
11. Jatropha
• Biodiesel from Jatropha
• Seeds of the Jatropha nut is
crushed and oil is extracted
• The oil is processed and
refined to form bio-diesel.
15. Gobar gas
• Gobar gas production is an anaerobic
process
• Fermentation is carried out in an air tight,
closed cylindrical concrete tank called a
digester
16.
17. Wood
• Domestic heating with wood is still by far
the largest market for bio-energy
• Dramatic improvements of technology in
domestic heating equipment
• Improved tiled stoves, advanced logwood
boilers, woodchip boilers, pellet boilers and
pellet stoves.
• Pourable wood-based fuel is also available
20. Air Concerns
• Biomass processing technologies and biofuels use have the
potential to increase emissions of ozone precursors
o Increase in Nox emissions
•Excessive inhalation of ethanol is harmful
•Combustion of ethanol would result in increased atmospheric
concentrations of carcinogens
• Emission of relatively large sized particulate matter
21. Soil Concerns
• Burning biomass deprives local eco-systems of nutrients
• Production of dedicated energy crops renders land fallow
• Reduced land availability for cattle grazing
•Increased use of pesticides and fertilizers to produce energy
crops contaminate ground and surface water
o Affects fish and wildlife
22. Environmental Benefits
•Reduction of waste
• Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases compared to
fossil fuels
• Ethanol is Carbon neutral and forms a part of the carbon cycle
• Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity
23. Socio-Economic Benefits
• Helps developing economies by promoting agrarian
communities
• Increase in jobs
• Increase in trade balance (Indian perspective) due to lesser
dependence on foreign resources
25. BRAZIL
•World leader in production and export of
ethanol.
•Ethanol produced per day equivalent to
200,000 barrels of gasoline.
•24% blend ethanol mandatory.
•Competitiveness
•Bio diesel initiatives underway
26. U.S.A.
• Ethanol : a big boost to economy
• E85 sells cheaper than gasoline
• Currently production aimed at 4.5 Billion gallons/yr
• MTBE phased out in many states
• Soya bean main source of biodiesel
27. E.U.
• Rapeseed main source of bio diesel
• 3-15% blended petrol
• France: Bio diesel exempted from domestic tax
• Germany: Sales of bio diesel 99 million US gallons
• Rise of SVO as domestic fuel
28. The Significant Others
• China: 3rd largest producer of ethanol
producing 220,000 tons of ethanol, exporting
90,000 tons in 2000.
• In southeast Asia, the Jatropha tree is used
as a significant fuel source
• Malaysia and Indonesia are starting pilot-
scale production from palm oil.
29. India
• Sources of ethanol:
• Sugarcane
• Molasses
• Agricultural waste
• Low average cost of Rs.18/litre projected
• Annual production capacity of 1.5 Billion
litres
30. India (Contd.)
• Sources of biodiesel:
• Honge
• Jatropha
• High capital, broad scale production plan initiated
• Cost per liter projected at Rs. 27
31. Bio Mass
• Biomass already supplies 14 % of the world’s
primary energy consumption. On average, biomass
produces 38 % of the primary energy in developing
countries.
• USA: 4% of total energy from bio mass, around
9000 MW
• INDIA is short of 15,000 MW of energy and it costs
about 25,000 crores annually for the government to
import oil.
32. • Bio Mass from cattle manure, agricultural waste,
forest residue and municipal waste.
• Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to give bio
gas
• Digester consumes roughly one third the power it’s
capable of producing.
• Fertilizers as by product.
• Average electricity generation of 5.5kWh per cow
per day!!
