5. Present Past Present Past Present Past
Am/is/are
Was/were
Will Would Have/Has Had
Shall Should Can Could Do/Does Did
May Might
Must
6. Kinds of VERBALS
GERUND
Ex :"Borrowing money
is usually a mistake."
INFINITIVES
Ex: “Tom wanted to open
the window."
PARTICIPLE
Ex: "The bridge covered with ice
was narrow."
7. The difference between a verb and a verbal is not done by
looking at the word itself. You have to see how the word is
being used.
• Ex: Our butler waxed the floor.
The word is used as a verb to tell what action is being done.
• Ex: The waxed floors were slippery and dangerous.
The word still looks like a verb, but it is used as an adjective.
A VERBAL can never be the verb of the sentence.
8. TO BE described
- An arrangement.
Ex: The wedding is take place in Sunday
- An order, a request
Ex: You are to see the teacher at 4 pm
BE
9. •BE is a verb that is incomplete. So it always
requires an additional term from
(Complement) to complete the meaning of
the sentence
Ex: Your party is ready
His father is a funny man
• BE is used as auxiliary verbs to form
the continuous tense and passive
Ex: She was watching TV when we came
10. • Used to form the negative and to question
(interrogative) to the infinitive
Ex: Do I hate running ?
He doesn’t/does not work hard
• The question used to form a tail (Tag-
questions) where the verb in question is
usually a verb.
Ex: She doesn’t like swimming. Does she?
DO
11. • Used to avoid repeating the main verb in
short answer.
Ex: David likes swimming. - So do I.
Did they go to London? - Yes, they did.
• Used to form the Physical Stress (Emphatic
Form).
Ex: You did make me surprised.
He does write his name on the board.
12. • HAVE is used as auxiliary verbs to
form the perfect tense .
Ex: I have answered your questions.
Has he finished his dinner
• HAVE can be used to cause
(Causative).
active: S + have + O1 + V + O2
passive: S + have + O2 + past
participle (by O1)
Ex: They had Daisy clean the floor.
We have just had our house painted.
HAVE
13.
14. Modals Meaning
He can swim. Within ability.
It may/might/could rain later. Possibility.
You are not well. You had better/ought to/should see a
doctor.
Give advise.
We must/have to work on Sunday morning. Necessity.
My watch says that it’s only 10 o’clock. It must have
stopped.
assumption concerning a
past action.
Someone could have stolen his money. Seem like a possibility.
She couldn’t have gone to office. It closes on Sunday. Seem like an impossibility.
15. MUST HAVE TO
Possitive : Similar meanings
Eg : You have to go = You must go.
Negative : You
mustn’t leave.
(You can not stay)
You don’t have to
leave.
(You can go or stay,
it’s up to you)
16. Didn’t need to Needn’t have PP
Unnecessary .
Ex: We didn’t need to go to
the market because we have
plenty of food.
Already did, but not
necessary.
Ex : We needn’t have gone to
the supermarket . We already
had a pizza for tonight.
17. Need + infinitive and need + gerund.
Need + inf with the same meaning as
an active.
Ex: You need to open the windows.
Need + gerund with the same meaning
as a passive.
Ex: The windows need cleaning.
18. S + should have/ought to have + PP
We use these forms when someone didn’t
do the right thing.
Ex: Forest is necessary to our life. We
shouldn’t have deforested.
Ex: We didn’t play well. We should have
played better.
19. S + may/might/can/could have + PP.
We use these forms to say that possibly something
happened in the past.
Ex: I may have got lost my key (perhaps I have got lost)
Ex: I might not have locked the door (Perhaps I didn’t
lock it)
Must and can’t are opposites.
Ex: You’re only spent 1 minutes to read book. You can’t
have remembered (something is impossible)
Ex: Tom gets sick. He must have stayed in hotel
(something is certainly true)
21. Some important things!
Examples:
Everyone in the class wants to take part in the
activities.
Each student has to do their homework.
Some teachers are very strict.
Some hair has already turned white.
Neither of them is going to take the exam today.
A part of the citizens is very disappointed with the
new policy.
22. Some important things!
Singular Plural
_Anyone, Everyone,
Someone, no one,
nobody .
_Each.
_Some => Singular if the
noun is uncountable.
_neither and either.
_half of, a part of, a
percentage of, a majority
of ,….
_Some => Plural if the noun is
countable.
_In formal writing,
neither and either sometimes
take a plural verb when these
pronouns are followed by a
prepositional phrase beginning
with of.
Ex: Have either of you two
read the assignment?
_half of, a part of, a percentage
of, a majority of ,…
23. “OR” and “”NOR”
• The conjunction or does not conjoin
(as and does): when nor or or is used the
subject closer to the verb determines the
number of the verb.
– neither jim nor his brothers are going to say
anything about it.
– either Jim or his father is going to sell the house.
– Is either Jim’s father or him going to sell the
house?
– Are neither Jim’s brothers nor him going to prison.
24. New problem.
• Together with, as
well as, along
with…
these will modify
the earlier word.
Ex: the mayor as well
as his brother is going
to prison.
• And
this will compound
the subjects.
Ex: the mayor and his
brother are going to
prison.
26. Words such as glasses, pants, pliers, and
scissors are regarded as plural (and
require plural verbs) unless they're
preceded the phrase pair of (in which
case the word pair becomes the subject).
Ex: _My glasses were on the bed.
_A pair of plaid trousers is in the closet.
