please dont ask for refrence, i hv collected from random source The basic principle of dehydration of flower is to remove moisture slowly while maintaining as much of the original shape and texture as possible presented as seminar at OUAT ,Bhubaneswar 2015 as part of master seminar

1. DRY FLOWER – A BOON TO FLORICULTURE INDUSTRY
Orissa University of Agriculture and technology,
Bhubaneswar
Seminar
Presented by:
Subrahmanya Krishna Bhat
01FLS/13

2. Topic DivisionTopic Division

4. History
Brought to India by the Britishers & prospered in
Calcutta
Dry flower industry is five decade old
Japanese used pressed plants & colorful papers to
create Oshibana Art (Japanese Pressed Flower) .
The Egyptians used dried flowers to make fragrances
and placed dried flowers in tombs.

5. Importance of Dry Flowers
Natural
Eco friendly
Long lasting
Year round availability
Easy to Handle
Economical

8. Fig: Export value in Crores of Indian dried ornamentals and total
floriculture products.
Source: Deshraj et al, 2011
Fig: Export value in Crores of Indian dried ornamentals and total
floriculture products.
Source: Deshraj et al, 2011

9. India is the fifth largest exported of dried flowers
India is one of the major exporters of dried flowers to the tune
of 5% world trade in dry flowers.
This industry shows a growth rate of 15% annually.
Potpourris are a major segment of dry flower industry valued
at Rs. 55 crore in India alone.
In 2012- 13 Export of dry flowers and total floricultural
products recorded Rs. 363.5 crore and 423.4 crore respectively
(Source: UNCOMTRADE, APEDA)
India is the fifth largest exported of dried flowers
India is one of the major exporters of dried flowers to the tune
of 5% world trade in dry flowers.
This industry shows a growth rate of 15% annually.
Potpourris are a major segment of dry flower industry valued
at Rs. 55 crore in India alone.
In 2012- 13 Export of dry flowers and total floricultural
products recorded Rs. 363.5 crore and 423.4 crore respectively
(Source: UNCOMTRADE, APEDA)

11. Production Area
In India, dried flower units are concentrated in Tuticorin
(Tamil Nadu) and Kolkata.(Misra et al., 2003).
Dried flower exporters in Tuticorin (TN) :
Natural Export Corporation Ltd (NPEC)
Ramesh Flowers Pvt. Ltd.
Floral Export Pvt. Ltd.
Kolkata based companies:
Siraj Dry flowers
Kolkata online florist
Global dried flowers pvt. Ltd.

12. HelipterumHelichrysum
Top ten dry flowers

13. DelphiniumDelphiniumGypsophilaGypsophila
NigellaNigellaLimoniumLimonium

14. CarthamusCarthamus
PapaverPapaver
RoseRose
GomphrenaGomphrena

16. Factors affecting dehydration
Atmospheric humidity
Air flow
Temperature
Embedding material
Method of drying
Moisture content of the flower
Shape, colour and quality of flower

18. Sun DryingSun Drying

19. Table 1: Effect of drying on per cent weight loss in flowers of China Aster
Meman et al., 2006, Gujarat
Treatment
Per cent weight loss
1st
day 2nd
day 3rd
day 4th
day 5th
day
Condition (C)
C1 36 43.42 62.50 65.13 67.50
C2 47.19 49.22 64.94 66.43 67.91
C.D.@ 5% 0.31 0.33 0.52 0.31 NS
Media(M)
M1 42.66 50.93 65.27 66.01 66.66
M2 41.80 43.99 62.97 65.29 65.66
M3 32.18 35.99 60.27 64.98 71.08
M4 51.15 54.39 66.37 66.84 67.42
C.D.@ 5% 0.44 0.46 0.73 0.43 0.57
C1- Room drying
C2- Sun drying
M1 - Sand M3- Borax
M2 – Sand: Borax(1:1) M4 – Silica gel

20. Table 2: Effect of drying on per cent moisture loss in flowers of China Aster
Meman et al., 2006, Gujarat
Treatment
Per cent moisture loss
1st
day 2nd
day 3rd
day 4th
day 5th
day
Condition (C)
C1 17.96 24.14 49.63 55.17 61.41
C2 27.38 29.30 54.14 57.21 60.97
C.D.at 5% 0.39 0.45 0.81 0.83 NS
Media(M)
M1 23.82 31.59 57.00 58.91 60.62
M2 23.06 24.88 51.74 56.94 57.87
M3 12.38 14.67 39.58 48.44 64.24
M4 31.41 35.75 59.23 60.46 62.03
C.D.at 5% 0.55 0.64 1.14 1.18 1.43
C1- Room drying
C2- Sun drying
M1 - Sand M3- Borax
M2 – Sand: Borax(1:1) M4 – Silica gel

22. Air drying
Plant materials are hanged with rope/wire in an inverted
position
Warm, clean, dark and well ventilated area with low
humidity .
E.g. : Helichrysum, Acrolinum, Limonium
Flower selected should be of
slightly immature stage.

23. Materials needed Sorting the
flowers
Tie bunches
together
Hanging the
flowers
Arranging the dry flowers

24. Variety
% Disc floret shedding
Control Sand
White 72 20
Yellow 30 0
Pink 62 10
Orange 65 12
Red 70 15
Table 3: Effect of sand embedded shade drying on per cent disc floret
shedding of fully open Helichrysum flowers
Sangama, 2004, Bengaluru

25. Table 4: Effect of different media and duration of shade drying on dry flower weight
(g) in carnation cv. Master.
Nirmala et al., 2009, Hyderabad.
Media
Duration(days)
Mean
4(D1) 8(D2) 16(D3)
Quartz sand (M1) 3.36 2.70 2.58 2.88a
Silica gel (M2) 2.60 2.39 2.18 2.39b
Borax (M3) 2.58 2.30 2.27 2.38b
Mean 2.84a
2.46b
2.34c
C.D. @ 5%
Media(M) 0.11
Duration(D) 0.11
M x D 0.19

26. Table 5: Effect of different media and duration of shade drying on texture of petal
of dry carnation cv. Master.
Nirmala et al., 2009, Hyderabad.
Media
Duration(days)
Mean
4(D1) 8(D2) 16(D3)
Quartz sand (M1) 3.60 2.26 0.66 2.17a
Silica gel (M2) 1.73 0.73 0.33 0.93c
Borax (M3) 3.40 1.60 0.60 1.86b
Mean 2.91a
1.53b
053c
C.D. @ 5 %
Media(M) 0.15
Duration(D) 0.15
MxD 0.27

28. Press drying was first reported in 1820
Flowers and foliage are placed between the folds of newspaper
sheets or blotting papers giving some space among flowers
Used by Botanist- Herbarium
Natural color can be maintained but original shape cannot be
maintained
E.g.: Thuja , Hibiscus, Marigold, Lantana camera, Euphorbia,
Ixora , Mussaendra.
Press drying

29. Sandwich between several
heavy books
Place in between newspaper sheet

30. Table 6:Effect of Press- drying and Hang – Drying methods on flower quality
Alka and Dhaduk., 2005, Gujarat
Flower Type
Flower
colour
Method
Effect of drying
Color Texture
Gomphrena Herb Purple
Hang -
drying
Dark-
purple
Slight
shrink
Ixora Shrub Red
Press-
drying
Dark - red Smooth
Meyenia
erecta
Shrub Mauve
Press-
drying
Mauve Smooth
Mussaenda Shrub Yellow
Press-
drying
Yellow Smooth

32. To over come the problem of petal shrinkage
Flowers can be dried by burying them in a plant-drying
mixture or desiccants
By using desiccant the original shape can be maintained
Useful method for delicate flowers that may
fall apart when air dried

36. Treatment Details
T1M1 Oven drying at 50o
C with Sand
T1M2 Oven drying at 50o
C with Sand : Borax
T1M3 Oven drying at 50o
C with Borax
T1M4 Oven drying at 50o
C with Silica gel
T2M1 Oven drying at 55o
C with Sand
T2M2 Oven drying at 55o
C with Sand : Borax
T2M3 Oven drying at 55o
C with Borax
T2M4 Oven drying at 55o
C with Silica Gel
T3M1 Oven drying at 60o
C with Sand
T3M2 Oven drying at 60o
C with Sand : Borax
T3M3 Oven drying at 60o
C with Borax
T3M4 Oven drying at 60o
C with Silica Gel
Table : Effect of temperature and embedding media on Calendula flower
Meman et al.,2008,Gujarat.

37. Table 7: Effect of temperature and embedding media on flower color in
Calendula flower
Meman et al., 2008, Gujarat.
Treatment 4th
h 8th
h 12th
h 16th
h
T1M1 A A A B
T1M2 A A B C
T1M3 A B B C
T1M4 A A B B
T2M1 A A A B
T2M2 A A B C
T2M3 A B B C
T2M4 A A B B
T3M1 A A B B
T3M2 A B B C
T3M3 A B C C
T3M4 A A B C

38. Table 8: Effect of temperature and embedding media on petal texture in Calendula
flower
Meman et al., 2008, Gujarat .
Treatment 4th
h 8th
h 12th
h 16th
h
T1M1 + ++ ++ +++
T1M2 + ++ ++ +++
T1M3 + + + ++
T1M4 + + ++ +++
T2M1 + + ++ +++
T2M2 + + ++ +++
T2M3 + + + ++
T2M4 + ++ +++ +++
T3M1 + ++ ++ +++
T3M2 + + ++ +++
T3M3 + + + ++
T3M4 + ++ +++ +++
+ Smooth , ++ Slightly smooth , +++ Highly rough+ Smooth , ++ Slightly smooth , +++ Highly rough

40. Table 9: Moisture loss of flowers under different drying methods
Irene and Nanthakumar., 2002,
Kodaikanal.
Name of the
flower
Moisture loss in %
Shade drying Sun drying Oven drying
Achillea 30.2 33.5 35.4
Helichrysum 27.6 29.4 31.5
Buddleji 30.3 34.5 35.6
Salvia 41.5 43.7 47.7
Lupinus 37.7 40.2 43.2
Marigold 33.8 37.6 39.6
Golden Rod 45.2 45.3 46.2
Artemisia 40.3 42.5 43.4
Hydrangea 51.3 52.4 56.5
Daisy 28.9 31.4 35.4
C.D.@ 5% 1.29

41. Table 10: Effect of different drying methods on general appearance and acceptability
of certain dry flowers
Irene and Nanthakumar., 2002,
Kodaikanal
Name of the
flower
Drying methods
Shade drying Sun drying Oven drying
Achillea 2 2 2
Helichrysum 5 5 5
Buddleji 3 3 2
Salvia 5 5 4
Lupinus 5 5 4
Mary gold 4 4 3
Golden Rod 5 5 4
Artemisia 2 2 2
Hydrangea 4 4 3
Daisy 3 3 2
Mean 3.8 3.8 3.1
C.D.at 5% 0.22
5- Excellent, 4- Good, 3- Fair 2- Poor, 1-
Unacceptable
5- Excellent, 4- Good, 3- Fair 2- Poor, 1-
Unacceptable

42. Table 12 : Effect of hot air oven drying on moisture loss (%) and time taken to dry
gerbera flowers.
Vijayalaxmi, 2005, Arabhavi.
Treatment Moisture loss (%) Time taken to dry (hours)
300
C+ non embedding 79.52 86.80
300
C+ embedding 78.94 79.00
400
C+ non embedding 81.85 75.40
400
C+ embedding 80.03 77.00
500
C+ non embedding 82.50 21.30
500
C+ embedding 82.15 29.00
C.D at 1% 1.70 1.42

43. Microwave Drying
Principle – liberating moisture by agitating water molecules
in the organic substance with the help of electronically
produced microwaves.
Quickest method and gives fresher and colorfull dried flower.
The time limit should be followed strictly.

45. Table 15: Effect of different level of micro- power in microwave oven with different
duration of drying on dry flower quality of chrysanthemum flowers, cv.
Button type Local.
Aravinda and Jayanthi ,2004,Bangalore.
M1= 20% micro power
M2= 40% micro power
M3= 60% micro power
M4= 80% micro power
D1=90 second Duration
D2=120 second Duration
D3=150 second Duration

46. Cont…..
Method of drying Color Texture Shape Over all acceptability
M1D1 3.16 2.71 3.03 3.01
M1D2 3.25 2.81 3.01 3.11
M1D3 3.36 3.01 3.23 3.43
M2D1 3.33 3.08 3.00 3.58
M2D2 3.51 3.06 3.28 3.35
M2D3 3.35 3.46 3.43 3.56
M3D1 3.65 3.48 3.50 3.35
M3D2 3.50 3.60 3.75 3.50
M3D3 3.61 3.51 3.51 3.63
M4D1 3.38 3.93 3.58 3.40
M4D2 4.08 4.03 3.91 4.11
M4D3 3.96 3.66 3.58 3.96
M5D1 3.38 3.28 3.06 3.08
M5D2 3.05 3.51 3.11 2.95
M5D3 3.03 3.31 2.96 2.95
CD@5% 0.46 0.20 0.23 0.17

47. Table 16: Effect of different duration of microwave drying on flower weight
change (g) in carnation var. Cano and Kristina
Biswas and Dhua, 2010,West Bengal
Treatment
Weight of flower(g)
Cano Kristina
Fresh Dried %Decrease Fresh Dried %Decrease
2 minutes(T1) 6.68 2.31 65.42 6.31 2.08 67.04
3 minutes(T2) 6.87 2.05 70.16 6.61 1.88 72.01
4 minutes(T3) 7.13 1.57 77.98 6.33 1.35 78.67
C.D(P=0.05) 0.133 0.058 2.071 0.169 0.077 2.842

48. Table 17: Effect of different durations of microwave drying on change in
moisture content (%) in carnation var. Cano and Kristina.
Biswas and Dhua, 2010,West Bengal.
Treatment
Moisture content (%)
Cano Kristina
Fresh Dried %Decrease Fresh Dried %Decrease
2 minutes(T1) 91.12 20.42 77.59 90.96 19.06 79.05
3 minutes(T2) 91.09 16.98 81.41 90.88 16.13 82.25
4 minutes(T3) 91.21 13.08 85.66 90.96 12.64 86.10
C.D(P=0.05) NS 2.514 3.519 NS 2.366 3.731

49. Freeze Drying
1813 by William Hyde Wallaston to the Royal Society in
London.
Principle - removal of water vapour from flowers while in a
frozen state. This enables the flowers to retain their shape, size
and color.
In this process the flowers are placed into a refrigerated
chamber and the temperature is lowered to below freezing
point.
Major flowers dried by this method are roses, carnation, etc

50. Table 19: Moisture content (%) of rose and carnation after freeze drying under
various freezing time (FT) and drying temperature (DT)
Chen. et al., (2008)USA.
Treatment Color / species moisture content(%)
FT (h) DT(o
C) Red roses Pink roses Red
carnation
Pink
carnation
2 27 50.84 61.87 19.35 46.13
2 37 32.09 46.37 9.06 44.48
2 47 21.88 27.58 4.87 31.78
4 27 45.52 63.51 14.17 47.71
4 37 31.54 44.89 7.53 43.36
4 47 24.56 23.48 4.53 20.81
Control 4.68 5.57 3.74 5.09

51. Glycerin method of preservation
It draw the moisture out of plant tissue.
Is a osmotic reagent.
The plant material will be flexible when dried.
But intern it changes the flower color.
The plant material is dipped in mixture of glycerin and water
for 3-6 days for soft stem and 6 weeks for woody stem.

52. Flowers recommended:
Aspisdistra, Hornbeam, Beech, Ivy, Holly, Eucalyptus,
Cotoneaster, Oaks, Oleander, Osmanthus, Pittosporum, Maple,
and Magnolia.

53. Table 20: Effect of duration of pre- treatment with glycerol on moisture
loss and time taken for drying Gerbera
Vijayalaxmi, 2005, Arabhavi
Treatment
Moisture
loss(%)
Time taken for drying
(hours)
1:3 glycerol: water for 3 hours 79.11 5.00
1:3 glycerol: water for 6 hours 78.00 5.85
1:3 glycerol: water for 9 hours 79.00 6.00
1:3 glycerol: water for 12 hours 78.68 6.20
1:3 glycerol: water for 15 hours 79.17 6.85
Control (with out any pre
treatment) 81.70 7.40
C.D at 1% 1.3 0.84

54. Datta, 2004. NBRI
A. Capital INR
Hot air oven 10,000
Paper trimmer 500
Table glass 300
Scissors, forceps, blades etc. 300
Sand and silica gel 1000
Plant press 200
Blotting sheets 100
Total 12,600

55. B. Production cost INR
(a) For 1600 Greeting cards:
Plain card sheet(100) (9x 25 cm) 1000
Coloured velvet paper(40) (7×7 cm) 200
Adhesive tubes (32) 350
Dry flower and leaves 700
Envelopes (1600) 400
Skilled labour (Re. 1/-per card) 1,600
Total 4,250
Cost / card 2.66
Sale price/card 5.00
Profit/card 2.34
Profit/1600 cards 3,744

56. b). For 100 floral arrangements in sealed glass
container
INR
Transparent glass container (100) 2,000
Glass discs (100) 400
Thermocol sheets (3) 45
Dry flowers 400
Synthetic resin adhesive (500 g) 100
Velvet paper (4 sheets) 20
Enamel paint (250 g) 50
Skilled labour 500
Total 3,525

57. Cost of one floral arrangement (Rs./-) 35.15
Sale price/container 60.00
Profit/piece 24.85
Profit/100 pieces 2,485

59. Bleaching

60. Dyeing

61. Packing

62. Table 22 : Damage to the package in drop test.
Anitha, 2010, Tamil nadu
Treatment Packaging material Damage to the
package due to
dropping
Remarks
T1 3 ply- 130 gsm- RSC (Control) 4.82 Severe
T2 3 ply-180 gsm- RSC 4.52 Severe
T3 5 ply- 180 gsm- RSC 3.80 Moderate
T4 7 ply-180 gsm- RSC 3.60 Moderate
T5 3 ply- 180 gsm- FTHS 4.26 Severe
T6 5 ply- 180 gsm FTHS 3.22 Moderate
T7 7 ply- 180 gsm FTHS 3.06 Moderate
SEd 0.0215
CD (0.05) 0.0440
RSC- regular slotted container FTHS- Full Telescope Half
Slotted Carton

63. Table 23 : Damage to the product in drop test.
Anitha, 2010, Tamilnadu
Treatment Packaging material Damage to the
product (%)
due to dropping
Remarks
T1 3 ply- 130 gsm- RSC (Control) 5.9 High
T2 3 ply-180 gsm- RSC 2.8 Moderate
T3 5 ply- 180 gsm- RSC 0 No
T4 7 ply-180 gsm- RSC 0 No
T5 3 ply- 180 gsm- FTHS 2.4 Moderate
T6 5 ply- 180 gsm FTHS 0 No
T7 7 ply- 180 gsm FTHS 0 No
SEd 0.0115
CD (0.05) 0.0236
RSC- regular slotted container FTHS- Full Telescope Half Slotted Carton

64. Indian strengthIndian strength
Natures boon
Cheap labour
Art
Technical accessibility
Credit facilities and subsidies
Market potential
Domestic demand

65. Weakness

66. DRY FLOWER
ARRANGEMENTS

67. Basket

68. Potpourri

69. Garland

70. Cards and Candles

71. Box Bouquet

72. Swag

73. Wreath

74. Sachet

75. What dry flower industry needs
• Education and training for people to understand the concept
and product range
• Market survey and information both at domestic and
international market
• Dyeing and Packing technique to be standardized for dry
flower to meet international requirements
• Publicity through multimedia high lighting value addition