19.
ADVANTAGES
Automated Government Processes
Electronic Exchange of documents and EDMS/ CONTENT management./
Knowledge Management
Collaboration :chatting and emailing and video and voice conferencing.
B-Process and work flow integration
Information sharing and integration-EII
Electronic information searching across the enterprise.
Government Payroll and Personnel Management online
Government HRM and Development including Training.
Government Financial Management
Government Strategic Planning and Operational Decision .MIS and DSS.
19
20. Improved Public Health Administration
Better monitoring and management of public
health
through an integrated national Health Information
System.
Better control of and monitoring of epidemics and
spread of disease (HIV, Malaria, Swine Flue)
Public Health Information dissemination quickly
and fast
training of Health Workers on line
Telemedicine and e-health service through linking
of
lower level health centers with higher level referral
Hospitals.
21. Gov. Information available on line at the government web sites
Government Forms available on line for easy downloading
Registration of birth and death on line
Land records management and information
Drivers Licensing application on line
Business Registration and trade licensing on line
Application for Customs clearance on line.
Application for Passport on line
Application admission to government education institutions on
line
Information broadcasting electronically and disaster management.
Electronic government payments
Citizen grievance registration and follow up
Delivery of critical information to specialized citizen groups
Delivery of extension and training services
21
22. Automated Financial management and Accounting Systems.
Automated Auditing Systems
E-Procurement
E-Recruitment.
E-Inventory and materials management.
Automated HR and Payroll system
Citizen and Business E-Services
23. Delivery of formal and information education on line
Delivery of life long learning through career courses
online
Delivery of Basic Education to remote areas though
virtual schools.
Public Education and National HR management based
on sound skill and education and HR information.
Better management of public schools and educational
institutions.
23
24. Provision of soil information
Provision of agronomy and agriculture extension
services
Provision of animal husbandry services
Provision of weather information
Provision of Agriculture market information.
Provision of agriculture pricing information.
Provision of sub-soil water resource information.
Rural Credit Management
Development of Rural Enterprise –information
24
25. Land Information management system
Land use mapping and planning
Forest Information data base and information system
Water and other Natural resource information systems
Dissemination of environment information.
Environment modeling and research support.
Monitoring emissions and air pollutants
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31. U.S. E-Government Initiatives
Government to Citizen
Government to Business
Managing
Partner
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
USA Service
EZ Tax Filing
Online Access for Loans
Recreation One Stop
Eligibility Assistance
Online (GovBenefits)
GSA
TREAS
DoEd
DOI
Labor
1. Federal Asset Sales
2. Online Rulemaking
Management
3. Simplified and Unified
Tax and Wage Reporting
4. Consolidated Health
Informatics (business case)
5. Business Compliance
One Stop
6. International Trade Process
Streamlining
Managing
Partner
GSA
DOT
Treas
HHS
SBA
DOC
E-Authentication
Government to Government
Internal Effectiveness and Efficiency
Managing
Partner
1. E-Vital (business case)
2. E-Grants
3. Disaster Assistance
and Crisis Response
4. Geospatial Information
One Stop
5. Wireless Networks
(SAFECOM)
SSA
HHS
FEMA
DOI
FEMA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
E-Training
Recruitment One Stop
Enterprise HR Integration
E-Travel
Integrated Acquisition
E-Records Management
Payroll Processing
Managing
Partner
OPM
OPM
OPM
GSA
GSA
NARA
OPM
Editor's Notes
E-Government refers to the use of information and communications technologies (ICT) to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of government.E-Government can be seen simply as moving citizen services online, but in its broadest sense it refers to the technology-enabled transformation of government - governments’ best hope to reduce costs, whilst promoting economic development, increasing transparency in government, improving service delivery and public administration, and facilitating the advancement of an information society.Reducing Costs: Putting services on-line substantially decreases the processing costs of many activities compared with the manual way of handling operations. Efficiency is also attained by streamlining internal processes and by enabling faster and more informed decision making.Promoting Economic development - Technology enables governments to create positive business climates by simplifying relationships with businesses and reducing the administrative steps needed to comply with regulatory obligations. There is a direct impact on the economy, as in the case of e-procurement, which creates wider competition and more participants in the public sector marketplace.Enhancing Transparency and Accountability: E-Government helps to increase the transparency of decision-making processes by making information accessible - publishing government debates and minutes, budgets and expenditure statements, outcomes and rationales for key decisions, and in some cases, allowing the on-line tracking of applications on the web by the public and press.Improving Service Delivery: government service delivery, in the traditional process, is time consuming, lacks transparency, and leads to citizen and business dissatisfaction. By putting government services online, eGovernment reduces bureaucracy and enhances the quality of services in terms of time, content and accessibility.Improving Public Administration- e-government administrative components, such as a computerized treasury, integrated financial management information systems, and human resource management systems, lead to greater efficiency in public administration. Features include the integration of expenditure and receipt data, control of expenditure, human resources management, intelligent audit through data analysis and the publishing of financial data.Facilitating an e-Society: One of the main benefits of an eGovernment initiative consists of the promotion of ICT use in other sectors. The technological and management capacities required for eGovernment administration encourage, in turn, the development of new training courses and modules in schools and universities trying to supply the required skills and capabilities to the market
Definitions of e-government range from “the use of information technology to free movement of information to overcome the physical bounds of traditional paper and physical based systems” [1] to “the use of technology to enhance the access to and delivery of government services to benefit citizens, business partners and employees.”
Objectives of E- GovernmentStrategic ObjectiveSupport and simplifygovernance for both citizens and government andalso for businesses. Internal Objective: facilitate a speedy,transparent, accountable, efficient and effectiveprocess for performing government administrationactivities. Significant cost savings (pertransaction) in government operations could bethe result. External Objective:Fulfill the publicᾼs needs andexpectations satisfactory on the front-office side,by simplifying the interaction with various onlineservices.
Electronic voting technology can include punched cards, optical scan voting systems and specialized voting kiosks (including self-contained direct-recording electronic voting systems, or DRE). It can also involve transmission of ballots and votes via telephones, private computer networks, or theInternet.In general, two main types of e-Voting can be identified:[1][2]e-voting which is physically supervised by representatives of governmental or independent electoral authorities (e.g. electronic voting machines located at polling stations);remote e-Voting where voting is performed within the voter's sole influence, and is not physically supervised by representatives of governmental authorities (e.g. voting from one's personal computer, mobile phone, television via the internet (also called i-voting)). It is defined as an entity or person actively involved in online communities and a user of the Internet, especially an avid one.[1][2] The term can also imply an interest in improving the Internet, especially in regard to open access and free speech.[3] Netizens are also commonly referred to as cybercitizens, which has the same meaning.
ePayroll is a web based payroll solution which fully automates and streamlines the payroll function of a business. The solution is comprehensive and will assure total compliance with the entire payroll related legal obligations. It is simple to use and cost effective.One-stop recruitment: money at homeThe Integrated Acquisition Environment (IAE) is a Presidential E-Gov initiative managed by GSA that consists of 9 governmentwide integrated systems facilitating, unifying, and streamlining each phase of the federal acquisition process.
Stages of transformation:TheeGovernment Transformation Plan consists of six main stages that have been set according to policies and standards within a specific time frame in order to ensure the full transformation to eGovernment. The stages are:1.ePresence StageAs the most basic form, governments publish simple and limited information on their web sites, such as the agency's vision and mission, office hours, contact information, and official documents. 2.Interaction StageThis stage, that sets December 2013 as its completion date, provides simple interaction between the government agency and the public that includes email systems, basic search engines and official form downloads. Government agencies can also have a call centre to receive both phone calls and sms. Government agencies also interact among themselves online through email, sms and digital data exchange.3.Transactions StageThis stage enables public to conduct complete online transactions such as license applications, course registrations and personal information updates. The stage includes the ability to carry out e-payments. Government agencies can use a mixture of internet and telephony technologies. At the same time, data exchanges among government agencies increases.4.Transformation StageThis stage provides value-added, public-oriented eServices. It focuses on services from public’s perspective and convenience. These eServices involve both vertical (i.e. government agencies in the same Line of Business such as health and education) and horizontal integration (i.e. government agencies in different Line of Business but carry out similar function like HR). This transformation requires detailed coordination work and improving business process. Please refer to OeGAF Business Reference Model (BRM) for details on Line of Business. eParticipation StageThis is a long-term goal for eGovernment development. By offering tools such as online voting, polling and surveys, government agencies can improve their government performance through social participation and citizen involvement. At the same time, eGovernment gradually changes the way in which the government and people interact to make consensus and transparent government decisions. Another attribute of this stage is the increased participation of vendors who can carry out some of the tasks that the government has been carrying out such as payment collection and physical distribution.
Stage 1: Individual government departments set up their own Web sites. These provide the public with information about the departments, the range of services it offers, and contact for further assistance. Stage 2: With the help of legally valid digital signatures and secure Web sites, customers are able to submit personal information to and conduct monetary transactions with government departmentsStage 3: A portal allows customers to use a single point of entry to send and receive information and to process monetary transactions across multiple departments.Stage 4: government put more power into customer’s hand by allowing them to customize portals with their desired features. To accomplish this governments require much more sophisticated Web programming that permits interfaces to be manipulated by the users.Stage 5: this stage is where the real transformation of government structure takes shape. A customer now view once-disparate services as a unified package through the portal, their perception of departments as distinct entities will begin blur. They will recognize groups of transactions rather than groups of agencies. To make this happen, governments will cluster services along common line to accelerated the delivery of shared service (a business restructuring will take place!)Stage 6: this stage offers full-service center, personalized to each customer’s need and preference. Old walls defining silos of government services have been turn down, and technology is integrated across the new structure.
Information publishing/dissemination. This involves the production of websites by individual government departments to provide information to the public.Official two-way transactions. As government websites become more sophisticated, it should be possible to exchange information with public sector organisations, and even to conduct e-commerce transactions with them, such as paying council tax bills, for example.Multi-purpose portals. Realising that an individual member of the public may need to deal with different government departments at the same time, these portals would provide a one-stop-shop approach to government interaction.Portal personalisation. Once established, government "customers" should be able to tailor the portals to see their own particular needs, displaying the information that is most relevant to them.Clustering of common services. The report believes that when the portal model takes a firm hold, the perception of individual government departments will disappear and the public will view the government simply as an entity with which to engage in a series of transactions.Full integration and enterprise transformation. Front-end and back-end applications will be integrated even further to provide more services to the public. This is essentially the conclusion of a transition to digital government.
e-Government is not about ‘e'But about Governmentse-Government is not about Computers and websites But about Citizens and Businessese-Government is not about translating processesBut about transforming processesThe essence of e-Government can be summarized as: "The enhanced value for customers through transformation"The full potential of e-Government can be realized only through a focused attention on people, process, technology and resources appropriately. Experiences in India and abroad reveal that e-Government is not concerned merely with purchasing of sophisticated technologies. . http://www.nisg.org/home.php?page=e_gov_overview.php
Enhancing citizen awarenessCitizen awareness about the potential of ICT should be enhanced. Citizen access to government information/services must increased rather than further divide the digital divide.Upgrading SkillsNeed to upgrade the IT skills of government employees. Employees must be effectively trained before introducing desired changes in work process in government departments. Common StandardsAll states/ union territories must be adopt common standards to ensure creation and optimum utilization of government databases for nationwide citizen-related services.Technology evaluationCommon evaluation methodology must be evolved for hardware and software selection to derive maximum benefit from investment. Technological obsolescene must be factored in while planning and implementing ICT applications.Experience sharingContinuous experience sharing between state and union territory governments on projects so as to avoid reinventing the wheel. SecurityTransactional security must ne given priority to ensure that internet use is safe, seamless and crisis free.Reliable infrastructuresSufficient resources must be allocated to build a reliable ICT infrastructure to avoid breakdown of services. Cementing public-private partnerships to supplement government efforts must be considered.
E-charak:public health surveillance system"Disaster management" means a continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for prevention of danger or threat of any disaster, mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences, capacity-building, preparedness to deal with any disaster, prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster, assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster, evacuation, rescue and relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Disaster Management comprises all forms of activities including structural and nonstructural measures to avoid (i.e. prevention) or to limit (i.e. mitigation and preparedness) adverse effects of disasters in the pre-disaster phase and post disaster stage like Response, Relief, Recovery, & Reconstruction.
Trust: user must be confident, comfortable and trusting of the tool or technology with which they will interact.There has to be a balance between ensuring that a system prevents fraudulent transactions and the burden that extensive checks can take place on people who are honest.Recently, confidential information on military veterans was compromised when a computer containing their personal information was lost. This type of incident can erode trust and user confidence in government systems.Resistance to changegovernment entities and public policy administrators cannot ignore the changes that occur as a result of the implementation of information and communication technology (ICT). In the early 1990s identified the important role that ICT would have in shaping public policy, and cautioned both rich and poor governments about neglecting its significance. Education about the value of the new systems is one step toward reducing some of the existing resistance.Digital DivideThe digital divide refers to the separation that exists between individuals, communities, and businesses that have access to information technology and those that do not have such access[11]. Social, economic, infrastructural, lack of awareness indicators provide explanations for the presence of the digital divide. CostCost is one of the most important prohibiting factor that comes in the path of e-governance implementation particularly in the developing countries like India where most of the people living below the poverty line. Elected officers and politician don’t seem to be interested in implementing e-governance. Its return is not visible in the near future. In 2004, the United Kingdom and Singapore respectively spent 1 percent and 0.8 percent of their gross domestic product (GDP) on e-government. India is spending 3 percent of GDP[5]. Privacy and SecurityWith the implementation of e-government projects, effective measures must be taken to protect sensitive personal information. A lack of clear security standards and protocols can limit the development of projects that contain sensitive information such as income, medical history.A digital divide is an economic inequality between groups, broadly construed, in terms of access to, use of, or knowledge of information and communication technologies (ICT).[1][2] The divide within countries (such as the digital divide in the United States) can refer to inequalities between individuals, households, businesses, and geographic areas at different socioeconomic and other demographic levels, while[3][4][5] the divide between countries is referred to as the global digital divide, which designates nations as the units of analysis and examines the gap between developing and developed countries on an international scale.
As stated in [2] a central challenge of e-Government service is how the new technology can be used not only to increase efficiency for public administration, but also to strengthen confidence in privacy measures by creating mutual transparency between public administration and citizens.The process approach for information security management system, ISMS, presented in [3] encourages its users to emphasize the importance of:understanding an organization’s information security requirements and the need to establish policy and objectives for information security.implementing and operating controls to manage an organization's information security risks in the context of the organization’s overall business risks.monitoring and reviewing the performance and effectiveness of the ISMS.continual improvement based on objective measurement.As is stated in [6] the successful adoption of an ISMS is important to protect information assets, allowing an organization to:Achieve greater assurance that its information assets are adequately protected against information security risks on a continual basisMaintain a structured and comprehensive framework for identifying and assessing information security risks, selecting and applying applicable controls, and measuring and improving their effectiveness;Continually improve its control environmentEffectively achieve legal and regulatory compliance.There are simple and well-known web application vulnerabilities that could be avoided but e- Government webs are still vulnerable. A research work [7] found 81.6% e-Government web sites from 212 different countries were vulnerable to Cross Site Scripting (XSS) and Structured Query Language (SQL) injection. SQL injection attack can compromise data integrity while XSS is a vulnerability, which attackers may exploit to steal users' information. Specific security measures like firewalls, intrusion detection software, encryption, and secure networks must be defined designed and implemented for government agencies to provide the appropriate levels of security. But information security must also take into consideration the people and processes that rely on the systems. Employees with daily access to e-Government systems must be trained on cybersecurity and this aspect must become part of their job. A study by the Department of Computer Science at Columbia University [8] shows how the human factor influences cybersecurity policies and how that work could be used to train government employees to improve the security posture of government departments and agencies.
Data security requires a set of security requirements:Authentication: capability to identify who is using the services (person or software program). Processes of verifying that you are who you say you are.Authorization: capability to give rights access to resources. Process to verify someone have the rights to do what she is trying to do.Confidentiality: capability to prevent unauthorized access to information Integrity: capability to prevent information from unauthorized modification, and ensuring that information can be relied upon and is accurate and complete.Traceability: capability to chronologically interrelate any transaction to a person or system that performed the action in a way that is verifiable.Non-repudiation: capability to prevent the intervening person or system in an event or action to denying or challenging their participation on the event.Example of organizational and technical measures to prevent unauthorized access and processing are shown in [4]:Protecting premises, equipment and systems software, including input-output unitsProtecting software applications used to process personal dataPreventing unauthorized access to personal data during transmission thereof, including transmission via telecommunication means and networks;Ensuring effective methods of blocking, destruction, erasure, or anonymization of personal data;Enabling subsequent determination of when individual personal data were entered into a filing system, used or otherwise processed, and the person responsible, for the period covered by statutory protection of the rights of an individual with regard to unauthorized supply or processing of personal data.Despite trusted security and privacy measures constitutes a crucial success factor for e-Government that has not been yet addressed as UN 2012 Survey shows only 20% of national portals clearly indicate the presence of security features. Europe is leading with 44% countries displaying secure links on their national websites but survey do not consider regional and local websites and neither the many decentralized public organization web portals.3. INFORMATION SECURITY THREATSServices provided by e-Government to citizens, enterprise, public officer, government administration and agencies via Internet and mobile connections are vulnerable to a variety of threats. In [5] are detailed examples of cyber attacks using techniques like packet sniffer, probe, malware, internet infrastructure attack, denial of services attack, remote to local attack and user to root attack.
Hyper-surveillance[edit source | editbeta]Increased contact between government and its citizens goes both ways. Once e-government begins to develop and become more sophisticated, citizens will be forced to interact electronically with the government on a larger scale. This could potentially lead to a lack of privacy for civilians as their government obtains more and more information on them. In a worst case scenario, with so much information being passed electronically between government and civilians, a totalitarian-like system could develop. When the government has easy access to countless information on its citizens, personal privacy is lost.[13][14]Cost[edit source | editbeta]Although "a prodigious amount of money has been spent" on the development and implementation of e-government, some say it has yielded only a mediocre product. The outcomes and effects of trial Internet-based governments are often difficult to gauge or unsatisfactory.[15] According to Gartner, Worldwide IT spending is estimated to total $3.6 trillion in 2011 which is 5.1% increase from the year 2010 ($3.4 trillion).[16]Inaccessibility[edit source | editbeta]Main article: Digital divideAn e-government site that provides web access and support often does not offer the "potential to reach many users including those who live in remote areas, are homebound, have low literacy levels, exist on poverty line incomes."[17]False sense of transparency and accountability[edit source | editbeta]Opponents of e-government argue that online governmental transparency is dubious because it is maintained by the governments themselves. Information can be added or removed from the public eye. To this day, very few organizations monitor and provide accountability for these modifications. Those that do so, like the United States’ OMBWatch[18] and Government Accountability Project, are often nonprofit volunteers. Even the governments themselves do not always keep track of the information they insert and delete.
http://www.egovindia.org/egovportals.html
Recent government policy updates have seen a shift away from e-Government towards a much more radical focus on transforming the whole relationship between the public sector and users of public services. This new approach is referred to as Transformational Government.[citation needed] Transformation programs differ from traditional e-Government programs in four major ways:They take a whole-of-government view of the relationship between the public sector and the citizen or business user.They include initiatives to e-enable the frontline public services: that is, staff involved in direct personal delivery of services such as education and healthcare – rather than just looking at transactional services which can be e-enabled on an end-to-end basis.They take a whole-of-government view of the most efficient way managing the cost base of government.They focus on the "citizen" not the "customer". That is, they seek to engage with the citizens as owners of and participants in the creation of public services, not as passive recipients of services.
E-Government should enable anyone visiting a city website to communicate and interact with city employees via the Internet with graphical user interfaces (GUI), instant-messaging (IM), audio/video presentations, and in any way more sophisticated than a simple email letter to the address provided at the site”[3] and “the use of technology to enhance the access to and delivery of government services to benefit citizens, business partners and employees”.[4] The focus should be on:The use of Information and communication technologies, and particularly the Internet, as a tool to achieve better government.[5]The use of information and communication technologies in all facets of the operations of a government organization.[6][7]The continuous optimization of service delivery, constituency participation and governance by transforming internal and external relationships through technology, the Internet and new media.[8]Whilst e-Government has traditionally been understood as being centered around the operations of government, e-Governance is understood to extend the scope by including citizen engagement and participation in governance. As such, following in line with the OECD definition of e-Government, e-Governance can be defined as the use of ICTs as a tool to achieve better governance.http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/e-gov
