The document provides information on analyzing urinary electrolytes to evaluate extracellular volume status. It defines fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) and notes it is not dependent on urine volume and easy to calculate. While FENa and fractional excretion of chloride (FECl) generally vary in parallel, UNa and UCl can differ by more than 15 meq/L in 30% of volume depletion cases. Measuring both UNa and UCl is recommended in these situations to better evaluate volume status. Interpretation requires considering the clinical context as urinary electrolyte values considered normal may indicate inappropriate renal wasting in certain conditions.

12. Qualitative Test For Urine Protein Characteristic Dipstick Sulfasalycilic Protein detected Albumin All proteins sensitivity 10-30 mg/dl 5-10 mg/dl Readout Color change Turbidity Range Trace, 1+,2+,3+,4+ Trace, 1+,2+,3+,4+ False positive Concent. urine, PH>8, Drugs, antiseptic, Bacteria Concent. urine, Drugs False negative Dilut. Urine, Globulin, mucoprotein, Bence jones P. Very dilute urine, very alkaline urine

17. Red Urine Dipstick Exogenous Pigmenturia + Centrifugation Supernatant: colorless Sediment: Red Pure Hematuria Supernatant: Red Sediment: Colorless Pigmenturia Supernatant: Red Sediment: Red Hematuria ± lysis or Pigmenturia Inspect Color of Plasma for Myoglobin or Hemoglobin

24. Red Blood Cells Crenated Red Blood Cells

26. White Blood Cells

35. Urine Squamus cells

36. Squamous Epithelial Cells

37. Transitional epithelial Cells Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells

39. CMV In RTEC

42. Urine Candida

50. Granular Cast

53. Oval Fat Cast

61. Crystalluria Disorder Substance Cystinuria, cystinosis Cystine (crystals are found in WBCs, cornea, and rectal mucosa) Fanconi syndrome Leucine Hyperoxaluria, Oxalosis Calcium oxalate Lesch Nyhan syndrome Uric acid Orotic aciduria Orotic acid Xanthinuria Xanthine Massive hepatic necrosis (acute yellow atrophy, tyrosinemia, tyrosinosis) Tyrosine (cystine and tyrosine crystals are found in marrow)

63. Cystine Triple phosphate Uric acid crystal Calcium Oxalate Crystals

66. Tyrosine

67. Sulfa Crystals

69. Talk In Urine

70. Cotton Fiber In Urine

80. Variability in urinary electrolytes excretion and PH according to time after onset of vomiting Time Na+ K+ Cl- HCO3- PH Days 1-3     >6.5 Late     <5.5