5G Technology

Seminar Report
on
5G Technology
Submitted by
Saurabh U Nambiar
B0ENCS1109
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
GOVT. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
KANNUR

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
KANNUR
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this Seminar report entitled “5G Technology” is
a bonaﬁde record of the Seminar presented by Saurabh U Nambiar
(B0ENCS1109), in partial fulﬁllment of the requirement for the award
of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science & En-
gineering under Kannur University.
Dr. K. Najeeb
Seminar coordinator Professor & Head
Department of CSE

Acknowledgment
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. K. Najeeb (HOD,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GCE Kannur) for
the support and constant encouragement that he has provided.
I am very thankful to our Principal, Dr. Shyam Prakash for pro-
viding us with the facilities to complete the project.
I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all the
teaching and non-teaching staffs who shared their unprecedented knowl-
edge and valuable suggestions.
Last but not least, I thank all my classmates and friends for their
constant inspiration and support.

Abstract
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users ac-
cess their phones. With 5G people will experience a level of call vol-
ume and data transmission never experienced before. 5G technology is
offering the services in different ﬁelds like Documentation, supporting
electronic transactions (e- Payments, e-transactions) etc. As the cus-
tomer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology,
he or she will look for a decent package all together, including all the
advanced features a cellular phone can have. Hence the search for new
technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to
out innovate their competitors. The 5g design is based on user- centric
mobile environment with many wireless and mobile technologies on
the ground.In 5G, researches are related to the development of World
Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks
(DAWN) and Real Wireless Communication. The most important tech-
nologies for 5G technologies are 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks
(WLAN) and 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN),
Ad-hoc Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) and Wireless net-
works for digital communication.

Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Deﬁnition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Properties of 5G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Literature Survey 4
2.1 Wireless Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.1 Types of Wireless Communication Networks . 5
2.2 Evolution from 1G to 5G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.1 1st GENERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.2 2nd GENERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.3 3rd GENERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.4 4th GENERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.5 5th GENERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Comparison of all generations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.1 Tabular Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.2 Brief Lookup of some Terms . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.3 Comparison with Keywords . . . . . . . . . . 18
3 5G Technology 19
3.1 What is 5G technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
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Seminar Report 5G Technology
3.2 Research Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3 Architecture of 5G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.4 Protocol Stack of 5G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.4.1 Comparison with OSI Model . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.4.2 Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) . . . . . . 26
3.4.3 Network Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.4.4 Open Transport Protocol (OTP) . . . . . . . . 27
3.4.5 Application Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.5 Functional Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.6 Features of 5G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.6.1 Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.6.2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4 Conclusion 36
5 Future Scope 37
References 38
Department of CSE ii GCE, Kannur

List of Figures
2.1 Evolution of Wireless Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 1G mobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 2G mobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 3G mobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5 4G mobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6 5G mobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.7 1G vs 2G vs 3G vs 4G vs 5G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.8 Comparison with keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.1 Mobile Terminal Design of 5G . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 Comparison with OSI Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3 Network Layer in 5G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.4 Functional Architecture of 5G . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.5 Protocol layout for the elements of the proposed archi-
tecture of 5G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
iii

Chapter 1
Introduction
The world has seen a lot of changes in the realm of communication.
Today we no more use landlines. Everyone possesses a mobile phone
that functions 24X7. Our handsets not only keep us connected with
the world at large but also serve the purpose of entertainment gadget.
From 1G to 2.5G and from 3G to 5G this world of telecommunications
has seen a number of improvements along with improved performance
with every passing day.
The 5th generation is envisaged to be a complete network for wireless
mobile internet, which has the capability to offer services for accom-
modating the application potential requirements without suffering the
quality. The ultimate goal of 5G is to design a real wireless world, that
is free from obstacles of the earlier generations.
5G technology will change the manner in which cellular plans are of-
fered worldwide. A new revolution is about to begin. The global cell
1

phone is around the corner. The global mobile phone will hit the local-
ities who can call and access from one country to anothers local phone
with this new technology. The way in which people are communicat-
ing will altogether upgrade. The utilization of this gadget will surely
move a step ahead with improved and accessible connectivity around
the world. Your office will shrink into your handset with this cell phone
that is going to resemble PDA (personal digital assistant) of twenty first
century.
5G technology has a bright future because it can handle best technolo-
gies and offer priceless handset to their customers. May be in coming
days 5G technology takes over the world market. 5G Technologies
have an extraordinary capability to support Software and Consultancy.
The Router and switch technology used in 5G network providing high
connectivity. The 5G technology distributes internet access to nodes
within the building and can be deployed with union of wired or wire-
less network connections. The current trend of 5G technology has a
glowing future.
1.1 Definition
5G Wireless System is a complete wireless communication with almost
no limitation; somehow people called it REAL wireless world. But till
present day 5G wireless system concept is only theory and not real, so
it is not applicable for use.
5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless sys-
Department of CSE 2 GCE, Kannur

tems) is a technology used in research papers and projects to denote
the next major phase of mobile telecommunication standards beyond
4G. 5G is not officially used for any specification or official document
yet made public by telecommunication companies or standardization
bodies. New standard releases beyond 4G are in progress by standard-
ization bodies, but are at this time not considered as new mobile gen-
erations but under the 4G umbrella. The implementation of standards
under a 5G umbrella would likely be around the year of 2020.
1.2 Properties of 5G
• Worldwide cellular phone : Phone calls in any country can be
done easily like a local phone call.
• Extraordinary data capabilities : Data capabilities of the 5G
system is much more higher than other generation so you can
store more number of data with less problem in storing them.
• High connectivity : Connectivity speed of 5G is unimaginable.
• More power and features in hand held phones : You’ll have all
features of PDA and laptops in your mobile phone, which makes
it more powerful.
• Large phone memory, more dialing speed, more clarity in audio
& video.

Chapter 2
Literature Survey
2.1 Wireless Technology
Wireless communications is the transfer of information between two
or more points that are not physically connected. Distances can be
short, such as a few meters for television remote control, or as far as
thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio commu-
nications. It encompasses various types of ﬁxed, mobile, and portable
two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs),
and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology in-
clude GPS units, Garage door openers or garage doors, wireless com-
puter mice, keyboards and Headset(telephone/computer),headphones,
radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless
telephones.
4

2.1.1 Types of Wireless Communication Networks
Cellular Networks
A cellular network is a radio network distributed over land areas called
cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver known as a
cell site or base station. When joined together these cells provide radio
coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number
of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, pagers, etc.) to commu-
nicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones any-
where in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers
are moving through more than one cell during transmission.
Wireless Local Area Network
A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices us-
ing some wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or
OFDM radio), and usually providing a connection through an access
point to the wider internet. This gives users the mobility to move
around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the net-
work. Most modern WLANs are based on IEEE 802.11 standards, mar-
keted underthe Wi-Fi brand name. Wireless LANs have become popu-
lar in the home due to ease of installation, and incommercial complexes
offering wireless access to their customers; often for free. Large wire-
less network projects are being put up in many major cities: New York
City, for instance, has begun a pilot program to provide city workers in
all five boroughs of the city with wireless Internet access.

2.2 Evolution from 1G to 5G
In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi opened the way for modern wireless com-
munications by transmitting the three- dot Morse code for the letter ’S’
over a distance of three kilometers using electromagnetic waves. From
this beginning, wireless communications has developed into a key el-
ement of modern society. From satellite transmission, radio and tele-
vision broadcasting to the now ubiquitous mobile telephone, wireless
communications has revolutionized the way societies function. The
evolution of wireless begins here.
Figure 2.1: Evolution of Wireless Network

2.2.1 1st GENERATION
First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog (An
analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time
varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other
time varying quantity), voice-only cellular telephone standard, devel-
oped in the 1980s. The prominent ones among 1G system were ad-
vanced mobile phone system (AMPS), Nordic mobile telephone (NMT),
and total access communication system (TACS).
Figure 2.2: 1G mobile
• Developed in 1980’s and completed by 1990’s.
• Based on analog system
• Speed up to 2.4 kbps

• AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System) was launched by the US
& it was the 1G mobile system.
• Allows user to make voice calls in one country only.
2.2.2 2nd GENERATION
2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technol-
ogy. Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commer-
cially launched on the GSM standard in Finland in 1991. 2G network
allows for much greater penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled
the various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text
messages, picture messages and MMS (Multi Media Messages). 2G
technology is more efficient. 2G technology holds sufficient security
for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages are digitally en-
crypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such
a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it.
Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access
(TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for
the division of signal into time slots. CDMA allocates each user a spe-
cial code to communicate over a multiplex physical channel. Different
TDMA technologies are GSM, PDC, iDEN, IS-136. CDMA technol-
ogy is IS-95. GSM (Global system for mobile communication) is the
most admired standard of all the mobile technologies. GSM technology
was the first one to help establish international roaming. This enabled
the mobile subscribers to use their mobile phone connections in many
different countries of the worlds is based on digital signals ,unlike 1G

technologies which were used to transfer analogue signals. GSM has
enabled the users to make use of the short message services (SMS)
to any mobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to
send a message to anyone, other than the voice call or conference. This
technology is beneﬁcial to both the network operators and the ultimate
users at the same time.
In comparison to 1G’s analog signals, 2G’s digital signals are very re-
liant on location and proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away
from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be enough to reach it.
While a call made from a 1G handset had generally poor quality than
that of a 2G handset, it survived longer distances. This is due to the
analog signal having a smooth curve compared to the digital signal,
which had a jagged, angular curve. As conditions worsen, the quality
of a call made from a 1G handset would gradually worsen, but a call
made from a 2G handset would fail completely.
2.5G networks, such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), are an
extension of 2G networks, in that they use circuit switching for voice
and packet switching for data transmission resulting in its popularity
since packet switching utilizes bandwidth much more efﬁciently. In
this system, each users packets compete for available bandwidth, and
users are billed only for the amount of data transmitted.

• Developed in late 1980s & completed in late 1990s
• Based on digital system
• Speed up to 64 kbps
• Services such are digital voice & SMS with more clarity
• Semi global facility
• 2G are the handsets we are using today, with 2.5G having more
capabilities
2.2.3 3rd GENERATION
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT–2000), better known
as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a generation of standards for mobile phones

and mobile telecommunications services fulfilling specifications by the
International Telecommunication Union. The use of 3G technology
is also able to transmit packet switch data efficiently at better and in-
creased bandwidth. 3G mobile technologies proffers more advanced
services to mobile users. The spectral efficiency of 3G technology is
better than 2G technologies. Spectral efficiency is the measurement of
rate of information transfer over any communication system. 3G is also
known as IMT-2000.
• Developed between late 1990s & early 2000s until present day
• In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer
networking (WCDMA, WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile de-
vices area (cell phone and GPS)
• Transmission speed from 125 kbps to 2 Mbps
• Superior voice quality
• Good clarity in video conference

• Data are sent through technology called packet switching
• Voice calls are interpreted using circuit switching
• Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, E-mail, PDA, infor-
mation surﬁng, on-line shopping/ banking, Multi Media Messag-
ing Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi-Gaming etc.
• Global roaming
2.2.4 4th GENERATION
4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is
a successor to 3G and 2G families of standards. The fourth generation
(4G) is a conceptual framework and a discussion point to address fu-
ture needs of a high speed wireless network that can transmit multime-
dia and data to and interface with wire-line backbone network perfectly
just raised in 2002. The speeds of 4G can theoretically be promised up
to 1Gbps.
Some of the applications of 4G are:
1. Mobile TV a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the
subscriber’s phone where it can be watched.
2. Video on demand a provider sends a movie to the subscriber’s
phone.
3. Video conferencing subscribers can see as well as talk to each
other.

4. Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or provides advice
to the potentially isolated subscriber.
5. Location-based services a provider sends localized weather or
trafﬁc conditions to the phone, or the phone allows the subscriber
to ﬁnd nearby businesses or friends.
6. Mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier
transmission.
7. Mobile WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Ac-
cess).
• Developed in 2010
• Faster & more reliable
• Speed up to 100 Mbps
• Both cellular and broadband multimedia services everywhere

• High performance
• Easy global roaming
• Low cost
2.2.5 5th GENERATION
5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G tech-
nology has changed the means to use cell phones within very high
bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such a high value tech-
nology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features
which makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in
near future.
The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell
phones is stunning. 5G technologies which are on hand held phone
offering more power and features than at least 1000 lunar modules.
A user can also hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Lap-
top to get broadband internet access. 5G technology including camera,
MP3 recording, video player, large phone memory, dialling speed, au-
dio player and much more you can never imagine.

• Next major phase of mobile telecommunication & wireless sys-
tem
• 10 times more capacity than others
• Expected speed up to 1 Gbps
• More faster & reliable than 4G
• Lower cost than previous generations

2.3 Comparison of all generations
2.3.1 Tabular Form
Figure 2.7: 1G vs 2G vs 3G vs 4G vs 5G
2.3.2 Brief Lookup of some Terms
• WWWW: A World Wide Wireless Web is capable of supporting
a comprehensive wireless-based Web application that includes
full graphics and multimedia capability at beyond 4G speeds.

• WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing allows many indepen-
dent signals to be transmitted simultaneously on one fiber with
each signal located at a different wavelength. Routing and detec-
tion of these signals require devices that are wavelength selec-
tive, allowing for the transmission, recovery, or routing of spe-
cific wavelengths in photonic networks.
• WCDMA: Wideband CDMA is a technology for wideband dig-
ital radio communications of multimedia and other capacity de-
manding applications.
• PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network is a regular voice
telephone network.
• Spread Spectrum: It is a form of wireless communication in
which the frequency of the transmitted signal is deliberately var-
ied over a wide range. This results in a higher bandwidth of the
signal than the one without varied frequency.
• TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access is a technology for shar-
ing a medium by several users by dividing into different time
slots transmitting at the same frequency.
• UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is the third
generation mobile telephone standard in Europe.
• WAP: Wireless Application Protocol defines the use of TCP/IP
and Web browsing for mobile systems.
• DAWN: Advanced technologies including smart antenna and flex-
ible modulation are keys to optimize this wireless version of re-

conﬁgurable ad hoc networks.
2.3.3 Comparison with Keywords
Figure 2.8: Comparison with keywords

Chapter 3
5G Technology
3.1 What is 5G technology
5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless sys-
tems) is a term used in some research papers and projects to denote
the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond
the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G is also referred to as be-
yond 2020 mobile communications technologies. 5G does not describe
any particular specification in any official document published by any
telecommunication standardization body.
A new mobile generation has appeared approximately every 10th
year since the first 1G system, Nordic Mobile Telephone, was intro-
duced in 1981. The first 2G system started to roll out in 1992, the
first 3G system first appeared in 2001 and 4G systems fully compliant
with IMT Advanced were standardised in 2012. The development of
19

the 2G (GSM) and 3G (IMT-2000 and UMTS) standards took about
10 years from the official start of the R&D projects, and development
of 4G systems started in 2001 or 2002. Predecessor technologies have
occurred on the market a few years before the new mobile generation,
for example the pre-3G system CdmaOne/IS95 in the US in 1995, and
the pre-4G systems Mobile WiMAX in South-Korea 2006, and first
release-LTE in Scandinavia 2009.
Mobile generations typically refer to nonbackwards-compatible cel-
lular standards following requirements stated by ITU-R, such as IMT-
2000 for 3G and IMT-Advanced for 4G. In parallel with the develop-
ment of the ITU-R mobile generations, IEEE and other standardisa-
tion bodies also develop wireless communication technologies, often
for higher data rates and higher frequencies but shorter transmission
ranges. The first gigabit IEEE standard was wigig or IEEE 802.11ac,
commercially available since 2013, soon to be followed by the multi
gigabit standard IEEE 802.11ad.
If 5G appears, and reflects these prognoses, the major difference
from a user point of view between 4G and 5G techniques must be
something else than increased peak bit rate; for example higher number
of simultaneously connected devices, higher system spectral efficiency
(data volume per area unit), lower battery consumption, lower outage
probability (better coverage), high bit rates in larger portions of the
coverage area, lower latencies, higher number of supported devices,

lower infrastructure deployment costs, higher versatility and scalabil-
ity or higher reliability of communications. Those are the objectives in
several of the research papers and projects below.
3.2 Research Work
Key concepts suggested in scientific papers discussing 5G and beyond
4G wireless communications are:
• Massive Dense Networks also known as Massive Distributed MIMO
providing green flexible small cells 5G Green Dense Small Cells.
A transmission point equipped with a very large number of an-
tennas that simultaneously serve multiple users. With massive
MIMO multiple messages for several terminals can be transmit-
ted on the same time-frequency resource, maximising beamform-
ing gain while minimising interference.
• Advanced interference and mobility management, achieved with
the cooperation of different transmission points with overlapped
coverage, and encompassing the option of a flexible usage of re-
sources for uplink and downlink transmission in each cell, the
option of direct device-to-device transmission and advanced in-
terference cancellation techniques.
• Efficient support of machine-type devices to enable the Internet
of Things with potentially higher numbers of connected devices,

as well as novel applications such as mission critical control or
trafﬁc safety, requiring reduced latency and enhanced reliability.
• Group cooperative relay: A major issue in beyond 4G systems is
to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell,
especially to users in an exposed position in between several base
stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by cellular
repeaters and macro-diversity techniques, also known as group
cooperative relay, as well as by beam division multiple access
(BDMA).
• The usage of millimetre wave frequencies (e.g. up to 90 GHz)
for wireless backhaul and/or access (IEEE rather than ITU gen-
erations).
• Pervasive networks providing Internet of things, wireless sensor
networks and ubiquitous computing: The user can simultane-
ously be connected to several wireless access technologies and
seamlessly move between them. These access technologies can
be 2.5G, 3G, 4G, or 5G mobile networks, Wi-Fi, WPAN, or any
other future access technology. In 5G, the concept may be further
developed into multiple concurrent data transfer paths.
• Multi-hop networks: A major issue in beyond 4G systems is to
make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, es-
pecially to users in an exposed position in between several base
stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by cellular
repeaters and macro-diversity techniques, also known as group
cooperative relay, where also users could be potential cooper-

ative nodes thanks to the use of direct device-to-device (D2D)
communications.
• Cognitive radio technology, also known as smart-radio: allow-
ing different radio technologies to share the same spectrum effi-
ciently by adaptively finding unused spectrum and adapting the
transmission scheme to the requirements of the technologies cur-
rently sharing the spectrum. This dynamic radio resource man-
agement is achieved in a distributed fashion, and relies on software-
defined radio.
• Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN), essentially identi-
cal to Mobile ad hoc network (MANET), Wireless mesh network
(WMN) or wireless grids, combined with smart antennas, coop-
erative diversity and flexible modulation.
• Vandermonde-subspace frequency division multiplexing (VFDM):
a modulation scheme to allow the co-existence of macro-cells
and cognitive radio small-cells in a two-tiered LTE/4G network.
• IPv6, where a visiting care-of mobile IP address is assigned ac-
cording to location and connected network.
• Wearable devices with AI capabilities such as smartwatches and
optical head-mounted displays for augmented reality.
• One unified global standard.
• Real wireless world with no more limitation with access and zone
issues.

• User centric (or cell phone developer initiated) network concept
instead of operator-initiated (as in 1G) or system developer initi-
ated (as in 2G, 3G and 4G) standards.
• Li-Fi, or light ﬁdelity, is a massive MIMO visible light commu-
nication network to advance 5G. Li-Fi uses light-emitting diodes
to transmit data, rather than radio waves like Wi-Fi.
• World wide wireless web (WWWW), i.e. comprehensive wireless-
based web applications that include full multimedia capability
beyond 4G speeds.

3.3 Architecture of 5G
Figure 3.1: Mobile Terminal Design of 5G
Above ﬁgure shows 5G mobile phone design. 5G is being developed to
accommodate the QoS and rate requirements set by forthcoming appli-
cations like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service
(MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broad-
casting (DVB), minimal services like voice and data, and other services
that utilize bandwidth. The deﬁnition of 5G is to provide adequate
RF coverage, more bits/Hz and to interconnect all wireless heteroge-
neous networks to provide seamless, consistent telecom experience to
the user.

3.4 Protocol Stack of 5G
3.4.1 Comparison with OSI Model
Figure 3.2: Comparison with OSI Model
3.4.2 Open Wireless Architecture (OWA)
Physical layer + Data link layer = OWA
• OSI layer 1, i.e. Physical layer & OSI layer 2, i.e. Data link layer
deﬁne the wireless technology.
• For these two layers the 5G mobile network is likely to be based
on Open Wireless Architecture (OWA).
3.4.3 Network Layer
• All mobile networks will use mobile IP.

• Each mobile terminal will be FA (Foreign Agent).
• A mobile can be attached to several mobiles or wireless networks
at the same time.
• The ﬁxed IPv6 will be implemented in the mobile phones.
• Separation of network layer into two sub-layers:
1. Lower network layer (for each interface)
2. Upper network layer (for the mobile terminal)
Figure 3.3: Network Layer in 5G
3.4.4 Open Transport Protocol (OTP)
Transport layer + Session layer = OTP
• Wireless network differs from wired network regarding the trans-
port layer.
• In all TCP versions the assumption is that lost segments are due
to network congestion.

• In wireless, the loss is due to higher bit error ratio in the radio
interface.
• 5G mobile terminals have transport layer that is possible to be
downloaded & installed which is based on Open Transport Pro-
tocol.
3.4.5 Application Layer
Presentation layer + Application layer = Application layer (5G)
• Provides intelligent QoS (Quality of Service) management over
variety of networks.
• Provides possibility for service quality testing & storage of mea-
surement information in information database in the mobile ter-
minal.
• Select the best wireless connection for given services.
• QoS parameters, such as, delay, losses, BW, reliability, will be
stored in DB (Database) of 5G mobile.
3.5 Functional Architecture
Below ﬁgure shows the system model that proposes design of network
architecture for 5G mobile systems, which is all-IP based model for
wireless and mobile networks interoperability. The system consists of
a user terminal (which has a crucial role in the new architecture) and a
number of independent, autonomous radio access technologies. Within

each of the terminals, each of the radio access technologies is seen as
the IP link to the outside Internet world. However, there should be dif-
ferent radio interface for each Radio Access Technology (RAT) in the
mobile terminal. For an example, if we want to have access to four
different RATs, we need to have four different access - speciﬁc inter-
faces in the mobile terminal, and to have all of them active at the same
time, with aim to have this architecture to be functional applications
and servers somewhere on the Internet. Routing of packets should be
carried out in accordance with established policies of the user.
Figure 3.4: Functional Architecture of 5G
Application connections are realized between clients and servers in

the Internet via sockets. Internet sockets are endpoints for data commu-
nication flows. Each socket of the web is a unified and unique combina-
tion of local IP address and appropriate local transport communications
port, target IP address and target appropriate communication port, and
type of transport protocol. Considering that, the establishment of com-
munication from end-to-end between the client and server using the
Internet protocol is necessary to raise the appropriate Internet socket
uniquely determined by the application of the client and the server. This
means that in case of interoperability between heterogeneous networks
and for the vertical handover between the respective radio technologies,
the local IP address and destination IP address should be fixed and un-
changed. Fixing of these two parameters should ensure handover trans-
parency to the Internet connection end-to-end, when there is a mobile
user at least on one end of such connection. In order to preserve the
proper layout of the packets and to reduce or prevent packets losses,
routing to the target destination and vice versa should be uniquely and
using the same path.

Figure 3.5: Protocol layout
Each radio access technology that is available to the user in achiev-
ing connectivity with the relevant radio access is presented with appro-
priate IP interface. Each IP interface in the terminal is characterized by
its IP address and net mask and parameters associated with the rout-
ing of IP packets across the network. In regular inter-system handover
the change of access technology (i.e., vertical handover) would mean
changing the local IP address. Then, change of any of the parameters
of the socket means and change of the socket, that is, closing the socket
and opening a new one. This means, ending the connection and start-
ing e new one. This approach is not-ﬂexible, and it is based on todays
Internet communication. In order to solve this deﬁciency we propose
a new level that will take care of the abstraction levels of network ac-
cess technologies to higher layers of the protocol stack. This layer is

crucial in the new architecture. To enable the functions of the applied
transparency and control or direct routing of packets through the most
appropriate radio access technology, in the proposed architecture we in-
troduce a control system in the functional architecture of the networks,
which works in complete coordination with the user terminal and pro-
vides a network abstraction functions and routing of packets based on
deﬁned policies. At the same time this control system is an essential
element through which it can determine the quality of service for each
transmission technology. He is on the Internet side of the proposed ar-
chitecture, and as such represents an ideal system to test the qualitative
characteristics of the access technologies, as well as to obtain a realis-
tic picture regarding the quality that can be expected from applications
of the user towards a given server in Internet (or peer). Protocol setup
of the new levels within the existing protocol stack, which form the
proposed architecture, is presented in Figure (Protocol Layout for the
Elements of the Proposed Architecture). The network abstraction level
would be provided by creating IP tunnels over IP interfaces obtained
by connection to the terminal via the access technologies available to
the terminal (i.e., mobile user). In fact, the tunnels would be estab-
lished between the user terminal and control system named here as
Policy Router, which performs routing based on given policies. In this
way the client side will create an appropriate number of tunnels con-
nected to the number of radio access technologies, and the client will
only set a local IP address which will be formed with sockets Internet
communication of client applications with Internet servers. The way IP
packets are routed through tunnels, or choosing the right tunnel, would
be served by policies whose rules will be exchanged via the virtual

network layer protocol. This way we achieve the required abstraction
of the network to the client applications at the mobile terminal. The
process of establishing a tunnel to the Policy Router, for routing based
on the policies, are carried out immediately after the establishment of
IP connectivity across the radio access technology, and it is initiated
from the mobile terminal Virtual Network-level Protocol. Establishing
tunnel connections as well as maintaining them represents basic func-
tionality of the virtual network level (or network level of abstraction).
3.6 Features of 5G
• 5G technology offer high resolution for crazy cell phone user and
bi- directional large bandwidth shaping.
• The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more
attractive and effective.
• 5G technology also providing subscriber supervision tools for
fast action.
• The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to
avoid error.
• 5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit
which supporting almost 65,000 connections.
• 5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled
consistency.
• The trafﬁc statistics by 5G technology makes it more accurate.

• Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user
can get better and fast solution.
• The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology.
• The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed.
• The 5G technology also support virtual private network.
• The new 5G technology will take all delivery service out of busi-
ness prospect.
• The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touch-
ing the peak.
• The 5G technology network offering enhanced and available con-
nectivity just about the world.
3.6.1 Advantages
• 5G provides data bandwidth of 1 Gbps or higher.
• 5G is globally accessible.
• 5G provides dynamic information access beneﬁcial to domestic
user.
• 5G is available at low cost.
3.6.2 Applications
• Wearable device with AI capabilities.

• Pervasive (Global) networks.
• Media independent handover.
• Radio resource management.
• High Altitude Stratospheric Platform Station (HAPS) systems.
• VoIP (Voice over IP) enabled device.
• With 6th sense technology.

Chapter 4
Conclusion
Mobile Wireless Communication Technology is going to be a new rev-
olution in mobile market. With the coming out of cell phone alike to
personal data assistant (PDA) now our whole office is in our finger tips
or in our phone. The 5G technology is designed as an open platform on
different layers, from the physical layer up to the application. Presently,
the current work is in the modules that shall offer the best Operating
System and lowest cost for a specified service using one or more than
one wireless technology at the same time from the 5G mobile. 5G
technology has a bright future because it can handle best technologies
and offer priceless handset to their customers. 4G and 5G techniques
provide efficient user services with lower battery consumption, lower
outage probability (better coverage), high bit rates in larger portions of
the coverage area, cheaper or no traffic fees due to low infrastructure
deployment costs, or higher aggregate capacity for many simultaneous
users.
36

Chapter 5
Future Scope
The future enhancement of 5G Technology and its beyond(6G) will be
incredible as it combines with artiﬁcial intelligent (AI)
• One can able to control his intelligent Robot using his mobile
phone.
• Human life will be surrounded by artiﬁcial sensors which could
be communicating with your mobile phones.
• Mobiles can automatically type the message what your brain
thinks.
• Possibility of communicating between planets(i.e, a person on
Earth can communicate with astronaut on some other planet by
using his mobile) without any delay.
37

References
[1] IEEE-2013-5G Technology of Mobile Communication: A Survey
[2] IEEE-2013-5G Key Technologies: Identifying Innovation Oppor-
tunity
[3] September 2013 — IEEE vehicular technology magazine-5G on
the Horizon
[4] IEEE-2009-The Future of Mobile Wireless Communication Net-
works
[5] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G
38

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