Networking Project/Thesis Report

i
Project/Thesis No.:
A THESIS OF ANALYZING 5G NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES
By
JAYED IMRAN
MD.MAHABUBUR RAHMAN
MD.MEZBAUL SHAIKH
A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering.
North Western University
Khulna 9203, Bangladesh
March,2017

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Declaration
This is to certify that the Thesis work entitled “A Thesis of Analyzing 5G Network
Technologies” has been carried out by Jayed Imran, Md.Mahabubur Rahman and Md Mezbaul
Shaikh in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, North Western University,
Khulna, Bangladesh. The above thesis work or any part of this work has not been submitted
anywhere for the award of any degree or diploma.
Signature of Supervisor: Signature of Candidate:
Arindom Mondal Jayed Imran
Lecturer ID: 20151170010
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
Md.Mahabubur Rahman
ID: 20151039010
Md.Mezbaul Shaikh
ID: 20151040010

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Approval
This is to certify that the thesis work submitted by Md.Shebir Ahmed Rubel, Md.Mahabubur
Rahman and Md.Mezbaul Shaikh entitled “A Thesis Of Analyzing 5G Network Technologies”
has been approved by the board of examiners for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Bachelor of Science in Engineering in the Department of Computer and
Engineering, North Western University, Khulna, Bangladesh in March, 2017.
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
1. Arindom Mondal Supervisor
Lecturer
Computer Science and Engineering Discipline
Bangladesh.
2. Tajul Islam 2nd Examiner
Lecturer
Bangladesh
3. Md. Inzamam-ul-Hossain Head of the Discipline
Senior Lecturer
Bangladesh.

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Acknowledgements
At first, We would like to thank Almighty Allah for showering all his blessings on me whenever
We needed. It is our great pleasure to express our indebtedness and deep sense of gratitude to my
Supervisor Arindom Mondal, Lecturer, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE),
North Western University for his continuous encouragement, constant guidance and keen
supervision throughout the course of this study. We are extremely grateful to all the faculty
members of the Dept. of CSE, NWU to have their privilege of intensive, in-depth interaction and
suggestions for the successful completion of our bachelor degree.
March, 2017 Author

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Abstract
5G Technology stands for 5th generation mobile technology. 5G denote the next major phase of
mobile telecommunication standards beyond the upcoming 4G standards.
5G technology will change the way most high bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G
pushed over a VOIP enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data
transmission never experienced before. 5G technologies are offering the service in Product
Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions, etc.
As the customer become more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will
look for a decent package all together including all the advanced features a cellular phone can
have. Hence the search for new technology always the main motive of the leading cell phone
giants to out innovate their competitors. The goal of a 5G based telecommunication network
would ideally answer the challenges that a 4G model would present once it has entered
widespread use.

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Content Page
Title Page i
Declaration ii
Approval iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Contents vi
List of Tables viii
List of Figures viii
Nomenclature ix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 What Is 5G? 1
1.2 What Are The Real5G Use Cases? 1
1.3 What Are The Implications Of 5G For Mobile Operators? 2
1.3.1The Ability to Comfortably Handle a Rapidly Growing
Wireless Device Customer Base 2
1.3.2The End of Peak Time Performance Issue 3
1.3.3 Improved Standards Of Living in Emerging Markets 3
1.4 Evolution Beyond Mobile Internet 3
1.5 Two views of 5G exist today 4
Chapter 2 Evolution & Motivations 5

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2.1 Evolution Towards 5G 5
2.1.1 1G 5
2.1.2 2G 6
2.1.3 3G 6
2.1.4 4G 6
2.1.5 5G 6
2.2 5G Motivations 7
2.3 5G Drivers 8
Chapter 3 5G Cellular Network Architecture 9
3.1 Cellular Architecture and Key Technologies for 5G
Communication Networks 9
3.2 Secondary Spectrum Access Network 9
3.3 Millimeter Waves May Be the Future Of 5G 9
Chapter 4 5G : NANO Core 12
4.1 Nanotechnology 13
4.2 NANO Equipment (NE) 13
4.3 Cloud Computing 13
4.4 All IP Network 14
4.5 Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Interoperability 15
Chapter 5 Comparison between 4G& 5G 17
5.1 1G-First Generation Mobile Communication System 17
5.2 2G-Second Generation Mobile Communication System 17
5.3 2.5G Mobile Communication System 17

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5.5 3G-Third Generation Mobile Communication System 18
5.8 4G-Fourth Generation Mobile Communication System 18
5.9 5G-Fifth Generation Mobile Communication System 19
5.10 5G - Advantages & Disadvantages 20
5.10.1 Important Advantages 21
5.10.2 Disadvantages of 5G Technology 21
Chapter 6 Emerging Technologies for 5G Wireless Networks 22
6.1 Massive MIMO 23
6.1.1 Massive MIMO has the capability that it can improve
The Radiated Energy Efficiency by 100 Times and at
The Same Time, Increase the Capacity of the Order of 10 24
6.1.2 Massive MIMO Systems can be put Together With the
Help of Low Power and Less Costly Components. 24
6.1.3 Massive MIMO Permits a Substantial Decrease in
Latency on the air Interface 25
6.1.4 Massive MIMI Makes the Multiple Access Layer Simple 25
6.1.5 Massive MIMO Increase the Strength Equally
Against Unintended Man Made Interference and
Intended Jamming 26
6.2 Interference Management 27
6.2.1 Advanced Receiver 27

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6.2.2 Joint Scheduling 27
6.2.3 Spectrum Sharing 28
6.3 Device to Device Communication System 28
6.3.1 Device Relaying With Base Station Controlled
Link Formation 32
6.3.2 Direct Device to Device Communication With
Base Station Controlled Link Formation 33
6.3.3 Device Relaying With Device Controlled Link
Formation 33
6.3.4 Direct Device to Device Communication With
Device Controlled Link Formation 33
6.4 Ultra Dense Networks 35
6.5 Multi Radio Access Technology Association 36
6.6 Full Duplex Radios 37
6.7 Multi Radio Access Technology Association 37
6.8 Full Duplex Radios 38
Chapter 7 Conclusions 39
7.1 Future work 40
7.2 Achievements. 41
List of Tables

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Table No Caption of the Tables
1.4 Evolution of technology generations in terms of services
And performance Source: GSMA Intelligence. 4
3.1 5G Cellular Network Architecture 11
5.1 Comparison between 4G& 5G 19
List of Figures
Figure No Caption of the Figure
1.1 What is 5G 1
1.2 5G use cases 2
2.1 Mobile networks evolution 7
2.2 5G Motivations 8
2.3 5G Drivers 8
3.1 5G Cellular Network Architecture 10
4.1 5G Architecture – The NANOCORE 12
6.1 What do you think are or will be the
Main barriers to 5G development and
Deployment? (5 = very serious barrier;
1 = not a barrier at all) (n=97). 23
6(1) Device relaying communication with base station controlled
link formation. 29
6(2) Direct device to device communication with base

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station controlled link formation. 30
6(3) Device relaying communication with device controlled
Link formation. 31
6(4) Direct device to device communication with device
Controlled link formation. 32
6.3.4 A single cell with multiple relay nodes. 35
Nomenclature
ITU International Telecommunications Union
IMT International Mobile Telecommunications
IHS Information Handling Services
M2M Machine to Machine
IoT Internet of Things
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
CDMA Code-Division Multiple Access
EDGE Enhanced Data GSM Environment
MIMO Multiple Input, Multiple Output
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access

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PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service
TDD Test-Driven Development
FDD Frequency-Division Duplexing
HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
LAN Local Area Network
WAN Wide Area Network
PAN Personal Area Network
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Radio technologies have evidenced a rapid and multidirectional evolution with the launch
of the analogue cellular systems in 1980s. Thereafter, digital wireless communication systems
are consistently on a mission to fulfill the growing need of human beings (1G …4G or now 5G).
So, this article describes the 5G technology emphasizing on its salient features, technological
design (architecture), advantages, shortcomings, challenges, and future scope.
1.1 What Is 5G?
5G is the term used to describe the next-generation of mobile networks beyond the 4G
LTE mobile networks of today. As of mid-2016 there was no standard so the definition is still
very fluid. It is assumed that 5G networks will not become commercially available until the 2020
timeframe [2].
The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) will be the standards body that releases the
final standard, which is also being referred to as International Mobile Telecommunications
(IMT)-2020. [7] The 3GPP is the mobile industry standards body that will submit a proposed
specification to the ITU to be part of the IMT-2020 standard. Mobile operators and vendors all
participate in the 3GPP specification process.
Figure1.1: What is 5G
1.2 What Are the Real 5G Use Cases?
The International Telecommunications Union has outlined three use cases for what is
expected to be the 5G standard, as well as applications and industries that could benefit from the
new network. Those included enhanced mobile broadband; ultra-reliable and low-latency
communications; and massive machine-type communications.

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A recent report from IHS found three-fourths of operators questioned cited the “Internet of
things” as the top use case for 5G. One of the more significant performance requirements for IoT
is expected to be latency, which are the time it takes for an action to be initiated and the time it’s
completed. Latency has been one of the more challenging issues for mobile broadband networks
compared with wired connections as the inherent limitations of transmitting data over-the-air
falls short of what can be accomplished over a fiber optic cable.
The move to LTE technology allowed mobile carriers to slash latency from hundreds of
milliseconds to tens of milliseconds. A significant improvement, but still not quite fast enough
for some of the more demanding IoT use cases being bandied about. Those are likely to require
latency of less than 10 milliseconds, with an ideal push towards 1 millisecond if possible.
Figure 1.2: 5G use cases
1.3 What Are the Implications Of 5G For Mobile Operators?
As mobile communications continue to improve and the demand for mobile services
linked to the arrival of smart phones increases, the wireless industry has responded with
substantial investments in infrastructure for 4G technologies [7].
It is again planning to invest billions of dollars in new devices and infrastructure to meet the
growing demand, fueled by expansion from existing markets and by the communications needs
of new categories of mobile devices, comprising optical readers and tiny sensors.
1.3.1 The Ability to Comfortably Handle a Rapidly Growing Wireless Device Customer
Base
5G is expected to revolutionize the way the globe is connected, and how users interact
with the internet. According to ABI research, the number of active wireless connected devices in
2014 was more than 16 billion – a 20 percent increase from 2013. If this trend continues, this

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number will hit the 40 billion mark by 2020. Such growth of demand from both individuals and
corporations is not sustainable on the 4G infrastructure, but it should be on the remarkable 5G
network.
1.3.2 The End of Peak Time Performance Issue
Unlike fixed lines where the internet speed is fairly consistent throughout the day, 3G and
4G networks are susceptible to signal drops and occasional peak time performance issues. This is
one of the biggest problems with mobile broadband, especially for users who are heavily reliant
on cloud computing and remote working. The interruption can also mean that important
international Skype calls get cut-out mid-conversation, which can hurt your business.
These interruptions are largely because 3G and 4G networks depend on bulky, static masts to
relay signals. However, these masts find it hard to reach certain areas of coverage.
But with improvements in the technology behind antennae implies that 5G base stations can be
installed in nearly every home and lamppost, providing constant coverage. If every individual
user will be able to access his/her own antennae, it will be possible to operate at remarkable
frequencies and enjoy the blistering speeds predicted.
1.3.3 Improved Standards Of Living in Emerging Markets
Many developing countries have areas with no access to basic broadband owing to the
high cost of installing lines. With telecom operators using mobile masts to provide faster internet
services, it should be possible to deliver very fast internet to the most remote areas. This could
help grow businesses at a remarkable rate, as more people take advantage of new opportunities.
In fact, emerging markets are expected to adopt 5G technologies at a faster rate compared to
developed nations because of fewer infrastructure complexities, and lack of legacy constraints.
Other implications of 5G technology include:
The ability for driverless cars to communicate with each other.
Smart surgery – human remotely is operating a robot to perform complex operations.
Air traffic control centers start to monitor multiple airports at one.
1.4 Evolution Beyond Mobile Internet
From analogue through to LTE, each generation of mobile technology has been
motivated by the need to meet a requirement identified between that technology and its

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predecessor (see Table 1). For example, the transition from 2G to 3G was expected to enable
mobile internet on consumer devices, but whilst it did add data connectivity, it was not until
3.5G that a giant leap in terms of consumer experience occurred, as the combination of mobile
broadband networks and smart phones brought about a significantly enhanced mobile internet
experience which has eventually led to the app-centric interface we see today. From email and
social media through music and video streaming to controlling your home appliances from
anywhere in the world, mobile broadband has brought enormous benefits and has fundamentally
changed the lives of many people through services provided both by operators and third party
players.
Generation Primary services Key differentiator Weakness (addressed
by subsequent gen)
1G Analogue phone calls Mobility Poor spectral
efficiency, major
security issues.
2G Digital phone calls
and messaging
Secure, mass adoption Limited data rates –
difficult to support
demand for internet/e-
mail.
3.5G Phone calls,
messaging, broadband
data
Broadband internet,
applications
Tied to legacy, mobile
specific architecture
4G All-IP services
(including voice,
messaging)
Faster broadband
internet, lower latency
Table 1.4: Evolution of technology generations in terms of services and performance
Source: GSMA Intelligence.
1.5 Two views of 5G exist today
View 1 – The hyper-connected vision: In this view of 5G, mobile operators would create
a blend of pre-existing technologies covering 2G, 3G, 4G, Wi-Fi and others to allow higher
coverage and availability, and higher network density in terms of cells and devices, with the key
differentiator being greater connectivity as an enabler for Machine-to-Machine (M2M) services
and the Internet of Things (IoT). This vision may include a new radio technology to enable low
power, low throughput field devices with long duty cycles of ten years or more.
View 2 – Next-generation radio access technology: This is more of the traditional ‘generation-
defining’ view, with specific targets for data rates and latency being identified, such that new

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radio interfaces can be assessed against such criteria. This in turn makes for a clear demarcation
between a technology that meets the criteria for 5G, and another which does not.

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Chapter 2
EVOLUTION & MOTIVATIONS
2.1 Evolution Towards 5G
Since the 1981 introduction of 1G mobile networks in Australia, consumers and industry
have readily adopted each evolution of mobile communication and data services and mobile
networks, and the services they support are a firmly embedded part of the Australian economy
and society.
Evolution of mobile networks the first 1G mobile network was deployed in the early 1980s and
was optimized for mobile voice communication services. Since that time, a new mobile
generation has been deployed around every 10 years. The first 2G system supporting improved
mobile voice and a short message service (SMS) was deployed in 1991. In 2001 the first 3G
system was introduced, supporting mobile voice, SMS and for the first time, email and internet
use on mobile devices. The first 4G (Long Term Evolution (LTE)) system appeared in 2009,
representing a step change in increased capacity and speed for data, supporting mobile video and
an explosion of online apps and content for mobile users.
Research and planning is currently underway to define 5G systems, with industry bodies
planning for commercialization in 2020. There have been a range of 5G-related announcements
by Australian mobile operators in 2015, including the commitment towards the deployment of a
commercial 5G mobile network by 2020.
Each of Australia’s three mobile carriers is continuing with further enhancements to its existing
mobile networks. All three mobile carriers rolled out LTE-A carrier aggregation technology in
2014. Carrier aggregation allows network operators to combine spectrum in disparate radio-
frequency bands to increase bandwidth and user data rates. Telstra has also announced that it has
commenced foundation work on 5G with an anticipated commercial network launch around
2020.
2.1.1 1G
1G emerged in 1980s.It contains analog system and popularly known as cell phones. It
introduces mobile technologies such as mobile telephone system (MTS),Advanced mobile
telephone system(AMTS),Improved mobile telephone system(IMTS)and push to talk(PTT).It
uses analog radio signal which have frequency 150 MHz, Voice call modulation is done using a
technique called frequency division multiple access(FDMA). [1] It has low capacity , unreliable
handoff, poor voice links and no security at all since voice calls were played back in radio towers
making these calls susceptible to unwanted eavesdropping by third parties.

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2.1.2 2G
2G emerged in late 1980s. It uses digital signals for voice transmission and has speed of
64 kbps. It provides facility of SMS (Short Message Service) and use the bandwidth of 30 to 200
KHz. Next to 2G, 2.5G system uses packet switched and circuit switched domain and provide
data rate up to 144 kbps. E.g. GPRS, CDMA and EDGE.
2.1.3 3G
It uses Wide Brand Wireless Network with which clarity is increased. The data are sent
through the technology called Packet Switching. Voice calls are interpreted through Circuit
Switching. Along with verbal communication it includes data services, access to
television/video, new services like Global Roaming. It operates at a range of 2100MHz and has a
bandwidth of 15-20MHz used for High-speed internet service, video chatting.3G uses Wide
Band Voice Channel that is by this the world has been contracted to a little village because a
person can contact with other person located in any part of the world and can even send
messages too.
2.1.4 4G
4G offers a downloading speed of 100Mbps.4G provides same feature as 3G and
additional services like Multimedia Newspapers, to watch T.V programs with more clarity and
send Data much faster than previous generations. LTE (Long Term Evolution) is considered as
4G technology. 4G is being developed to accommodate the Quos and rate requirements set by
forthcoming applications like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service
(MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), minimal
services like voice and data, and other services that utilize bandwidth.
2.1.5 5G
5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G mobile technology has
changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever
before such a high value technology. Nowadays mobile users have much awareness of the cell
phone (mobile) technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which
makes 5G mobile technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. A user can also
hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Laptop to get broadband internet access. 5G
technology including camera, MP3 recording, video player, large phone memory, dialing speed,

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audio player and much more you never imagine. For children rocking fun Bluetooth technology
and Pico nets has become in market.
Figure 2.1: Mobile networks evolution
2.2 5G Motivations
The telecoms industry is at an early stage in the development of 5G. There is still much
life left in LTE networks – with a wide range of standards-compliant network features being
developed by vendors and deployed by operators that improve the performance of LTE. [14] But
analysis of major trends by many in the industry has led to a consensus that evolution of LTE
needs to be complemented with a radical change within the next few years in the fundamentals of
wireless networks – a generational shift in technology and architectures and business processes –
in order to ensure the industry continues to meet market demand for wireless services as they
evolve, and to stimulate new economic and social development.

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Figure2.2:5G Motivations
2.3 5G Drivers
There are now more mobile phone subscriptions in the world then there are people, and
Smartphone sales are expected to double between now and 2021. At the same time, mobile data
consumption continues its exponential rise – according to Ericsson’s Mobility Report in
November 2015, mobile data traffic increased 65 per cent between 3Q14 and 3Q15. The same
report predicts that 70 per cent of all mobile data traffic will be video by 2021.
But it is not just the sheer volume of traffic that is expected to push existing mobile networks to
their technical limits within the next five years; it’s also the types of traffic. For example,
Ericsson forecasts that by 2021, out of 28 billion connected devices, 15 billion of them will be
machine-to-machine (M2M) connections within the Internet of Things (IoT).

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Chapter 3
5G CELLULAR NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
3.1 Cellular Architecture and Key Technologies For 5G communication Networks
To contemplate 5G network in the market now, it is evident that the multiple access
techniques in the network are almost at a still and requires sudden improvement. Current
technologies like OFDMA will work at least for next 50 years. Moreover, there is no need to
have a change in the wireless setup which had come about from 1G to 4G. Alternatively, there
could be only the addition of an application or amelioration done at the fundamental network to
please user requirements. [1] [3] This will provoke the package providers to drift for a 5G
network as early as 4G is commercially set up.
3.2 Secondary Spectrum Access Network
To meet the demands of the user and to overcome the challenges that have been put
forward in the 5G system, a drastic change in the strategy of designing the 5G wireless cellular
architecture is needed. A general observation of the researchers has shown in that most of the
wireless users stay inside for approximately 80 percent of time and outside for approximately 20
percent of the time. In present wireless cellular architecture, for a mobile user to communicate
whether inside or outside, an outside base station present in the middle of a cell helps in
communication. So for inside users to communicate with the outside base station, the signals will
have to travel through the walls of the indoors, and this will result in very high penetration loss,
which correspondingly costs with reduced spectral efficiency, data rate, and energy efficiency of
wireless communications. To overcome this challenge, a new idea or designing technique that
has come in to existence for scheming the 5G cellular architecture is to distinct outside and
inside setups.
3.3 Designing Technique
With this designing technique, the penetration loss through the walls of the building will
be slightly reduced. This idea will be supported with the help of massive MIMO technology in
which geographically dispersed array of antenna’s are deployed which have tens or hundreds of
antenna units. Since present MIMO systems are using either two or four antennas, but the idea of
massive MIMO [10] systems has come up with the idea of utilizing the advantages of large array
antenna elements in terms of huge capacity gains. It’s enabling innovation in campus networks.
To build or construct a large massive MIMO network, firstly the outside base stations will be
fitted with large antenna arrays and among them some are dispersed around the hexagonal cell
and linked to the base station through optical fiber cables, aided with massive MIMO

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technologies. The mobile users present outside are usually fitted with a certain number of
antenna units but with cooperation a large virtual antenna array can be constructed, which
together with antenna arrays of base station form virtual massive MIMO links. Secondly, every
building will be installed with large antenna arrays from outside, to communicate with outdoor
base stations with the help of line of sight components. The wireless access points inside the
building are connected with the large antenna arrays through cables for communicating with
indoor users. This will significantly improves the energy efficiency, cell average throughput,
data rate, and spectral efficiency of the cellular system but at the expense of increased
infrastructure cost.
With the introduction of such an architecture, the inside users will only have to connect or
communicate with inside wireless access points while larger antenna arrays remained installed
outside the buildings. For indoor communication, certain technologies like Wi-Fi, Small cell,
ultra wideband, millimeter wave communications and visible light communications are useful for
small range communications having large data rates. But technologies like millimeter wave and
visible light communication are utilizing higher frequencies which are not conventionally used
for cellular communications. But it is not an efficient idea to use these high frequency waves for
outside and long distance applications because these waves will not infiltrate from dense
materials efficiently and can easily be dispersed by rain droplets, gases, and flora. Though,
millimeter waves and visible light communications technologies can enhance the transmission
data rate for indoor setups because they have come up with large bandwidth. Along with the
introduction of new spectrum, which is not being conventionally used for wireless
communication, there is one more method to solve the spectrum shortage problem by improving
the spectrum utilization of current radio spectra through cognitive radio (CR) networks.
Figure 3.1: 5G Cellular Network Architecture

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Table 3.1: 5G Cellular Network Architecture.

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Chapter 4
NANO CORE
Sophisticated technology has enabled an age of globalization. Technological convergence
is the tendency for different technological systems to evolve towards performing similar tasks.
What Nicholas Negroponte labeled the transformation of "atoms to bits," the digitization of all
media content. When words, images and sounds are transformed into digital information, it
expands the potential relationships between them and enables them to flow across platforms.
Figure 4.1: 5G Architecture – The NANOCORE
The 5G Nanocore is a convergence of below mention technologies. These technologies have
their own impact on exiting wireless network which makes them in to 5G.
• Nanotechnology.
• Cloud Computing.

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• All IP Platform.
4.1 Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the application of Nano science to control process on nanometer scale.
I.e. between 0.1 and 100nm.The field is also known as molecular nanotechnology (MNT). MNT
deals with control of the structure of matter based on atom-by-atom and molecule by molecule
engineering. The term nanotechnology was introduced by Nori Taniguchi in 1974 at the Tokyo
international conference on production engineering. Nanotechnology is the next industrial
revolution, and the telecommunications industry will be radically transformed by it in a few
years. Nanotechnology has shown its impact on both mobile as well as the core network. Apart
from this it has its own impact on sensor as well as security. This is considered as a most
significant in telecommunication. We will be discussing the same in our further slides [12].
4.2 NANO Equipment (NE)
Mobile phone has become more than a communication device in modern world it has
turned into an identity of an individual. In 5G Nanocore these mobile are referred as Nano
Equipment as they are geared up with nanotechnology. One of the central visions of the wireless
industry aims at ambient intelligence: computation and communication always available and
ready to serve the user in an intelligent way. This requires that the devices are Mobile. Mobile
devices together with the intelligence that will be embedded in human environments – home,
office, public places will create a new platform that enables ubiquitous sensing, computing, and
communication.
Specifications of Nano Equipment are given as follow:
• Self Cleaning – the phone cleans by itself
• Self powered – the phone derives its energy/power from the sun, water, or air.
• Sense the environment – the phone will tell you the weather, the amount of air pollution
present, etc.
• Flexible – bend but not break
• Transparent – “see through” phones.
4.3 Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote server to
maintain data and applications. [4] In 5G network this central remote server will be our content
provider. Cloud computing allows consumers and business to use applications without

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installation and access their personal files at any computer with internet access. The same
concept is going to be used in Nanocore where the user tries to access his private account form a
global content provider through Nanocore in form of cloud. The development of cloud
computing provides operators with tremendous opportunities. Since cloud computing relies on
the networks, it shows the significance of networks and promotes network development. It also
requires secure and reliable service providers, capabilities that operators have deep expertise in.
Operators can enter the cloud computing market and create new value-added services and
experiences by integrating industry content and applications in the digital supermarket model.
This could make our user to obtain much more real-time application to utilize his 5G network
efficiently. Secure and reliable service can be provided with the help of quantum cryptography.
Cloud computing customer avoids capital expenditure for the Nanocore thereby also reducing the
cost of purchasing physical infrastructure by renting the usage from a third party
Provider(Content Provider). The Nanocore devours the resources and pay for what it uses.
Segments of Cloud Computing:
Cloud computing has three main segments which are as follows:
1. Applications – It is based on, on demand software services. On demand software services
come in different varieties. They vary in their pricing scheme and how the software is delivered
to the end users. In the past, the end-user would purchase a server that can be accessed by the
end user over the internet.
2. Platform - The platform segment of cloud computing refers to products that are used to deploy
internet. Net Suite, Amazon, Google, and Microsoft have also developed platforms that allow
users to access applications from centralized servers. Google, Net Suite, Rack space cloud,
amazon.com and sales force are some of the active
3. Infrastructure – The third segment in cloud computing, known as the infrastructure, is the
backbone of the entire concept. Infrastructure vendor’s environments such as Google gears allow
users to build applications. Cloud storage, such as Amazon’s S3, is also considered to be part of
the infrastructure segment.
5G Nanocore will efficiently utilizes all the above 3 segments to satisfy his customer demands.
The concept of cloud computing will reduce the CAPEX of 5G network deployment. In turn this
will create a less billing to the end user for all kinds of services that he utilizes through
Nanocore.
4.4 All IP Network

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As already discussed for converging different technologies to form a single 5G Nanocore,
We require a common platform to interact, Flat IP architecture act as an essential part of 5G
network. The All-IP Network (AIPN) is an evolution of the 3GPP system to meet the increasing
demands of the mobile telecommunications market. To meets customer demand for real-time
data applications delivered over mobile broadband networks, wireless operators are turning to
flat IP network architectures. Primarily focused upon enhancements of packet switched
technology, AIPN provides a continued evolution and optimization of the system concept in
order to provide a competitive edge in terms of both performance and cost.
The key benefits of flat IP architectures are:
• Lower costs
• Universal seamless access
• Improved user experience
• Reduced system latency
• Decoupled radio access and core network evolution
The drive to all IP-based services is placing stringent performance demands on IP-based
equipment and devices, which in turn is growing demand for multicore technology.
There is strong growing demand for advanced telecommunications services on wired and
wireless Next Generation Network (NGN) infrastructures, and fast growing demand for the same
in the enterprise too. Within a few years, more than 10 billion fixed and mobile devices will be
connected via the Internet to add to the more than one billion already connected. All these
services are going to be deployed over full IP-based architecture.
4.5 Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Interoperability
The challenge in the design of the terminals is connected to the management of trade
between the flexibility of how to use the spectrum and needed space and power to given
platform. New methods for partial reconfigurable offer design dimensions that allow the system
to adapt to the opportunities and requirements of the terminals in a manner that shall maximize
the spectral efficiency and also maximize the battery power. As a result of growing level of
acceptance of the wireless technologies in different fields, [5] challenges and types of wireless
systems associated with them are changing. In heterogeneous wireless networks the concept is
"always best connected" (always associated with the best quality), aimed at client terminals, and
is proposed in different researches.
Reviewing the concept of heterogeneous networks inevitably raises the question offender-
working among the radio access technologies in a newly designed system, which will not
demand changes in the RATs, but only introduction of control functionalities the core networks.

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In terms of the user or user applications, heterogeneous system or a heterogeneous network is
considered as a unified network and access a single segment which will place the connection
with the application servers in and out of operator’s network.
First one refers to a centralized operator access, while the second one defines the Internet model
of interoperability. The first model involves introducing a certain level of integration between the
radio access technology through which mobile access terminal, in this direction have been made
different analysis and developed different standards that should define the levels of architecture
connectivity for realizing vertical handover between different access technologies involved in the
construction of heterogeneous domain. The introduction of this model implies interoperability
protocol interoperability of lower levels of communication in the field of radio access. The
second model is called the Internet model, which represents a focus for further development in
this paper and refers to providing continuity of customer service in case of independent radio
access technologies available to the mobile terminal by connecting on the network level. In this
case, interoperability between network technologies is done on the upper (network) protocol
levels, i.e. at a level that is common to all access technologies for communication between user
applications with the appropriate application servers.
The ultimate goal of both models for interoperability is the same and it is providing a transparent
transfer of user information between client applications and related application servers without
impact on the diversity of access technologies in the communication process and providing
continuity of user sessions in the communication process. The main difference between the two
models concerns the way in providing interoperability. Apart from this difference, very
important are vertical handover between access technologies and the conditions or circumstances
which trigger handovers. The first method provides an integrated architecture of radio access
technologies that builds heterogeneous network, and as such is applicable in cooperative
networks or in networks where the radio access technologies are owned by the same operator or
operators who have cooperation.
In such networks are strictly defined rules for vertical handovers, mainly dictated by conditions
in the radio access networks, or by the operator's preference, while user preferences are taken
into cooperative architectures. The second method is more general and relates to interoperate
regardless of the user’s operators, which provide access technology for the user equipment. In
these methods, generally speaking, vertical handover is accomplished as a result of the
conditions under which user applications see main qualitative parameters of service or
experience to the user.

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Chapter 5
COMPARISON BETWEEN 4G & 5G
The telecommunication industry is seeing rapid growth in the last few decades. The
wireless mobile communication standards are the major contributors. This growth has seen many
generations from 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G. Each of these generations have various wireless
technologies, data rates, modulation techniques, capacities and features compare to the other.
5.1 1G-First Generation Mobile Communication System
Data capacity: 2Kbps
Technology: Analog Wireless
Standard: AMPS
Multiplexing: FDMA
Switching type: Circuit
Service: Voice only
Main Network: PSTN
Handoff supported: Horizontal
Frequency: 800 to 900MHz.
5.2 2G-Second Generation Mobile Communication System
Technology: Digital Wireless
Standard: CDMA, TDMA, GSM
Multiplexing: TDMA, CDMA
Switching type: Circuit
Service: Voice and data
Main Network: PSTN
Handoff supported: Horizontal
Frequency: 850MHz to 1900MHz (GSM) and 825MHz to 849MHz (CDMA)
Following sections mention difference between 2.5G and 2.75G.
5.3 2.5G
Technology: GPRS
Standard: Supported TDMA/GSM
Switching type: Packet Switch
Service: MMS internet
Main Network: GSM TDMA
Frequency: 850MHz to 1900MHz

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5.4 2.75G
Technology: EDGE
Standard: GSM, CDMA
Main Network: WCDMA
Frequency: 850MHz to 1900MHz
5.5 3G-Third Generation Mobile Communication System
Technology: Broadband/IP technology, FDD and TDD
Standard: CDMA, WCDMA, UMTS, CDMA2000
Multiplexing: CDMA
Switching type: Packet and Circuit Switch
Service: High speed voice, data and video Main Network: Packet Network
Handoff: Horizontal
Frequency: 1.6 to 2.5 GHz
5.6 3.5G
Data capacity: 2Mbps
Technology: GSM/3GPP
Standard: HSDPA/HSUPA
Multiplexing: CDMA
Service Type: High Speed Voice/Data/Video Main Network: GSM, TDMA
Handoff: Horizontal
5.7 3.75G
Data capacity: 30 Mbps
Standard: 1XEVDO
Multiplexing: CDMA
Service: High speed internet/ Multi-media
Handoff type: Horizontal
5.8 4G-Fourth Generation Mobile Communication System

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This generation of systems is totally IP based technology with capacity of 100Mbps to
1Gbps. It is used for both indoor and outdoor applications. The main function of 4G technology
is to deliver high quality, high speed, high capacity, low cost services. It is mainly used for voice,
multimedia and internet over IP based traffic. The technologies driving 4G growth are LTE and
WiMAX. Refer difference between 3G and 4Gwireless technologies.
5.9 5G-Fifth Generation Mobile Communication System
These 5th generations of systems are driven by OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA,
UWB, Network LMDS and IPV6.
Following table compares 4G vs. 5G technologies and mentions difference between 4G and
5G wireless technologies. It mentions basic comparison between 4G and 5G.
4G 5G
Fourth Generation Fifth Generation
2Mbps to 1Gbps 1Gbps and higher as per need
2 to 8 GHz 3 to 300 GHz
Al access convergence including OFDMA,MC-
CDMA, Network-LMPS CDMA and BDMA
unified IP, seamless integration of broadband
LAN/WAN/PAN and WLAN
Unified IP, seamless integration of broadband
LAN/WAN/PAN/WLAN and advanced
technologies based on OFDM modulation used in
5G
Dynamic information access,wearable devices,HD
streaming, global roaming
Dynamic information access,wearable devices,HD
streaming, any demand of users
CDMA CDMA,BDMA
All IP network Flatter IP network, 5G network interfacing(5G-NI)
Horizontal and vertical Horizontal and vertical
year-2010 year-2015
Table 5.1: Comparison between 4G & 5G
5.10 5G - Advantages & Disadvantages
5th generation technology offers a wide range of features, which are beneficial for all
group of people including, students, professionals (doctors, engineers, teachers, governing
bodies, administrative bodies, etc.) and even for a common man.

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5.10.1 Important Advantages
There are several advantages of 5G technology, some of the advantages have been shown
in the above Ericsson image, and many others are described below −
High resolution and bi-directional large bandwidth shaping.
Technology to gather all networks on one platform.
More effective and efficient.
Technology to facilitate subscriber supervision tools for the quick action.
Most likely, will provide a huge broadcasting data (in Gigabit), which will support more than
60,000 connections.
Easily manageable with the previous generations.
Technological sound to support heterogeneous services (including private network).
Possible to provide uniform, uninterrupted, and consistent connectivity across the world.
Some Other Advantages for the Common People
Parallel multiple services, such as you can know weather and location while talking with
other person.
You can control your PCs by handsets.
Education will become easier − A student sitting in any part of world can attend the class.
Medical Treatment will become easier & frugal − A doctor can treat the patient located in
remote part of the world.
Monitoring will be easier − A governmental organization and investigating offers can
monitor any part of the world. Possible to reduce the crime rate.
Visualizing universe, galaxies, and planets will be possible.

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Possible to locate and search the missing person.
5.10.2 Disadvantages of 5G Technology
Though, 5G technology is researched and conceptualized to solve all radio signal
problems and hardship of mobile world, but because of some security reason and lack of
technological advancement in most of the geographic regions, it has following shortcomings −
Technology is still under process and research on its viability is going on.
The speed, this technology is claiming seems difficult to achieve (in future, it might be) because
of the incompetent technological support in most parts of the world.
Many of the old devices would not be competent to 5G; hence, all of them need to be replaced
with new one — expensive deal. Developing infrastructure needs high cost. Security and privacy
issue yet to be solved.

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Chapter 6
Emerging Technologies for 5G Wireless Networks
It is expected that mobile and wireless traffic volume will increase a thousand-fold over the
next decade which will be driven by the expected 50 billion connected devices connected to the
cloud by 2020 and all need to access and share data, anywhere and anytime. With a rapid
increase in the number of connected devices, some challenges appear which will be responded
by increasing capacity and by improving energy efficiency, cost and spectrum utilization as well
as providing better scalability for handling the increasing number of the connected devices. [14]
For the vision of all-communicating world relative to today’s network, the overall technical aim
is to provide a system idea that supports.
 1000 times increased data volume per area
 10 to 100 times increased number of connected devices
 10 to 100 times increased typical user data rate
 10 times extended battery life for low power Massive Machine Communication (MMC)
devices
 5 times reduced End-to-End (E2E) latency
In this paper, we will cover a wide area of technologies with a lot of technical challenges arises
due to a variety of applications and requirements of the user. To provide a common connected
platform for a variety of applications and requirements for 5G, we will research the below
technology components [13] .
 Radio-links, includes the development of new transmission waveforms and new
approaches of multiple access control and radio resource management.
 Multi-node and multi-antenna transmissions, includes designing of multi-antenna
transmission/reception technologies based on massive antenna configurations and
developing advanced inter-node coordination schemes and multi-hop technologies.
 Network dimension, includes considering the demand, traffic and mobility management,
and novel approaches for efficient interference management in complex heterogeneous
deployments.
 Spectrum usage, includes considering extended spectrum band of operation, as well as
operation in new spectrum regimes to provide a complete system concept for new
spectrum regimes that carefully addresses the needs of each usage scenario.

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Now the topics which will integrate a subset of the technology components and provides the
solution of some of the goals which are identified earlier are
 Device-to-Device (D2D) communications refers to direct communication between
devices allowing local exchange of user plane traffic without going through a network
infrastructure.
 Massive Machine Communications (MMC) will form the basis of the Internet of
Things with a wide range of application fields including the automotive industry, public
safety, emergency services and medical field.
 Moving Networks (MN) will enhance and extend linking together potentially large
populations of jointly moving communication devices.
 Ultra-dense Networks (UDN) will be the main driver whose goals are to increase
capacity, increase energy efficiency of radio links, and enable better exploitation of
under-utilized spectrum.
 Ultra-reliable Networks (URN) will enable high degrees of availability.
In this section, we identify several technologies, ranked in perceived importance, which will be
crucial in future wireless standards.
6.1 Massive MIMO
Massive MIMO is an evolving technology that has been upgraded from the current
MIMO technology. The Massive MIMO system uses arrays of antenna containing few hundred
antennas which are at the same time in one time, frequency slot serving many tens of user
terminals. The main objective of Massive MIMO technology is to extract all the benefits of
MIMO but on a larger scale. In general, massive MIMO is an evolving technology of Next
generation networks, which is energy efficient, robust, and secure and spectrum efficient.
Massive MIMO depends on spatial multiplexing, which further depends on the base station to
have channel state information, both on the uplink as well as on the downlink. In case of
downlink, it is not easy, but in case of uplink, it is easy, as the terminals send pilots. On the basis
of pilots, the channel response of each terminal is estimated. In conventional MIMO systems, the
base station sends the pilot waveforms to the terminals and based on these, the terminal estimate
the channel, quantize it and feedback them to the base station. This process is not viable for
massive MIMO systems, especially in high mobility conditions because of two reasons. Firstly
the downlink pilots from the base station must be orthogonal among the antennas, due to which
the requirement of time, frequency slots for the downlink pilots increases with the increase in the
number of antennas. So Massive MIMO systems would now require a large number of similar
slots as compared to the conventional MIMO system. Secondly, as the number of base station
antennas increases the number of the channel estimates also increases for each terminal which in

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turn needed hundred times more uplink slots to feedback the channel responses to the base
station. A general solution to this problem is to work in Time Division Depleting (TDD) mode
and depend on the reciprocity amid the uplink and downlink channels.
Massive MIMO technology depends on phase coherent signals from all the antennas at the base
station, but the computational processing of these signals is simple. Below are certain positives
of a massive MIMO system.
6.1.1 Massive MIMO has the capability that it can Improve the Radiated Energy Efficiency
by 100 Times and at the Same Time, Increase the Capacity of the Order of 10 or More
The positive of increase in capacity is because of the spatial multiplexing technique used
in Massive MIMO systems. Regarding the improvement in the radiated energy efficiency, it is
because of the increase in the number of antennas, the energy can now be concentrated in small
regions in the space. It is based on the principle of coherent superposition of wave fronts. After
transmitting the shaped signals from the antennas, the base station has no role to play by
confirming that all the wave fronts that have been emitted from the antennas possibly will add
constructively at the intended terminal’s locations and destructively elsewhere. Zero forcing is
used to suppress the remaining interference between the terminals, but at the expense of
increased transmitted power.
The desirability of maximum ratio combining (MRC) is more as related to Zero forcing (ZF)
because of its computational ease i.e. received signals are multiplied by their conjugate channel
responses and due to the reason that it is executed in a dispersed mode, autonomously at every
antenna element. Though ZF also works equally well for an orthodox MIMO system which
MRC normally does not. The main reason behind the efficient use of the MRC with massive
MIMO involving large number of base station antennas, the channel responses allied with
different terminals tend to be almost orthogonal.
With the use of MRC receiver, we are operating in a noise restricted system. MRC in Massive
MIMO system will scale down the power to an extent possible deprived of really upsetting the
overall spectral efficiency and multiuser interference, but the effects of hardware deficiencies are
likely to be overcome by the thermal noise. But the intention behind the overall 10 times higher
spectral efficiency as compared to conventional MIMO is because 10 times more terminals are
served concurrently in the same time frequency resource.
6.1.2 Massive MIMO Systems can be put Together With the Help of Low Power and Less
Costly Components.

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Massive MIMO has come up with a change with respect to concept, schemes and
execution. Massive MIMO systems use hundreds of less expensive amplifiers in respect to
expensive ultra-linear 50 Watt amplifiers because earlier are having an output power in the mill
watt range, which is much better than the latter which are generally being used in conventional
systems. It is dissimilar to conventional array schemes, as it will use only a little antenna’s that
are being fed from high power amplifiers but having a notable impact. The most significant
improvement is about the removal of a large number of expensive and massive items like large
coaxial cables.
With the use of a large number of antennas in massive MIMO technology the noise, fading and
hardware deficits will be averaged because signals from a large number of antennas are
combined together in the free space. It condenses the limits on precision and linearity of every
single amplifier and radio frequency chain and altogether what matters is their collective action.
This will increase the robustness of massive MIMO against fading and failure of one of the
antenna elements.
A massive MIMO system has degrees of freedom in excess. For example, with 100 antennas, 10
terminals are showing presence while the remaining 90 degrees of freedom are still available.
These available degrees of freedom can be exploited by using them for signal shaping which will
be hardware friendly. Specifically, each antenna with the use of very cheap and power proficient
radio frequency amplifiers can transmit signals having small peak to average ratio [7] and
constant envelope at a modest price of increased total radiated power. With the help of constant
envelope multiuser preceding, the signals transmitted from each antenna are neither being
formed in terms of beam nor by weighing of a symbol. Rather, a wave field is created and
sampled with respect to the location of the terminals and they can see precisely the signals what
we intended to make them see. Massive MIMO has a vital property which makes it possible. The
massive MIMO channel has large null spaces in which nearly everything can be engaged without
disturbing the terminals. Precisely modules can be placed into this null space that makes the
transmitted waveforms fulfill the preferred envelope restraints. Nevertheless, the operative
channels amid the base station and every terminal, can be proceeded without the involvement of
PSK type modulation and can take any signal constellation as input.
The considerable improvement in the energy efficiency facilitates massive MIMO systems to
work two steps of lower magnitude than with existing technology on the total output RF power.
This is important because the cellular base stations are consuming a lot of power and it is an area
of concern. In addition, if base stations that consume less power could be driven by renewable
resources like solar or wind and therefore it is helpful to deploy base stations to the places where
electricity is not available. Along with this, the increased concerns of electromagnetic exposure
will be considerably less.
6.1.3 Massive MIMO Permits a Substantial Decrease inLatency on the air Interface
Latency is the prime area of concern in the next generation networks. In wireless
communication, the main cause of latency is fading. This phenomenon occurs amid the base
station and terminal, i.e. when the signal is transmitted from the base station, it travels through

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different multiple paths because of the phenomenon’s like scattering, reflection and diffraction
before it reaches the terminal. When the signal through these multiple paths reaches the terminal
it will interfere either constructively or destructively, and the case when following waves from
these multiple paths interfere destructively, the received signal strength reduces to a considerable
low point. If the terminal is caught in a fading dip, then it has to wait for the transmission
channel to change until any data can be received. Massive MIMO, due to a large number of
antennas and with the idea of beam forming can avoid fading dips and now latency cannot be
further decreased.
6.1.4 Massive MIMI Makes the Multiple Access Layer Simple
With the arrival of Massive MIMO, the channel strengthens and now frequency domain
scheduling is not enough. OFDM provides, each subcarrier in a massive MIMO system with
considerably the same channel gain due to which each and every terminal can be provided with
complete bandwidth, which reduces most of the physical layer control signaling terminated.
6.1.5 Massive MIMO Increase the Strength Equally Against Unintended Man Made
Interference and Intended Jamming.
Jamming of the wireless systems of the civilian is a prime area of concern and poses a
serious threat to cyber security. Owing to limited bandwidth, the distribution of information over
frequency just is not possible. Massive MIMO offers the methods of improving robustness of
wireless communications with the help of multiple antennas. It provides with an excess of
degrees of freedom that can be useful for canceling the signals from intended jammers. If
massive MIMO systems use joint channel estimation and decoding instead of uplink pilots for
channel estimation, then the problem from the intended jammers is considerably reduced.
The advantages of massive MIMO systems can be reviewed from an information theoretic point
of view. Massive MIMO systems can obtain the promising multiplexing gain of massive point to
point MIMO systems, while eliminating problems due to unfavorable propagation environments.
Let us study a massive MIMO system having L cells, where every cell has K attended single
antenna users and one base station with N antennas. hi,k,l,n represent the channel coefficient
from the k-th user in the l-th cell to the n-th antenna of the i-th base station, which is equivalent
to a complex small scale fading factor time an amplitude factor that interprets for geometric
attenuation and large-scale fading:
hi,k,l,n=gi,k,l,√ 𝑑𝑖.𝑘,𝑙
Where gi,k,l,n and di,k,l represent complex small scale fading and large scale fading coefficients,
respectively. The small scale fading coefficients are implicit to be diverse for diverse users or for
diverse antennas at every base station though the large scale fading coefficients are the same for
diverse antennas at the same base station, but are user dependent. Then, the channel matrix from
all K users in the l-th cell to the i-th base station can be expressed as

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Where
Let us study a single cell (L = 1) massive MIMO system with K singled antenna users and a base
station with N antennas. For ease, the cell and the base station indices are plunged when single
cell systems are deliberated.
6.2 Interference Management
For efficient utilization of limited resources, reuse is one of the concept that is being used
by many specifications of cellular wireless communication systems. Along with this, for
improved traffic capacity and user throughput densification of the network is one of the key
aspect. So with the introduction of reuse and densification concept, there will be an additional
enhancement in terms of efficient load sharing between macro cells and local access networks.
But all these advantages have come up with a problem that the density and load of the network
have increased considerably and correspondingly receiver terminals in the network suffer from
increased co-channel interference, mainly at the boundaries of cells. Thus co-channel
interference poses a threat which is inhibiting the further improvement of 4G cellular systems.
Hence the need for efficient interference management schemes is vital. Below are the two
interference management techniques.
6.2.1 Advanced Receiver
Modern day and growing cellular system, interference grow as a big threat, so to mitigate
or manage interference, an appropriate interference management technique is the need of the
hour. Advanced interference management at the receiver, or an advanced receiver is the
technique which will somewhat help in interference management. It will detect and even try to
decode the symbols of the interference signal within the modulation constellation, coding
scheme, channel, and resource allocation. Then based on the detector output, the interference

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signals can be reconstructed and cancelled from the received signal so as to improve the
anticipated signal decoding performance.
Advanced receivers not only limit to inter cell interference at the cell boundaries, but also intra
cell interference as in the case of massive MIMO. According to LTE-Advanced Release 10,
every base station transmitter has been equipped with up to eight antennas which will call for
intra cell interference, as the number of antenna’s increases.
6.2.2 Joint Scheduling
In LTE standard, Releases 8 and 9, interference randomization through scrambling of
transmitting signals is the only interference management strategies that were considered and
there were no advanced co-channel interference management strategies. But in 3GPP LTE-
Advanced, Release 10 and 11, through probability readings, it was realized that there was a space
for additional performance improvement at the cell edges with the help of synchronized
transmission among multiple transmitters dispersed over different cell sites.
For calibrating the development, some typical coordinated multipoint schemes, like to coordinate
scheduling, coordinated beam forming, dynamic point selection, and joint transmission, was
normally conferred.
In the article [8], joint scheduling is broadly used to refer advanced interference management of
cellular systems and link variation from the network side. But as in coordinated multipoint
schemes, the transmission rates and schemes of multiple cells are not autonomously determined.
In the case of fast network distribution and interoperability, advanced interference management
schemes by joint scheduling from the network side need to be stated in detail in the 5G systems,
without separating it entirely as an employment issue. For attracting maximum coordination, the
user equipment and network side, advanced interference management must be deliberated
instantaneously.
6.2.3 Spectrum Sharing
To apprehend the performance targets of future mobile broadband systems there is a need
of considerably more spectrum and wider bandwidths as compared to the current available
spectrum for realizing the performance. So to overcome this difficulty, spectrum will be made
available under horizontal or vertical spectrum sharing systems.
The significance of spectrum sharing is probable to increase; dedicated licensed spectrum access
is expected to remain the baseline approach for mobile broadband which provides reliability and
investment certainty for cellular mobile broadband systems. Network components using joint
spectrum are likely to play a balancing role [11].
There are mainly two spectrum sharing techniques that enable mobile broadband systems to
share spectrum and are classified as distributed solutions and centralized solutions. In a
distributed solution the systems coordinate amid each other on an equal basis while in a

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centralized solution each system coordinates discretely with a central unit and the systems do not
directly interact with each other.
6.3 Device to Device Communication System
Device to Device Communication system can be explained by visualizing a two level 5G
cellular network and named them as macro cell level and device level. The macro cell level
comprises of the base station to device communications as in an orthodox cellular system. The
device level comprises of device to device communications. If a device links the cellular network
through a base station, then it will be operating in the macro cell level and if a device links
directly to another device or apprehends its transmission through the support of other devices,
then it will be on the device level. In these types of systems, the base stations will persist to
attend the devices as usual. But in the congested areas and at the cell edges, an ad hoc mesh
network is created and devices will be permitted to communicate with each other.

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Figure6 (1): Device relaying communication with base station controlled link formation.

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Figure6 (2): Direct device to device communication with base station controlled link
formation.

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Figure6 (3): Device relaying communication with device controlled link formation.

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Figure6 (4): Direct device to device communication with device controlled link formation.
6.3.1 Device Relaying With Base Station Controlled Link Formation
This type of communication is applicable for a device which is at the edge of a cell, i.e. in
the coverage area which have poor signal strength. In this type of communication, the devices
will communicate with the base station by relaying their information through other devices.
This type of communication will be helpful for the device to attain a higher quality of service
and respective increased battery life. For partial or full control link formation, the base station
communicates with the relaying devices.

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6.3.2 Direct Device to Device Communication With Base Station Controlled Link
Formation
In this type of communication, the source and destination devices are exchanging data
with each other without the involvement of a base station, but they are supported by the base
station for link formation.
6.3.3 Device Relaying With Device Controlled Link Formation
In this type of communication, a base station is neither involved in link formation nor for
communication purpose. So, source and destination devices are totally responsible for
synchronizing communication using relays amid each other.
6.3.4Direct Device to Device Communication With Device Controlled Link Formation
In this type of communication, the source and destination devices have direct
communication with each other and the link formation is controlled itself by the devices without
any assistance from the base station. Hence, the resource should be utilized by the source and
destination devices in a way to certify limited interference with other devices in the same level
and the macro cell level.
For a substantial advancement in excess of traditional cellular system architecture, a dualistic
cellular system should be designed. For introducing the concept of device to device
communication, some technical issues needs to be addressed like security and interference
management issues.
As in device to device communication, the routing of user data is through the devices of the other
users, so the main area of concern is about security because the privacy need to be maintained.
Closed access will ensure their security for the devices that want to operate in the device level. In
closed access, a device has a list of certain reliable devices, like the users in the close vicinity or
office to whom you are familiar with, otherwise the users that have been legitimated through a
reliable party like an association, can unswervingly communicate with each other, sustaining a
level of discretion, whereas the devices not on this list need to use the macro cell level to
communicate with it. Also to prevent divulging of their information to other devices in a group,
one can set an appropriate encryption amongst one another. Instead of this, in open access, each
device can turn in to relay for other devices deprived of any limits. Meanwhile, in such an
instance security is an open research problem. Security problems in device to device
communication contain the empathy of possible attacks, threats, and weakness of the system. To
discourse security problems in open access device to device, the research on the security
problems of machine to machine communication can be utilized.

l
Second technical issue of a dualistic system that needs to be addressed is of interference
management. In device relaying communication with the base station controller and direct device
to device communication with base station controlled, the base station can execute the resource
allocation and call setup process. So, the base station, to a certain degree can ease the problem of
interference management by using centralized methods. But in device relaying communication
with device controller and direct device to device communication with device controller,
resource allocation between devices will not be supervised by the centralized unit. Devices will
unavoidably affect macro cell users because they are working in the same licensed band. So to
confirm the nominal effect on the performance of prevailing macro cell base stations, a dualistic
network needs to be considered that involves different interference management techniques and
resource allocation schemes. In addition to the interference amid the macro cell and device
levels, interference amid users at the device level is also of prime concern. For performing the
resource allocation in this type of communication, different algorithms as shown in table 4 and
methods like resource pooling non-cooperative game or bargaining game, admission control and
power allocation cluster partitioning, and relay selection can be engaged.
In device relaying communication with the base station controller, as shown in Fig. 5, since the
base station is one of the communicating units, so the aforementioned challenges can be
addressed with the help of the base station like authenticating the relaying devices through
encryption for maintaining adequate privacy of the information of the devices. The challenge of
spectrum allocation amid the relaying devices to prevent them from interfering with other
devices will also be managed by the base station.
In direct device to device communication with base station controlled, shown in Fig. 6, the
devices communicate directly with each other, but the base station controls the formation of links
between them. Precisely, the work of the base station is to authenticate the access, control the
connection formation, resource allocation, and also deals with financial interaction amid devices.
Basically the base station has complete control over the device to device connections, like
connection setup and maintenance, and resource allocation. Since device to device connections
share the cellular licensed band in the device level with the regular cellular connections in the
macro cell level. So for assigning resources to every device to device connection, the network
can either assign resources in an identical manner as a regular cellular connection or in the form
of a dedicated resource pool to all devices to device connections.
In device relaying communication with device controller and direct device to device
communication with device controller, there is no base station to control the communication
amid devices. As shown in Figs. 7 and 8, several devices are communicating with each other by
using supportive or non-supportive communication by playing the role of relays for the other
devices. Since there is no centralized supervision of the relaying, so distributed methods will be
used for processes like connection setup, interference management, and resource allocation. In
this type of communication, two devices need to find each other and the neighboring relays first
by periodically broadcasting their identity information. This will aware the other devices of their

li
presence and then they will decide whether or not to start a device to device direct or device
relaying communication.
Now to know the effect of relay’s, let us study a system model for relay aided device to device
communication as shown in Fig. 9. For studying it, let us consider that the cellular user
equipment eNodeB links are unfavorable for direct communication and need the assistance of
relays. The device to device user equipment’s are also supported by the relay nodes due to long
distance or poor link condition between peers.
Figure 6.3.4: A single cell with multiple relay nodes.
6.4 Ultra Dense Networks
To meet the increasing traffic demands due to the increased number of users,
densification of the infrastructure will be the prior aspect of 5G communications. But for

lii
achieving ultra-dense, heterogeneous networks will play an important role. With the introduction
of moving networks and ad-hoc social networks, the heterogeneous networks are becoming more
dynamic. Though dense and dynamic heterogeneous networks will give rise to new challenges in
terms of interference, mobility and backhauling. To overcome these challenges, there arises a
requirement of designing new network layer functionalities for maximizing the performance
farther from the design of the existing physical layer.
In present networks like Long Term Evolution (LTE), there exist interference mitigation
techniques like enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination and autonomous component
carrier selection. But these techniques are applicable only to nomadic and dense small cell
deployments and have limited flexibility. So for 5G networks, the interference mitigation
techniques should be more flexible and open to the variations as changes in the traffic and
deployment are expected to occur more rapidly than existing networks.
With the introduction of smart wireless devices, the interaction between these devices and with
the environment is destined to increase. To meet the challenges that have arisen because of the
increasing density of nodes and interchanging connectivity options, there arises a need of the
user independent algorithms. So future smart devices are designed in such a way that with the
help of the context information, they will learn and decide how to manage the connectivity.
Contextual information possibly will be the approaching service profile, battery position of a
device or a complete data acquired through either in built sensors, cloud servers or serving base
station. For example, to enable faster initialization of direct Device-to-Device communications
and native multicast group making, context information about the social networking will be very
helpful as it will decrease the signaling overhead in the network. Context information can also
provide sustenance for the network to decrease energy consumption in base stations because of
the switching of cells by improving the mobility and traffic management procedures and local
handover strictures.
In short, future smart devices and small cell networks will be capable of providing the best
wireless connectivity with minimum interference and less power consumption. Along with this,
they should be rapidly adaptable to the changing requirements of devices and radio access
network.
6.5 Multi Radio Access Technology Association
As we are heading towards 5G, the networks are becoming more heterogeneous. The
main aspect that has attracted many is the integration among different radio access technologies.
A distinctive 5G aided device should be manufactured whose radios not only support a new 5G
standard like millimeter wave frequencies, but also 3G, various releases of 4G LTE, [15] [16]
numerous types of WiFi, and possibly direct device to device communication, all across the

liii
different spectral bands. So, defining of standards and utilization of spectrum to which base
station or users will be a really intricate job for the network.
Defining of the optimal user association is the prime area of concern which depends on the signal
to interference and noise ratio from every single user to every single base station, the selections
of other users in the network, the load at every single base station, and the prerequisite to apply
the same base station and standard in both uplink and downlink for simplifying the operation of
control channels for resource allocation and feedback. So, certain procedures must be
implemented to overcome these issues.
To increase edge rates by as much as 500%, a simple, apparently highly suboptimal association
method centered on aggressive but static biasing towards small cells and blanking about half of
the microcell transmissions has been shown. The combined problem of user association and
resource allocation in two tier heterogeneous networks, with adaptive tuning of the biasing and
blanking in each cell, is considered. A model of hotspot traffic shows that the optimal cell
association is done by rate ratio bias, instead of power level bias. An active model of cell range
extension as shown in the traffic arrives as a Poisson process in time and at the possible arrival
rates, for which a steadying scheduling policy subsists. With massive MIMO at the base stations,
user association and load balancing in a heterogeneous networks, is considered in. An exciting
game theoretic approach is used in for the problem of radio access technology selection, in which
union to Nash equilibrium and the Pareto-efficiency of this equilibrium are deliberated.
In conclusion, there is a vast scope for modeling, exploring and optimizing base station-user
associations in 5G.
6.6 Full Duplex Radios
For a long duration of communication period, it is assumed in the wireless system design
that radios have to operate in half duplex mode. It means that it will not transmit and receive
simultaneously on the same channel. Many scholars, academics and researchers at different
universities and research groups have tried to undermine this assumption by proposing many
designs to build in-band full-duplex radios[15] .
But the realization to build full duplex radio has a lot of implications. The cellular networks will
have to reduce their spectrum demands to half as only a single channel is used for achieving the
same performance. As in LTE, for both uplink and downlink, it uses equal width separate
channels for empowering radios to realize full duplex.
For communicating in the full duplex mode, the self-interference results from its own
transmission to the received signal have to be completely removed. Let us consider the case of
Wi-Fi signals which are transmitting at 20dBm (100mW) average power with the noise floor of
around −90dBm. So the transmit self-interference need to be canceled by 110dB (20dBm-
(−90dBm)) to achieve the similar level as of the noise floor and reduce it to insignificant. If any

liv
residual self-interference is not completely canceled, then it will acts as noise to the received
signal, which in turn reduces SNR and subsequently throughput.
6.7 Multi Radio Access Technology Associations
As we are heading towards 5G, the networks are becoming more heterogeneous. The
main aspect that has attracted many is the integration among different radio access technologies.
A distinctive 5G aided device should be manufactured whose radios not only support a new 5G
standard like millimeter wave frequencies, but also 3G, various releases of 4G LTE, [15] [16]
numerous types of WiFi, and possibly direct device to device communication, all across the
different spectral bands. So, defining of standards and utilization of spectrum to which base
station or users will be a really intricate job for the network.
Defining of the optimal user association is the prime area of concern which depends on the signal
to interference and noise ratio from every single user to every single base station, the selections
of other users in the network, the load at every single base station, and the prerequisite to apply
the same base station and standard in both uplink and downlink for simplifying the operation of
control channels for resource allocation and feedback. So, certain procedures must be
implemented to overcome these issues.
6.8 Full Duplex Radios
For a long duration of communication period, it is assumed in the wireless system design
that radios have to operate in half duplex mode. It means that it will not transmit and receive
simultaneously on the same channel. Many scholars, academics and researchers at different
universities and research groups have tried to undermine this assumption by proposing many
designs to build in-band full-duplex radios.
But the realization to build full duplex radio has a lot of implications. The cellular networks will
have to reduce their spectrum demands to half as only a single channel is used for achieving the
same performance. As in LTE, [16] for both uplink and downlink, it uses equal width separate
channels for empowering radios to realize full duplex. For communicating in the full duplex
mode, the self-interference results from its own transmission to the received signal have to be
completely removed. Let us consider the case of WiFi signals which are transmitting at 20dBm
(100mW) average power with the noise floor of around −90dBm. So the transmit self-
interference need to be canceled by 110dB (20dBm-(−90dBm)) to achieve the similar level as of
the noise floor and reduce it to insignificant. If any residual self-interference is not completely
canceled, then it will acts as noise to the received signal, which in turn reduces SNR and
subsequently throughput.

lv
Chapter 7
CONCLUSIONS
The many initiatives and discussions on 5G going on around the world by governments,
vendors, operators and academia demonstrate the continuing ethos of collaboration and
innovation across the industry. In these debates we must ensure that we continue to coordinate
with aligned goals to maintain momentum in completing the definition of 5G.
The key 5G considerations at this stage are:
When 5G arrives will be determined by what 5G turns out to be
As discussed earlier, there are currently two differing views of what 5G is. The first view makes
its implementation somewhat intangible – 5G will become a commercial reality when sufficient
industry voices say so, but this will be something that is difficult to measure by any recognizable
metric. The second approach is more concrete in that it has a distinct set of technical objectives,
meaning that when a service is launched that meets those objectives it will count as the advent of
5G.
As the requirements identified for 5G are a combination of both visions, in some cases the
requirement set is self-contradictory – for example, it would not be possible to have a new RAN
with beam forming and meet a requirement for power reduction, because beam forming uses a
lot more power than today’s RAN. As a result, there must be an established answer to the
question of what 5G is before there can be an answer to the question of when it will arrive.
The case for a new RAN should be based on its potential to improve mobile networks. The
principal challenge in the 5G specification is the sub-1ms latency requirement, which is
governed by fundamental laws of physics. If, as discussed above, this challenge proves too much
and the requirements for sub-1ms delay are removed from 5G, the need for a new RAN would be
questioned. Whether a new air interface is necessary is arguably more of a question of whether
one can be invented that significantly improves mobile networks, rather than on a race to the
arbitrary deadline of 2020.
This raises the question of where the industry should go next. Without a new air interface, the
‘5G’ label makes less sense, as the industry would need to shift to the evolutionary view of 5G -
with the new networks building on LTE and Wi-Fi by adding new functionalities and
architecture.
5G should not distract from more immediate technological developments
Technologies such as multiple-carrier LTE-A, NFV/SDN, Hornets and LPLT networks will form
an important part of the evolution of mobile networks. Each has the potential to offer tangible
benefits to operators within the next few years, and so the industry should not risk losing focus
on the potential benefits of these technologies in the short and medium term. Also, the term ‘5G’
should always be associated with the definition of new radio technology. Everything else is the
net result of other forms of innovation.
There remains considerable potential for future LTE growth, which still only accounts for 5% of
the world’s mobile connections. LTE penetration as a percentage of connections is already as
high as 69% in South Korea, 46% in Japan and 40% in the US, but LTE penetration in the
developing world stands at just 2%. Hence there is still a substantial opportunity for operators to
generate returns on their investment in LTE networks.

lvi
LTE technology will also continue to develop, with operators already making a considerable
amount of progress in increasing the data speeds of their existing networks by adopting multiple-
carrier LTE-A technologies. Therefore, while there remain monetization and interconnect issues
around LTE, these advancements will enable operators to offer many of the services that have
been put forward in the context of 5G long before 5G becomes a commercial reality.
The industry should make full use of governmental interest and resources
As detailed in Appendix A, there is a considerable level of governmental interest worldwide in
the subject of 5G, not to mention a substantial amount of funding available for research and
development in the field. It is important that the industry leverages this and effectively channels
the focus and resource into something meaningful for both operators and their customers. This
should be implemented in a coordinated framework to avoid a fragmented vision of 5G for
different parts of the world.
7.1 Future work of 5G
The introduction of 5G networks in the next five to 10 years is expected to create huge
opportunities to build enterprise value in a range of industries, profoundly affecting business
operations, P&L economics, asset valuations and revenue models. Forward-looking
organizations are already anticipating the impact of this technology, and are creating long-term
plans to realize value, gain shareholder buy-in and deliver innovation.
To gain more insight into this crucial development, Forbes Insights partnered with Huawei to
conduct a global survey of 1,147 senior executives, presented in the report “The Mobile
Industrial Revolution: Anticipating the Impact and Opportunities of 5G Networks on Business.”
7.2 Achievements
This is a popular way to know about 5G network technology. In this we can able to
learn the advantages and disadvantages of 5G technology. It creates an easy way to find or know
what is 5G and how we can use 5G.

lvii
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