Upto December 2013 DNB Pediatrics Question Bank

DNB PEDIATRICS
THEORY QUESTION BANK
(UPDATED TILL DECEMBER 2013)

“ U HAVE COME ON THIS PLANET TO GIVE SOMETHING; YOU HAVE NOTHING
TO TAKE FROM HERE.”
---- Sri Sri…

DR KAUSIK SUR / DR. NOELLA PEREIRA JOHN/ UPDATED BY DR.SANKET
AGRAWAL, DR. SHRIKANT JAGDALE, DR. ASHISH TITHE
MBBS, PEDIATRIC RESIDENTS
DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRICS
WANLESS HOSPITAL AND MIRAJ MEDICAL CENTRE
MIRAJ, SANGLI, MAHARASHTRA
e-mail- drsanketagrawal@gmail.com
drshreej@gmail.com

HOW TO INTERPRET THE QUESTIONS:

1. Questions are divided based on Chapters of Nelsons Textbook of
Pediatrics
2. Questions contain two numbers at the end. Numbers within bracket
indicates the year. For example (97/1)- 97means year 1997
1 means June (2 means December)
Thus (06/1) means June 2006
3. Number at the end of the question(not within bracket) indicates marks

1 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
1. Approach to a child with Delayed Speech (02/1) 15
2. Discuss the causes and approach to a Preschool child with
Developmental Regression (02/1) 25
3. Growth Monitoring (98/1) 15
4. What are the developmental disorders in preschool years? Discuss the
management (97/1) 15
5. Velocity and cross-sectional standards as applied to Human Growth
(95/2) 15
6. Discuss the basis for use of Growth Standards. What should be taken as
a reasonable approach for India (94/2) 25
7. Principles of Growth and Development (00/1) 15
8. Importance of Bone age assessment in children 15
9. Growth Factors (99/1) 15
10.

Sexual Maturity Rating in female adolescents (95/2) 15

11.

Describe the events of sexual development in relation to physical

growth. Name the most important regulatory factors (94) 25
12.

Gessel Developmental schedule (93/1) 15

13.

Define Growth, Development, Velocity of growth mean, median,

percentiles. Enumerate causes of retarded growth. Briefly outline a
schedule for investigation of such a case (92/2) 25
14.

Factors affecting Development of children (92) 15

15.

SMR (03/2)

16.

What is SMR? Discuss the secular trend in Children (05/2) 5+5

17.

How would you assess sexual maturity of a female adolescent

(06)10
18.

Factors affecting Adolescent health and development (06) 10

19.

Write the height velocity curves of girls and boys from birth to

adolescence, describe the principles and factors governing the growth
and development in children (06) 10
20.

Approach to a child with short stature (06/1) (07/2) 10

21.

Bone age assessment and its usefulness (07/2) 10

22.

Growth and development in second year of life in children
(07/1) 10

23.

Outline the basic principles of sleep hygiene for children and
adolescents (09/1) 10 (12/1) 5+5

24.

Describe: (09/2) 5+5

a) Factors affecting child development
b) Developmental screening tests available and suitable for use in
Indian
children.
25. Developmental milestones in first two years of life. (10/1) 10
26. Outline the fine motor milestones along with their normal age of
achievement in sequence attained between birth and 5 years of age. (10/2) 10

27. Discuss the evolution and characteristics of WHO growth charts. Discuss
their implications on the magnitude of malnutrition in Indian setting.
(11/1)3+4+3
28. Enumerate the available methods and indications for determination of
bone age in children and adolescents. Outline the differential diagnosis of a
child with short stature on the basis of bone age. (11/1) 3+3+4
29. Describe Tanner’s Sexual Maturity Rating (pubertal staging) in boys based
on a) Genitalia and b) Pubic hair development. (11/2) 5+5
30. Describe in detail the physical growth and development in all domains
from birth till completion of first year. (11/2) 5+5
31. What is developmental delay? Describe different tools used for screening
of developmental delay. (11/2) 3+7
32. Define growth velocity. Draw a typical height velocity curve from birth to
puberty for boys and girls. Discuss the utility of determining growth velocity.
(12/1) 2+4+4
33. What is developmental screening? Enumerate common developmental
screening test. What issues they identify in a child? (12/1) 2+4+4

34. Define puberty and adolescence. Enumarate biological and cognitive
developmental changes in middle adolescence. Mention the implication of
these changes for parents and pediatricians.(12/2) 2+6+2
35. Define Short stature and enumerate important causes of short stature in
children. Discuss briefly role of Different anthropometric measurement in
diagnosis of short stature.(12/2) (1+4)+5
36. Enumerate the clinical and anthropometric criteria for diagnosis of SAM.
Discuss principles of Mn of SAM in a 18 mnth old baby who also has a watery
diarrhea. (13/1) 3+7
37. Define short stature. Outline the approach to clinical evaluation and Mn.
(13/1) 2+8
38. Define developmental delay and developmental dissociation. Outline the
screening and definitive tests for diagnosis of developmental delay. (13/1)5+5
39.What is global developmental delay?what are the common causes of GDD?
Discuss algorithmic approach to evaluate a child with GDD. (13/2)2+3+5

40. A 5yr old boy has attained height of 137cm. wht could be the causes for
this situation and which specific clinical pointers may be useful in determining
the cause. How will u evaluate this child for underlying endocrinal disorder.
(13/2)6+4

2 PSYCHOLOGIC DISORDERS
PSYCHOSOMATIC ILLNESS
1. Management of Conversion reactions (98/1) 15

VEGETATIVE DISORDER
1. Sleep Disorders in children (99/2) 10
2. Encopresis (99/2) 15
3. What is Vegetative Disorder (05) 5
4. What is vegetative disorder? Discuss management of a child with
injuries (05) 5+5
5. Rumination (06/1) 5
6. Pica (07/1) 5
HABIT DISORDER
1. Habit Disorders in children (07/1) 10

MOOD DISORDER
1. Childhood Depression (06) 10

DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS
1. Common Behavioral problems in children (97/2) 15

PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER AND CHILDHOOD PSYCHOSIS
1. Autism (03/2) 15
2. Define autism. Outline its etiology. Outline the clinical markers of autism
and its prognosis. (04/2) 2+3+3+2
3. Discuss the management of a child with schizophrenia (04/2) 5
4. Autistic spectrum disorder (07/2) 10
5. Autistic Disorder (07/1) 10
6. Etiology, clinical manifestations and treatment of Autistic Disorder
(06/1) 10
7. Discuss the management of a child with Schizophrenia (05) 5
8. Describe the etiology, clinical manifestations and management of
autistic spectrum disorders in children. (09/2) 2+3+5
9. Discuss briefly the diagnostic features and management of Pervasive
Developmental Disorders/ autistic spectrum disorders. (11/2) 4+6
10.

Enumerate various pervasive developmental disorders and

autism spectrum disorders. Outline one core feature of each of them.
(12/1) 5+5
11.

Define autistic spectrum disorders. Enumerate their clinical

features and discuss Mx. (13/2)2+4+4

NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DYSFUNCTION IN THE SCHOOL AGED CHILD
1. Attention Deficit Disorders (97/1) (95/2) (00/1) 15
2. ADHD (03/1) 15
3. Describe clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of ADHA
(06) 10

MISCELLANEOUS
1. Juvenile Delinquency (06/1) 5

3 SOCIAL ISSUES, CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL HEALTH NEEDS
FAILURE TO THRIVE
1. Causes of Failure to Thrive in infancy (96/2) 15
2. Approach to a child with Failure To Thrive (96/1) 14
3. Define failure to thrive. Outline a diagnostic approach for a child with
failure to thrive. (04/2) 2+8
4. Non organic failure to thrive (07/1) 10
5. Define failure to thrive. Give its etiology, classification, clinical features
and management. (09/2) 1+2+2+2+3
6. Define failure to thrive and tabulate its causes. Outline the approach to
manage a child with failure to thrive. (10/2) 2+3+5

ADOPTION
1. Adoption (03/2)
CHILD ABUSE
1. Define child abuse. List the etiology of child abuse in India. Outline
strategies for prevention. (04/2)
2. Discuss Child maltreatment. What are the factors related with child
abuse (05) 5+5
3. Define Child Abuse. Describe clinical manifestations of Child Abuse.
Discuss some useful investigations in a suspected case of Child Abuse
(06) 10
4. Management of the sex abused child (95/2) 15
6. Define child abuse. Describe in brief the factors responsible for child
abuse. Outline management of a child who is suspected of being abused.
(11/1)

2+3+5

7. Define child abuse and neglect. Discuss various clinical manifestations,
diagnostic work up and management of physical abuse. (11/2) 2+3+2+3
8. Write short notes on : (09/2) 5+5
a. Female infanticide
b. Karyotyping

MENTAL RETARDATION
1. Preventable and treatable causes of Mental retardation (96/2) 10
2. Various physical features that are likely to be associated with specific
syndromes of mental retardation (95/2) 10
3. Enumerate the causes of mental retardation in children. Give an outline
of management of a child with mental retardation. (10/1) 4+6

4 NUTRITION
PEM
1. Immunological changes that take place in PEM (98/2) 10
2. Biochemical changes in PEM (96/2) 10
3. Discuss the influences of malnutrition on mental functions in relation to
its onset, severity and type of functional losses with supportive
advances (93/1) 25
4. Prevention of hypocalcaemia in PEM (93/1) 15
5. Age independent Anthropometric criteria for assessment of PEM (06) 5
6. Management of a 4 year old child with grade 4 PEM (07/2) 10
7. Outline the initial management ( in first 48 hours) of a 2 year old
severely malnourished child (weight 5.5kg) who is cold to touch and has
edema and poor peripheral pulses. (08/1) 10

8. Discuss biochemical and metabolic derangements in a child with severe
malnutrition. Discuss factors associated with high mortality in severe
PEM. (08/2) 10
9. Outline the 10 steps of management of severe malnutrition, as per WHO
guidelines, in appropriate sequence. (10/2) 10
10.

Define ‘Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM)’. Outline the tools for its

diagnosis in the community and discuss their merits/ demerits. (12/1)
2+4+4

VIT A
1. Hazards and virtues of Vitamin A in pediatric practice (96/2) 10
2. Vitamin A supplementation (07/1) 5
3. Enumerate functions of vitamin A in human body. Tabulate the WHO
classification of vitamin A defiency. Outline the treatment schedule for
managing Xerophthalmia in children. (10/2) 2+3+5
4. Describe the role of VIT A in health and disease . Enumarate CF of vit A
deficiency and its Rx(12/2) 4+(3+3)
VIT B
1. Discuss the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management
of cobalamine deficiency. (12/1) 2+3+1+4

VIT D
1. Functions of vitamin D (98/2) 10
2. Renal Rickets (97/2) 15
3. Vitamin D Resistant Rickets (96/2) 12
4. Resistant Rickets 15
5. Outline the metabolism and function of Vitamin D in human body.
Describe in detail the etiology and pathological changes in rickets
(99/2) 25
6. Clinical manifestations of Rickets (93/2) 10
7. What are the causes of non nutritional rickets. How will you manage
such a child. (04/2) 3+7
8. Classify the various causes of rickets and outline how to differentiate
them (05) 5+5
9. Diagnostic approach to a child with resistant rickets (06) 10
10.

Resistant Rickets (06/1) 10

11.

Discuss calcium and vitamin D metabolism. Outline an approach

to a case of Resistant Rickets (07/1) 10
12.

Discuss the pathophysiological basis of clinical and radiological

manifestations of nutritional rickets. (09/1) 10
13.

Describe vitamin D metabolism. Describe diagnostic approach to a

3 year old child with rickets who has shown no response to treatment
with 6 lac I.U. of vitamin D. (09/2) 4+6
14.

Outline the clinical features, radiological changes, diagnosis and

treatment of nutritional vitamin D deficiency rickets (10/2) 2+2+2+4

15.

Write in brief the role of vitamin D in health and disease in

children. Outline the management of Vitamin D deficiency disorder.
(12/1) 6+4

VIT C
1. Scurvy- radiological changes. How are they produced? What is the role
of Blood Level of Vit C in the diagnosis (05) 10

VIT E
1. Enumerate the functions and therapeutic uses of Vit E (98/1) 15
2. Vitamin E and its role in human nutrition (92/2) 15

VITAMINS
1. Hypervitaminosis in Children (96/1) 12

COPPER
1. What are the dietary sources of copper? What are the diseases associated
with abnormal copper metabolism? Describe investigations, clinical features
and treatment of any one of them. (09/2) 1+2+7

ZINC
1. Effects of Zinc supplementation in persistent diarrhea (98/2) 10
2. Role of Zinc in health and diseases of children (97/1) 10
3. Relevance of Zinc in human nutrition (92) 15
4. Give dietary requirements of Zinc in children and discuss its role in
childhood immunity and infections (07/1) 10
5. Write short notes on: Zinc supplementation – when and how? (11/2) 5

MAGNESIUM
1. Sources, deficiency state and uses of magnesium in children. (10/1) 3+3+4

MILK
1. Bioactive factors in Human Milk (98/1) 15
2. Differences in the composition of Milk secreted by mothers delivering
Term and Preterm babies (96/2) 10
3. Discuss the physiology of Breast Milk secretion and advantages of
breast feeding with special reference to metabolic aspects. What are the
causes of lactation failure (99/1) 25
4. Anti-infective properties of Human milk (95/2) 10
5. Enlist the problems of breastfeeding and outline the management of the
same(05) 4+6

6. Explain the occurrence of low prevalence of Hypoglycemia and iron
deficiency anemia in breast fed infants (05) 10
7. How would you assess the adequacy of breast milk for a 2 months old
baby. Enumerate 4 features of good attachment of a baby to the breast.
What can be the problems with poor attachment (06) 10
8. Compare the composition of human milk with cow’s milk. Outline the
difference in the milk composition of a mother with a premature
neonate from that of a term neonate. Describe the immunological
factors present in human milk. (08/2) 10
IODINE
1. Prevention of Iodine deficiency (95/1) 15

FLUORINE
1. Prevention of Fluoride toxicity (95/1) 15

OBESITY
1. Approach to a child with obesity (99/1) 15
2. Define obesity in childhood. List the causes of obesity in children.
Outline strategies for its prevention. (04/2) 2+3+5
3. What is Obesity? Discuss the management in children (05) 3+7
4. Approach to a child with Obesity (06/1) (07/2) 10

5. Outline the diagnostic measures and clinical manifestations of obesity.
Enlist the differential diagnosis of childhood obesity. (09/2) 2+3+5
6. Define syndrome X. Outline the diagnostic criteria and laboratory work
up for obese children. (10/1) 2+3+5
7. Define obesity. List causes of obesity. Discuss approach to a child with
obesity. (11/1) 2+3+5
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Metabolism of fat absorption along with role of MCT in nutrition (03/1)
15
2. What is Complimentary Feeding? Discuss the feeding problems in first
year of life (05) 5+5
3. How would you assess the nutritional status of a child whose age is not
known (05) 10
4. Describe the attributes of complimentary feeding. What is the safe age
of introduction of complementary feeding in your opinion – Justify.
Describe some foods appropriate for complimentary feeding. (08/2) 10
5. Daily nutritional requirements as recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)
in infants and children. (10/1) 5+5
6. Define complimentary feeding. Outline the attributes of complimentary
foods. Enumerate the recommendations on complimentary feeding, as
per the National guidelines on Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF)
(10/2) 2+2+6
7. Name the micronutrients required for various body functions. Discuss
briefly their dietary sources and the effects of deficiency of mineral
micronutrients (trace elements). (11/2) 3+2+5

8. Outline the nutritional support of a critically ill child. List the
complications during management of such a child. (12/1) 7+3

5 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BODY FLUIDS AND FLUID THERAPY ACUTELY ILL
CHULD
SHOCK
1. How do you classify Shock in children? Write its aetiopathogenesis and
management (06) 10
2. Discuss the classification and causes of shock in children (97/1) 15
3. Management of Cardiogenic shock (96/1) 12
4. Define Shock. Describe the pathophysiology and management of septic
shock in children (94/2) 25 (04/2) 5+5
5. Shock-pathogenesis of different types and pathological changes in
different organs (03/1) 25
6. Discuss the management of an infant with Shock (00/1) 25
7. Discuss the pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock. How are the various
hemodynamic parameters affected in cardiogenic shock? Discuss steps
in monitoring and treatment of cardiogenic shock. (08/2) 10
8. Define fluid refractory shock. Describe the management strategy for a 2
year old child with fluid refractory shock. (10/1) 3+7
9. Define septic shock. Describe the etiopathogenesis and clinical features in a
15 month old child presenting with septic shock. (11/2) 2+4+4

10.

Discuss the pathophysiology of septic shock describe the

international consensus definition for pediatric sepsis. (13/1)5+5
11.

Define SIRD, sepsis,severe sepsis and septic shock. Discuss the Mx

of Septic shock. (13/2)2+4+4
POTASSIUM
1. List the causes of Hypokalemia. Discuss the clinical features, laboratory
diagnosis and management of Hypokalemia (06) 10
2. Define hypokalemia. Enlist its causes and outline clinical features and its
treatment (09/2) 1+3+2+4
3. Discuss

the

diagnostic

algorithm

for

investigating

persistent

hypokalemia in a child. (13/2)10
SODIUM
1. List the causes of Hyponatremia. Discuss the clinical features, lab
diagnosis and management of Hyponatremia (05) 3+4+3
2. Enumerate common causes of Hyponatremia (06) 5
3. Define hypernatremia. Describe the pathophysiological changes and
steps of management of hypernatremia. (10/1) 2+4+4
4. Define hyponatremia. Enumerate the etiology of hyponatremia.
Describe the management of hypovolemic hyponatremia. (10/2) 2+3+5
5. Define hypernatremia. Enumerate the etiology of hypernatremia.
Describe the management of hypernatremic dehydration. (11/1) 3+4+3

ACID-BASE BALANCE
1. Anion Gap (98/2) (00/1) 10
2. Describe briefly how the acid-base balance of body is maintained in
health (98/1) 25
3. Physiological compensatory mechanisms during Metabolic Acidosis
(97/1) 15
4. Define pH and base excess. Discuss briefly regulation of Acid-base
homeostasis and management of Respiratory Acidosis (93/1) 15
5. Pathophysiology of Acid-base disorders (03/1) 15
6. Anion Gap (03/2) 15
7. Define anion gap and its utility. Outline the major causes of metabolic
acidosis in children. Outline the treatment of renal tubular acidosis. (04/2)
2+4+4
8. Outline the normal mechanism of acid-base regulation in children. What
is anion-gap? Describe the causes and management of a child with
metabolic acidosis (07/2) 10
9. List the causes of metabolic alkalosis. Describe the pathophysiology,
clinical features and treatment. (08/2) 10
10.

Classify metabolic acidosis based on anion gap. Mention the

various causes of lactic acidosis. Describe the approach to diagnosis of
inborn error of metabolism in an infant. (08/2) 10
11.

Classify and enlist the causes of metabolic alkalosis. Outline the

treatment modalities. (10/1) 3+3+4

12.

Define anion gap. Enlist causes of increased anion gap acidosis

and discuss its management in brief. (11/1) 2+3+5

DEHYDRATION
1. Steps in management of patient with Hypernatremic Dehydration (06)
10
2. Management of Hypernatremic Dehydration (02/1) 15
3. Management of Acute Diarrhea in children (98/1) 15
4. Pathogenesis and Management of Hypernatremic Dehydration (97/2)
15
5. One year old infant with AGE develops Abdominal Distension. Discuss
the differential diagnosis (97/1) 10
6. Why children are more vulnerable to develop dehydration (96/2) 10
7. Hypernatremic Dehydration (03/1) 15
8. Hyponatremic Dehydration (03/2) 15
9. A one year old infant weighing 5.5kg presents with Acute Dysentery and
severe dehydration. Discuss its complete management (06/1) 10
10.

A one year old baby weighing 5.5kg comes in severe dehydration.

Discuss complete management (07/2) 10
11.

Discuss causes, predisposing factors and pathophysiology of

Hypernatremic dehydration in young children (07/1) 10

12.

Describe the pathophysiology of hyponatremic dehydration.

Briefly discuss the management of a child with serum sodium of 110
meq/liter presenting with moderate dehydration and seizures. (08/2)
10

6 ACUTELY ILL CHILD
1. Discuss recent changes in guidelines of resuscitation new born and
older children with rationale for the change. (13/1)10
DROWNING
1. Near drowning in children (06) 10
2. An 18 month old child was brought to you after he fell upside down in a
tub filled with water. Briefly describe the possible injuries and
preventive strategies to avoid similar situation in future. (08/1) 10
3. Describe the pathogenetic mechanism of injury in near drowning.
Discuss the steps of initial resuscitation and subsequent hospital
management. (08/2) 10
4. Discuss the pathophysiology of submersion injury. A 4 year old boy was
rescued 10 min back from a pond and rushed to the hospital emergency.
Mention the basic principles of management. (12/1) 5+5

PAIN
1. Pathogenesis and management of pain in children (06) 10
2. Pain management in infants and children (98/1) 15
3. Enumerate various sedatives and analgesics recommended for children
undergoing painful procedures. Describe their main action, indication in
pediatric practice and important side – effects in a tabular format.
(08/1) 10
4. Write short notes: (12/1) 5+5
a)Non-pharmacological methods in pain management.
b) Drug therapy in neonatal pain management.

BURN
1. How is the degree of Burns classified? Write the initial fluid therapy for
a one year old child weighing 10 kg with 20% 2ND degree burns (06) 10
2. Provide classification of burns injury. Describe the clinical manifestation
of electrical burns. Outline emergency management of a child with 20%
burns. (11/2) 2+3+5

COLD INJURIES
1. Cold Injury (07/1) 10

BRAIN DEATH
1. Brain Death (98/1) (99/2) 15
2. Define Brain Death. Write age specific criteria for Brain Death in
children. (11/2) 2+8

P.A.L.S.
1. Draw an algorithm for managing pulseless ventricular tachycardia and
ventricular fibrillation. (08/1) 10
2. How will you assess that a 10 year old child who has fallen unconscious
in front of you required basic life support. What are the steps for basic life
support to such a child (as per American Heart Association Guidelines for
CPR) (09/1) 3+7

MECHANICAL VENTILATION
1. Describe the various pressures which are used or varied during mechanical
ventilation. What is ‘Cycling’ and ‘Control’ in mechanical ventilator? Describe
the differences in pressure controlled and volume controlled ventilation.

Illustrate with suitable indication use of these forms of ventilation. (08/2) 10

7 GENETICS
1. Genetic counseling of a case of Down Syndrome (99/1) 15
2. Early stimulation in Down syndrome (92/2) 15
3. Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome and Duchenne Muscular
Dystrophy 15
4. Gene Therapy in Children (06/1) 10
5. Gene therapy (07/1) 5
6. Enumerate and describe the structural abnormalities of autosomes.
Illustrate with suitable examples. (08/1) 10
7. What are trisomies? What are predisposing factors? Discuss clinical
features of 3 common trisomies seen in clinical practice? (08/1) 10
8. Describe the symbols used in pedigree chart. Draw pedigree charts over
4 generations depicting a) X – linked dominant disease b) X – linked
recessive disease.
9. Briefly discuss the principles of genetic counseling. Outline the
counseling of a family with a child with Down’s syndrome. (04/2) 5+5
10.

A couple has a child with Down Syndrome. Outline the principles

of genetic counseling and antenatal management for the subsequent
pregnancy.(09/1)10
11.

Write a short note: Karyotyping (09/2) 5

12.

What are mutations? Describe their consequences. (10/1) 5+5

13.

Discuss the genotypic and phenotypic features of Turner’s

syndrome (11/1) 4+6
14.

What are mitochondrial genes? How are they transmitted? Briefly

discuss diseases transmitted by them? (11/2) 2+2+6
15.

Define and explain the mechanism of following chromosomal

anomalies(12/2) 2*5
a. Inversion
b. Isochromosome
c. Anaphase lag
d. Mosaicism
e. Genomic imprinting
16.

short notes

a. ANC screening for Downs
b. Immediate and late problems d/t LBW (13/1) 5+5
17.

Enumerate classic and non classic forms of genetic inheritance.

Discuss in brief characteristics of autosomal recessive inheritance.
Illustrate with a pedigree chart. (13/1)5+3+2
18.

Enumerate

classic

inheritance.describe

the

and

non

classic

characteristics

of

inheritance with a pedigree chart . (13/2) 2+2+6

forms

of

autosomal

genetic
recessive

8 METABOLIC DISEASES
1. Screening tests for Inborn Errors Of Metabolism (96/2) 10
2. Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (96/1) 12
3. Homocysteinuria (94/2) 15
4. Discuss the diet plan in various metabolic disorders (99/1) 15
5. Write briefly about glucose metabolism in body. Describe briefly
glycogen storage disorders. (04/2) 4+6
6. Laboratory Screening tests for metabolic Disorders (06/1) 10
7. Provide a diagrammatic representation of urea cycle. Indicate and name
related disorders of urea cycle metabolism at each step. (08/1) 10
8. Discuss the enzymes replacement therapy and substrate reduction
strategies in management of metabolic disease. (08/2) 10
9. Enlist the inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) with their associated
peculiar odor. Provide the investigative approach for an infant with
suspected IEM. Describe the treatment of phenylketonuria. (09/2)
4+4+2
10.

Define hypoglycemia. Describe clinical features and management

of hypoglycemia in newborn and children. (11/2) 1+4+5

9 NEONATOLOGY
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
1. Describe the surgical causes of Respiratory difficulty in newborn (02/1)
25
2. Surfactant therapy (98/2) 10
3. Meconium Aspiration Syndrome(97/2) 15
4. BPD (97/1) 15
5. Surfactant therapy for HMD 15
6. Tests for pulmonary maturity and surfactant therapy for RDS (94/2) 15
7. Discuss RDS with special reference to surfactant therapy (98/2) 15
8. Discuss the pathogenesis and management of MAS (00/1) 25
9. Pathophysiology of RDS of newborn (94) 15
10.

HMD- pathophysiology and management (03/1) 25

11.

List the causes of respiratory distress in preterms. Outline the

principles of surfactant therapy in preterms. Outline the manifestations
of oxygen therapy in newborns. (04/2) 2+4+4
12.

What is the etiopathogenesis of PPHN of Newborn. Outline the

diagnosis and management (05) 3+3+4
13.

Describe in brief PPHN (or PFC) with regard to Pathology,

pathophysiology, Diagnosis and management (94/2) 25
14.

What is the sequence of events leading to the first breath after

delivery? What is the significance of establishment of Functional
Residual Capacity? (06) 10
15.

Etiology, pathogenesis and management of a neonate with RDS

(06/1) 10

16.

PPHN (06/1) 10

17.

Briefly discuss normal fetal development of Surfactant. List the

uses of Surfactant in newborn (07/2) 10
18.

Discuss the diagnosis and management of PPHN (07/2)

19.

Enumerate causes of persistent pulmonary hypertension in

neonates and discuss its pathophysiology. (08/1) 10
20.

Discuss the approach to diagnosis of Persistent Pulmonary

Hypertension of Newborn (PPHN). Outline the available modalities of
management, highlighting their key features in a tabular format. (10/2)
4+6
21.

Discuss the pathophysiology of hyaline membrane disease in

premature newborns. (10/2) 10
22.

Describe the pathophysiology of hyaline membrane disease

(HMD) in newborns. Outline important available strategies to prevent
HMD. (11/1) 5+5
23.

Discuss the etiology, pathogenesis and Mx of Persistent

Pulmonary Hypertention in Newborn. (12/2) 2+2+6
24.

Discuss attributes, complications and monitoring of TTN in

newborn (13/1) 10

SURGICAL
1. Enumerate congenital anomalies presenting as severe respiratory
distress in a newborn. Describe the pre-operative and post operative
care of a neonate with tracheo – esophageal fistula. (10/1) 4+3+3
2. Enumerate causes of persistent vomiting in a 4 week old child. Describe
clinical features and management of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
(12/1) 3+3+4

RESUCITATION
1. How do you assign APGAR score to a neonate. In which 5 conditions will
you get a low score without associated hypoxia? What are fallacies of
APGAR score. (06) 10
2. A term baby is apnoeic. What information of the perinatal events you
would like to know? What are the initial steps of management in the
labor room? What are the possible complications in the next 48 hours?
(08/2) 10
3. Describe the changes taking place in circulation at birth and their
implications in neonatal resuscitation. (09/1) 5+5
4. Enumerate the newer recommendations of neonatal resuscitation by
American Academy of Pediatrics 2010 guidelines. Comment on the level
of evidence for each of the changes. (12/1) 6+4

BIRTH ASPHYXIA
1. Perinatal asphyxia- clinical features and management (02/1) 15
2. HIE (97/2) 15
3. Clinical and laboratory correlates of neuromotor outcome in Birth
Asphyxia (97/1) 10
4. Discuss the etiopathology and management of birth asphyxia (96/2) 25
5. HIE in newborn (95/1) 10
6. Discuss briefly pathophysiology and recent modalities of management
of HIE (99/2) 25
7. HIE (93/1) (92/2) 15
8. Prognosis of Birth Asphyxia (93/1) 10
9. What are the etiological causes of Fetal Hypoxia? Write pathophysiology
of Fetal Hypoxia. Describe stages of HIE (06) 10
10.

Pathophysiology of Hypoxic Brain injury in neonate (06/1) 10

11.

Discuss the pathophysiology of hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

(HIE) in neonates. (09/1) 10
Define HIE in neonate. Outline newer modalities in Mx. (12/2) 2+8
12.

Discuss

etiology,

pathophysiology,

cf,

and

(13/2)2+2+2+4
NEONATAL SEIZURES
1. Etiopathogenesis of neonatal seizures (02/1) 15
2. Management of Resistant Neonatal Seizure (03/2) 15

Mx

of

HIE.

3. Classify neonatal seizures. Outline their etiology and provide a brief
clinical description. Provide general principles of management of a
seizure in neonate. (12/1) 2+2+3+3
IVH
1. IVH (3/1) 15
2. Outline the risk factors, pathophysiology and principles of management
of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm neonates. (10/2) 3+3+4
3. Discuss the pathogenesis of intracranial hemorrhage in newborn
infants. Outline the possible promoters and protectors for occurrence of
subsequent white matter disease. (12/1) 6+2+2
PAIN
1. Discuss the impact of pain on a preterm neonate. Identify common
procedures associated with pain in a newborn. Describe the strategies for pain
management in a newborn. (08/2) 10
2. Write short notes: (12/1) 5+5
a)Non-pharmacological methods in pain management.
b) Drug therapy in neonatal pain management.
NEONATAL HYPOGLYCEMIA
1. Management of neonatal hypoglycemia (98/2) (92/2) 10

2. Define Hypoglycemia in newborn. List its causes. Describe stepwise
treatment if hypoglycemia in a newborn (06) 10
3. Define hypoglycemia in a newborn. Enlist the etiology and outline the
Mx of Hypoglycemia in a newborn,(12/2) 2+(3+5)
TEMPERATURE
1. Thermal regulation in newborn (98/2) 10
2. Hypothermia in the newborn (97/1) 15
3. Thermoregulation peculiarities in newborn (94/2) 15
4. Prevention of Hypothermia in the newborn (98/2) 15
5. Physiological and biochemical consequences of Hypothermia in
Neonate3 (99/1) 15
6. Thermal balance in Neonates (03/2) 15
7. Discuss management of Neonatal Hypothermia (06) 5
8. Write the components, pre-requisites and benefits of Kangaroo Mother
care. (08/2) 10 , (11/2) 5+2+3
9. Discuss the principles of care of the skin in neonates. Outline the role of
touch and massage therapy in newborn infants. (10/2) 4+3+3
10.

describe the advantages and methods of giving KMC. enlist

metabolic consequences of hypoyhermia. (13/1) 4+4+2
ANTENATAL DIAGNOSIS
1. Antenatal Diagnosis (98/2) 10
2. Discuss the methods of detection of congenital malformations in the
fetus and their prevention (95/1) 25
3. Intrauterine Diagnosis (93/2) 10

4. Amniocentesis in prenatal diagnosis (92) 15
5. Methods to diagnose fetal disorder. Fetal medical therapy (05) 5+5
6. List various methods for Fetal diagnosis and assessment along with
indications (06) 5
7. Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal therapy (06/1) 10
8. Medical management of Fetal Problems (07/2) 10
9. Treatment and prevention of fetal diseases (07/1) 10
10.

What are the methods of diagnosis of fetal disorders? Describe the

fetal medical and surgical therapeutic options for various fetal
disorders. (09/2) 10
FETUS
1. Describe in detail tests for antepartum and intrapartum monitoring of
fetal distress (06) 5
2. Fetal monitoring (06) 10
3. Discuss the complications in the fetus and newborn of a mother with
diabetes during pregnancy. (08/1) 10
4. Outline the methods of assessing fetal well being with their clinical
indications. (13/2)
5. Discuss perinatal complications of diabetes mellitus during pregnancy
and prevention of these complications. (13/2)7+3
RENAL
1. Kidney functions in neonate (98/2) (99/2) 10

INFECTIONS
1. Infection control in neonatal intensive care (98/2) 10
2. Congenital toxoplasmosis (97/2) 15
3. Infants of HIV seropositive mothers (95/1) 15
4. Infants of HBV seropositive mothers (95/1) 15
5. Early diagnosis of Neonatal Septicemia (94/2) 15
6. Newer modalities in the management of neonatal sepsis (99/2) 15
7. Screening tests for neonatal sepsis 15
8. Prevention of Mother to Child transmission of Hep B 15
9. Rapid diagnostic tests in a suspected case of Neonatal Septicemia (95/2)
10
10.

Sepsis Screen in neonates (06/1) 10

11.

Antibiotic treatment of Neonatal Meningitis (93/2) 10

12.

Candidiasis in Neonates (06) 10

13.

Adjuvant therapy in Neonatal sepsis (06) 10

14.

Differential Diagnosis of Neonatal sepsis (07/1) 10

15. Discuss various adjunct therapies in neonatal sepsis. (08/1) 10
16. Discuss the risk factors for vertical transmission of HIV infection and
methods to prevent parent to child transmission of HIV. (09/1) 4+6
17. Discuss the predisposing factors, causative agents, methods of
diagnosis and treatment of neonatal osteomyelitis. (09/1) 4+6
18.A 3 day old home delivered boy (Weight 1450g, Gestation 36 wk) is
brought to you with abnormal body movements and not accepting

feeds. The child is cold to touch and capillary filling time is 5 sec. outline
the immediate, short –term and long term management of this child.
(09/1) 4+6
19. Enumerate the clinical features that indicate presence of a possible intra
-uterine infection in a neonate. Describe the interpretation of TORCH
screen. (09/2) 6+4
20.Clinical features, investigations and prevention of Congenital Rubella
Syndrome. (10/1) 3+3+4
21.Outline the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of a
neonate with intrauterine CMV infection. (11/1) 3+4+3
22. Discuss the available strategies for prevention of mother to child
transmission of HIV. (12/1) 10

SFD
1. Immune status of SFD babies (98/1) 15
2. Factors associated with IUGR (93/1) 10
3. Enumerate the etiology of fetal or intrauterine growth retardation
(IUGR). Describe the screening and diagnosis of IUGR. (11/2) 3+4+3

APNEA OF PREMATURITY
1. Pathophysiology of Apnea Of Prematurity (97/2) 15
2. A 10 day old preterm neonate has recurrent cessation of breathing
lasting for more than 20 seconds with bradycardia. Classify and
enumerate causes for this condition. Discuss in brief the management of
this condition. (12/1) 4+6

RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
1. ROP (07/1) 10
2. Enlist the risk factors in ROP. Mention the Stages of ROP. Outline the Mx
and Prevention of ROP.(12/2)3+3+4

OSTEOPENIA OF PREMATURITY
1. Osteopenia of prematurity (06) 10

NEONATAL JAUNDICE
1. A 3 week old infant brought to the hospital with moderate jaundice.
Discuss the Diagnosis (97/2) 10
2. Kernicterus (97/1) 15
3. Pathogenesis of kernickterus (96/2) 10

4. Discuss the Bilirubin metabolism and list the causes and approach to
Diagnosis of Hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate (00/1) 25
5. Discuss reasons for Physiological Jaundice in a Newborn. Define and list
causes of pathological jaundice in a newborn. Discuss clinical
manifestations (acute and chronic)of kernickterus (06) 10
6. Outline the normal metabolism of bilirubin. Outline the principle of
phototherapy for treatment of neonatal jaundice. List factors that
influence efficacy of phototherapy. (08/1) 10 (09/1),(10/2) 4+3+3
7. Critically describe the role of various treatment modalities for treating
neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. (11/2) 10
8. Outline and discuss various strategies to manage hyperbilirubinemia in
newborns. (13/1) 10
NEC
1. NEC (97/2) 15
2. Pathogenesis of NEC (97/1) (92) 15
3. Etiology and pathology of NEC 15
4. Etiology of NEC, staging and management. (04/2) 10
5. Discuss management of NEC (06) 5
6. Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of neonatal
necrotizing enterocolitis. (09/1) 3+7
7. Discuss the pathophysiology, classification and diagnostic features of
necrotizing enterocolitis. (10/2) 4+3+3
8. A 6 day old preterm neonate presents with abdominal distension, feed
intolerance, vomiting and blood in stools. Discuss the differential

diagnosis, diagnostic approach and principles of initial stabilization.
(12/1) 4+3+3

NEONATAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
1. Clinical features of Cretinism in newborn babies (97/1) 10
2. Desccribe

in

brief

the

etiology,

clinical

features,

diagnostic

investigations and management of congenital hypothyroidism. (11/1)
2+2+3+3

PRETERM
1. Enumerate the socio-demographic factors associate with Low birth
weight babies. Discuss the clinical problems of Preterm babies (96/1)
25
2. Pharmacotherapy in prematurity clinical decisions- salient features
(03/1) 15
3. Management

of

Patent

Ductus

Asteriosus

(PDA)

in

preterm

neonates(10/1)10
4. outline and discuss the strategies to prevent lung injury and BPD in
preterm babies (13/1)10
5. Enumerate the factors associated with prematurity and LBW. Discuss
the potential pathways by which infection plays a role in premature
delivery. (13/1)4+6

HAEMATOLOGY
1. Management of Neonatal Thrombocytopenic Purpura (00/1) 15
2. Hemorrhagic Disease of The Newborn (95/2) 15
3. Causes of Anemia in the Newborn (93/1) 10
4. Discuss aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management of a Bleeding
Neonate (06/2) 10
5. Anemia in newborn infant (07/1) 10
6. Define polycythemia in a newborn. What are the factors predisposing to
it? Describe the impact of polycythemia on various systems and their
clinical presentation. Describe the management of polycythemia in
newborn. (08/2) 10
7. Outline the classification, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings
and differential diagnosis of vitamin K deficiency bleeding. (12/1)
3+3+2+2

FLUID THERAPY
1. Fluid therapy in special situations in neonates (06/1) 10

HIGH RISK INFANT
1. Discuss the basic elements of the ‘At Risk’ concept with regard to their
advantages and disadvantages and fallacies if any as they relate to
health care of mothers and children (95/2) 25
2. Define ‘High risk infant’. Discuss the long term management of such
infants with emphasis on detection and early intervention of infants
with developmental disabilities (95/1) 25

MISCELLANEOUS
1. Role of O2 free radicals in the pathogenesis of neonatal disorders (96/2)
10
2. Bullous skin eruptions in newborn babies (95/2) 15
3. Endocrine problems that can be diagnosed on the first day of life (95/1)
10
4. Prenatal steroid therapy (99/2) 15
5. Steps in Neonatal Resuscitation 15
6. Fetal circulation and changes at birth (00/1) 15
7. Placental dysfunction syndrome (95/2) 15
8. Scheme for identifying High Risk Fetuses (92/2) 15
9. Hydrops Fetalis (03/1) 15
10.

Non immune hydrops fetalis (03/2) 15, (07/1) 10

11.

Fetal Therapy (03/2) 15

12.

List the principles of community care of LBW infants. Define

Kangaroo Mother care. Outline its advantages and disadvantages.
(04/2) 4+2+4
13.

Outline the handicaps in enteral feeding of LBW newborns. Briefly

discuss the feeding strategies for LBW babies. (04/2) 3+4+4
14.

What is Hydrops fetalis. Discuss etiology of Non immune hydrops

fetalis. What is the management of a case of Non immune hydrops fetalis
(05) 2+5+3
15.

Biology and role of cytokines in Newborn Infants (06/1) 10

16.

ECMO (06/1) 10

17.

CPAP (06/2) 10

18.

Organization and levels of Newborn care (06/1) 10

19.

Complications of infants born to diabetic mothers (07/2) 10

20.

Steroid in neonatal care (07/1) 5

21.

Enumerate common peripheral nerve injuries in neonates.

Describe their clinical characteristics and outline the management.
(09/1) 2+3+5
22.

Discuss the proposed hypothesis on ‘fetal origins of adult disease’

and its implications on burden of diseases. (11/1) 5+5
23.

Define oliguria in a 2 day old newborn. Enumaratethe causes of

oliguria and outline its Mx.(12/2) 2+(2+6)
24.

Outline goals of BFHI.enumerate 10 steps to successful breast

feeding. Mention C/I of breast feeding. (13/1)2+5+3
25.

Notes on

a)Mn of neonatal apnoea
b)trophic feeding (13/1) 5+5

26.

Discuss in etiopathogenesis, CF anf Rx of Seborrheic dermatitis in

a neonate. (13/1)3+4+3
27.

Discuss principles of safe and stable transport of sick newborn?

(13/1)10
28.

Write short notes on (13/2)5+5
1. Voiding dysfunctions in children
2. Various adjunctive therapies in the Mx of overwhelming sepsis in
neonates.

10 SPECIAL HEALTH PROBLEMS DURING ADOLESCENCE
1. Juvenile Delinquency (02/1) 15
2. Etiological factors in Juvenile Delinquency (98/2) 15
3. Role of health education to Adolescents (98/2) 10
4. Discuss the special health problems of Adolescents (98/1) 25
5. Health education of adolescent girls 15
6. Adolescent Violence (03/1) 15
7. Health problems of adolescents(03/2) 15
8. What are the common problems in Adolescence (05) 5
9. Problems of adolescence (07/2) 10
10.

What are the common problems in adolescence (05) 5

11.

Discuss briefly Adolescent Health Problems (07/2) 10

11 IMMUNOLOGY
1. Prenatal Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency diseases (94/2) 10
2. Graft versus host disease (99/1) 15
3. Indications for various organ and tissue transplants in Pediatric practice
and common considerations in selection of donors (95/2) 10
4. Laboratory investigation of a child suspected to have T-cell immunity
Disorder (92) 15
5. Approach to a child with suspected immune dysfunction (06/1) 10
6. numerate functions of the Phagocytes and briefly describe defects of
their functions. (09/1) 4+6
7. Enlist the humoral immunodeficiency disorders. Outline the diagnostic
approach and treatment. (10/1) 4+6
8. Outline the characteristic features of primary immunodeficiency. Write in
detail about pathogenesis and clinical features of chronic granulomatous
disease. (11/1) 4+3+3
9. When would u clinically suspect immune deficiency in a child? Hw
would u investigate such a case. (12/2)5+5
10.

Discuss various components of primary immune deficiency, their

clinical characteristics and investigations of a suspected predominant B
cell defect. (13/2)2+3+5

12 ALLERGIC DISORDERS
1. Pathogenesis and management of anaphylaxis (97/1) 15
2. Mechanism, manifestations and management of anaphylaxis (92) 15
3. Allergic Rhinitis (07/1) 5
4. Enumerate the chemical mediators of allergic reactions and describe the
important actions of histamine. (08/1) 10
5. Clinical features, differential diagnosis and treatment of atopic
dermatitis in infants. (10/1) 3+3+4
6. What is atopic dermatitis? Describe the clinical features and differential
diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. (11/2) 2+5+3
7. What is atopic dermatitis? Describe clinical features, differential
diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis. (12/1) 1+3+3+3
8. Describe clinical features of allergic rhinitis. Mx in detail. (12/2)4+6
9. What are the types of Atopic dermatitis in children? Discuss in detail CF
of AD. Describe the DD in a case of suspected AD. (13/2)2+4+4

13 NEPHROLOGY
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
1. Outline the development of glomerular filtration. Outline the methods for
evaluating GFR in children. (08/1) 10
2. List the children to be selected for assessing renal function. Briefly discuss
the tests used to assess the renal function in children. (04) 3+7

RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
1. Renal replacement therapy in ESRD (00/1) 15
2. Peritoneal dialysis (03/1) 15
3. Renal replacement therapy (06/1) 10
4. Discuss renal replacement therapy (07/1) 10
RTA
1. Classify types of RTA and their management principles (02/1) 15
2. Diagnosis and management of RTA (92/2) 15

PROTEINURIA
1. Persistent asymptomatic proteinuria (98/2) (07/1) 10
2. Proteinuria (96/2) 15

HEMATURIA
1. Diagnosis and management of recurrent Hematuria (96/1) 12
2. A 3 year old child was brought for Hematuria. Discuss the differential
diagnosis and management (94/2) 25
3. Evaluation of a child with Hematuria 15
4. Outline the differential diagnosis of an abdominal lump with hematuria
in a 3 year old child. Describe its investigations and treatment. (09/2)
3+3+4

5. Write the common causes and differential diagnosis of gross
symptomatic hematuria. Provide an algorithm for its laboratory and
radiological evaluation. (10/2) 2+2+6
6. Outline the causes of red coloured urine. Provide an approach for
evaluation of a child with red colored urine. (11/1) 3+7
7. Discuss the pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment
of infantile polycystic kidney. (11/2) 2+2+3+3

PSGN
1. Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features and management of acute
PSGN
2. Enumerate

the

complications

of

acute

post

–

streptococcal

glomerulonephritis. Describe their management in brief. (10/2) 3+7

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
1. Enumerate the principles of management of Idiopathic Nephrotic
syndrome (98/2) 10
2. Pathophysiology of Nephrotic Syndrome (96/2) 10
3. What factors will you consider in deciding the prognosis of a child with
Nephrotic syndrome (95/1) 15

4. Relapse in Nephrotic Syndrome (94) 15
5. Frequently relapsing steroid resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (03/2) 15
6. What factors help you to clinically decide non-minimal nature of
Nephrotic Syndrome? Enumerate the steps to test urine for albumin
using heat methods (05) 10
7. Histopathological changes in RPGN 15
8. Write the management of a 6 year old child with Nephrotic syndrome
who is frequently relapsing. Enumerate complications that can occur
(06/2) 10
9. Management of steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome (07/2) 10
10. Describe the diagnostic approach and management in a case of
frequently relapsing and steroid dependent nephritic syndrome. (09/2)
4+6
11. Management of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome. (10/1) 10
12. Define steroid dependent and frequently relapsing nephrotic
syndrome. Describe management of an 8 year old child with frequent
relapsing nephrotic syndrome. (11/1) 2+2+6

RENAL FAILURE
1. Biochemical and endocrinal changes in CRF
2. What are the causes of ARF in children? How will you investigate such a
case? Discuss management. (97/1) 25
3. Describe the pathogenesis of CRF and outline important principles in
the management of such a case (95/2) 25

4. What are the causes of acute renal failure in a 4 year old child. How will
you investigate such a case. Discuss the management of acute renal
failure. (04/2) 4+3+3
5. Outline the etiopathogenesis of ARF in children. Discuss briefly the
management (05) 5+5
6. List the causes of renal failure in a 3 month old child. Discuss the clinical
features, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of acute renal failure in
children. Discuss the indications of renal biopsy in children (06) 10
7. Discuss the etiology of cortical necrosis in newborns and older children,
separately. State the most important clinical manifestations of cortical
injury and factors governing prognosis. (08/1) 10
8. Discuss the role of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy
(indication, dose, aim, precaution, benefits and complications) in
management of chronic renal failure. List reasons of resistance to such
therapy. (08/1) 10
9. What is acute renal failure? List the common causes leading to it.
Tabulate the laboratory indices used to differentiate pre-renal and
intrinsic acute renal failure. Outline the medical management of acute
renal failure. (08/1) 10
10.

Define renal osteodystrophy. Enumerate its clinical features and

outline the management. (09/2) 2+3+5
11.

Write short notes on : (13/1)5+5

a. Pediatric RIFLE criteria for AKI
b. Urinary indices in ARF

12.

Define Chronic Kidney disease (CKD) and its stages.What are the

Clinical manifestations of CKD. Outline Rx. (13/2)3+4+3
HUS
1. HUS- etiopathogenesis and diagnosis (98/1) 15
2. Diagnostic features of HUS (93/2) 15
3. Classify HUS. Discuss pathogenesis, cf and Mx.(13/2) 2+3+3+2
TUBULAR DISORDERS
1. Nephrogenic Diabetes Incipidas (98/2) 15
2. Pathogenesis, clinical features and management of Distal Renal Tubular
disorder (07/2) 10
3. Define anion gap and its utility. Outline the major causes of metabolic
acidosis in children. Outline the treatment of renal tubular acidosis. (04/2)
2+4+4

14 RHEUMATIC DISEASES

KAWASAKI DISEASE
1. Phases and complications of Kawasaki’s disease (06) 10
2. Kawasaki Syndrome (00/1) 15
3. Discuss the presentation, diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki Disease. What
is the management strategy? What are the complications? (08/1) 10
4. Discuss the pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and echocardiography
findings in Kawasaki Disease (KD). How is the classical KD different
from Atypical KD? (09/1) 6+4
5. Describe clinical manifestations of classical and atypical Kawasaki
disease. Provide algorithmic approach to a suspected case of Kawasaki
disease. Enumerate various treatment modalities. (11/1) 4+4+2
6. Enumerate Diagnostic criteria of Kawasaki disease.Briefly outline its
Management and enumerate complications.(12/2) 4+4+2

JRA
1. Classification and features of JRA (96/2) 14
2. What are the clinical manifestations of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
Discuss the differential diagnosis and management. (04/2) 3+3+4
3. Write the current classification used in JRA. Outline the management
plan for JRA (06) 10
4. Tabulate differentiating features of various types of juvenile rheumatoid
arthritis. (08/1) 10
5. Tabulate the classification of Juvenile Idiopathic arthritis and state
principles of its treatment. (10/2) 4+6

6. Outline the diagnostic criteria of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Tabulate
the differentiating features of various types of JRA. Outline a scheme of
investigation for a child with suspected JRA. (11/1) 3+4+3
7. Tabulate the differentiating clinical features and the diagnostic
approach of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). Outline the principles of
management of polyarticular JIA. (12/1) 4+3+3
8. Define JIA. Obtain the classification of JIA. Discuss the mimickers of
rheumatic diseases in children. (13/1)2+4+4
H S PURPURA
1. Discuss briefly clinical presentation and management of H S Purpura
(07/1) 10
2. Describe the diagnostic approach and management of a six year old
child presenting with purpuric rash and pedal edema following an
episode of acute diarrhoea. (11/2) 4+6

MISCELLANEOUS
1. Classify vasculitis based on size of involved vessels and give examples of
each category. Describe etiology, clinical features and management of
Takayasu’s arteritis. (09/2) 5+5

15 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
PUO
1. Discuss definition, etiology and approach to investigation of PUO (07/1)
10
2. Outline the approach to management of a 2 month old infant having
fever without focus. (09/1) 10
3. Enumerate the common causes of pyrexia of unknown origin in a 5 year
old child. Discuss diagnostic approach to fever with rash. (11/2) 4+6

HIV
1. Prevention of HIV infection during childhood (02/1) 15
2. HIV and Pediatrics (98/2) 10
3. Post exposure HIV prophylaxis (03/2) 15
4. An HIV positive mother has been admitted in labour. What will you do
to prevent transmission of infection to the baby (05) 10
5. Factors involved in perinatal transmission of HIV infection and the
various preventive measures (06) 10
6. Prevention of Childhood AIDS (07/2) 10
7. Clinical Presentations requiring screening for HIV (07/1) 5
8. HIV and TB (07/1) 5

9. Outline clinical and immunological criteria for starting anti-retroviral
treatment (ART) in a HIV infected child. How will you monitor a child
initiated on ART? (09/2) 6+4
10.

Enlist the common opportunistic infections in HIV infected children.

Describe the clinical features, diagnosis and management of herpes
simplex infection in HIV infected children (11/2) 3+2+2+3
11.

Enumerate opportunistic infections in HIV infected children. How will

you treat and prevent pneumocystis jiroveci infection. (12/1) 5+3+2
12.

BRIEFLY outline WHO clinical staging of HIV / AIDS for children with

confirmed HIV infection. Discuss vaccination schedule for HIV infected and
AIDS children. (12/2) 6+4
13.

Briefly discuss the pulmonary disorder seen in children with HIV/AIDS.

(13/1) 10
14.

Discuss the key issues in the Mx of an HIV exposed infant. (13/2)10

TB
1. Diagnosis and management of a child with resistant TB (02/1) 15
2. Short course chemotherapy for TB (98/2) 10
3. Prevention and early detection of TB (96/2) 15
4. CNS changes in Tubercular meningitis(Pathological only) 15
5. Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical symptomatology and diagnosis of
NeuroTB (06) 10

6. How do you perform and interpret Mantoux Test. Enumerate 3
conditions each in which you can get a false positive and a false negative
result. (06) 10
7. Newer diagnostic modalities for TB (06) 10
8. Describe clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of Neuro
tuberculosis. (11/2) 3+4+3
9. Describe

etiopatho,

diagnosis

and

Mx

of

different

types

of

Neurotunerculosis (13/2)5+5
10.

outline the pharmacologic basis of short course chemotherapy of

TB.discuss the rationale efficacy and characteristic of intermittent
regimes. (12/2) 5+5
11.

Discuss recent guidelines for diagnosis and mn of childhood TB

(13/1)10

ENTERIC FEVER
1. Interpretation of Widal test in immunized children (98/2) 10
2. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis (95/2) 15
3. Management of typhoid fever (95/2) 15
4. Treatment of typhoid fever (93/1) 10

5. Define multidrug resistant (MDR) salmonella typhi (MDR – ST) and
nalidixic acid resistant salmonella typhi (NARST). Discuss the
mechanism of development of drug resistance for salmonella typhi.
(08/1) 10
6. Detail the various complications of enteric fever and briefly outline the
specific management. (08/2) 10
DENGUE FEVER
1. Pathogenesis of bleeding and shock in Dengue fever (98/2) 10
2. Discuss the management of Dengue Shock Syndrome (97/1) 10
3. Dengue Fever (03/2) 15
4. Define DHF and DSS and outline the treatment of DSS (05) 10
5. Diagnosis and management of DHF and DSS (06/1) 10
6. Outline the WHO criteria for diagnosis of dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Draw an algorithm for volume replacement for a child with DHF and >
20% increase in hematocrit. (09/1) (3+7)
7. Define DHF and DSS. How does DHF differ from dengue fever with
hemorrhage? Describe treatment of DSS. (09/2) 2+2+1+5
8. Classify severity of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Write in brief the
management of dengue shock syndrome. (11/1) 4+6
9. Define DHF and DSS. Mention etiopato and management of DSS.(12/2)
2+3+5
10.

What are fluid, metabolic and biochemical changes a child with

severe dengue? Discuss the underlying pathophysiology. (13/1)10

E COLI
1. Classification of E coli and pathogenesis of Invasive Diarrhoea (95/1) 15
2. Discuss the pathogenesis of E. coli diarrhea (94/2) 15
POLIO AND AFP
1. AFP Surveillance (99/2) 15
2. Approach to a child with AFP and components of AFP surveillance
(00/1) 15
3. AFP- Definition, Differential Diagnosis in details, how help in polio
eradication (03/2) 25
4. Discuss the differential diagnosis and management of acute flaccid
paralysis in a 2 year old child. (04/2) 5+5
5. What is AFP? Discuss the differential diagnosis and management of a
child with AFP. Discuss AFP surveillance (05) 2+3+2+3
6. Define criteria for declaring a country Polio free. What is the present
status of wild polio virus transmission and strategies being used for its
control in India? Elaborate on AFP surveillance (06) 5+5
7. Pulse Polio programme (02/1) (98/1) 15
8. Define AFP. Enlist the causes and investigations of a case of AFP (06) 10
9. What is acute flaccid paralysis? Describe the differential diagnosis and
management of a child with flaccid paralysis. Describe AFP surveillance.
(09/2) 2+2+4+2

MALARIA
1. Define drug resistant malaria, what are the different types of drug
resistance as per WHO criteria. Discuss the various management
strategies of Drug resistant Malaria 25
2. Management of Cerebral Malaria 15
3. Drug resistant Malaria (03/1) 15
4. What are management guidelines of malaria under the national
programme. How will you manage a case of cerebral malaria. (04/2)
4+6
5. Enumerate manifestations of Severe Malaria and their management
(06/2) 10
6. A 4 year old girl presents with history of fever for 2 days associated
with severe anemia, black colored urine and splenomegaly. Discuss the
management of this patient. (08/2) 10
7. Describe clinical manifestations of cerebral malaria. Enlist the
differential diagnosis and investations required. Write management of a
case of cerebral malaria in high endemic area. (09/1) (2+3+5)
8. Define complicated malaria. Describe the management strategies of
complicated malaria. (09/2) 3+7
9. Provide algorithms for case-detection and treatment for a child with
fever, suspected to have malaria, as per National Vector – Borne Disease
Control Program: (10/2) 5+5
a) In an area where microscopy results are available within 24 hours; and
b) In an area where microscopy results are not available within 24 hours

9. Write short notes on: Laboratory diagnosis of malaria (11/2) 5
10. briefly discuss the lab diagnostic modalities of malaria and outline
management protocol of plasmodium falciparum malaria as National Vector
Borne Disease control programme guidelines. (12/2) 4+6
11.List the WHO criteria to diagnose severe malaria. Discuss the MN of child
with cerebral malaria (13/1)4+6

HEPATITIS B
1. Viral markers of Hepatitis B 15
2. Immunological markers of Hepatitis B 15
3. Hepatitis B infection in children (03/1) 15
4. A 3 year old child is brought with a history of jaundice since 2 months.
She gives a history of blood transfusion at 18 months of age. Her HBSAg
is positive. Discuss briefly other viral markers of HepB infection which
will help in monitoring and treatment of child. Discuss the management
of fulminant hepatic failure. Add a note on Liver Transplantation. (06)
10
5. Discuss the modes of transmission of hepatotrophic viral infections.
Outline

CF,

Diagnosis

children.(13/1)2+3+32

and

Rx

of

hepatitis

B

infection

in

MEASLES
1. Diagnosis and treatment of SSPE (95/2) 10

PLAGUE
1. Management of Plague (95/2) 10

GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS
1. Management of acute Rheumatic Fever (93/2) 10
CYSTICERCOSIS
1. Current management of Neurocysticercosis (92) 15

MENINGOCOCCUS
1. Discuss prevention and prophylaxis against meningococcal infection
(05) 5+5
2. Prophylaxis of Meningococcaemia (06/1) 10
SYPHILIS
1. Radiological features and confirmatory laboratory tests for congenital
syphilis (07/1) 10

MISCELLANEOUS
1. Laboratory diagnosis of Viral diseases
2. Brain CT findings in a case of Congenital toxoplasmosis and
cysticercosis (94) 15
3. Nosocomial Infections (06) 10
4. Comment on clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Swine flu in
children. (09/2) 2+3+5
5. A seven year old girl is admitted with pain and swelling of right knee
and left ankle joint of two weeks duration. Enumerate the likely causes.
Discuss the differential diagnosis highlighting important pointers in
history, examination and investigations. (11/2) 2+8
6. Describe the etiology, mode of transmission, clinical features and
management of viral hemorrhagic fever in children. (12/1) 2+2+3+3

16 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
GIT
1. What is H.Pylori Bacillus? How is it associated with chronic abdominal
pain (98/2) 10
2. Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease (97/2) 15
3. Pathogenesis of Persistent Diarrhea of infancy (96/2) 10

4. Diagnosis of carbohydrate intolerance (95/1) 15
5. Gastro esophageal Riflux (94/2) 15
6. Persistent Diarrhea (99/1) 15
7. Chronic Diarrhea in Infancy (00/1) 15
8. Immunological features associated with cow milk allergy 15
9. Enumerate the etiology and discuss the pathogenesis of acute diarrhoea.
Describe the approach to management of a child with acute watery
diarrhoea. (04/2) 3+3+4
10.

Write management of Persistent Diarrhea (06) 5

11.

Approach and management of a child with Persistent Diarrhea

(06) 10
12.

Diagnosis and management of a child with Celiac Disease (06/1)

10
13.

Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal atresia (06/1) 10

14.

Aetiopathogenesis and diagnosis of celiac disease (07/2) 10

15.

Define malabsorption. Enlist the generalized and specific

malabsorption states. Discuss the investigative plan for a child with
generalized malabsorption. (08/1) 10
16.

Define Recurrent Abdominal Pain (RAP) and list the diagnostic

features of functional RAP. Suggest a plan for investigations and
managing a 10 year old girl with RAP (09/1) 4+6
17.

Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and management of acute

pancreatitis in children. (10/1) 2+2+2+4
18.

Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of

antibiotic associated diarrhoea. (10/2) 1+2+3+4

19.

Enlist the functions of pancreas. Outline the pancreatic function

tests and their implications in pediatric practice. (10/2) 4+6
20.

Outline the etiopathogenesis of chronic diarrhea and provide a

scheme of investigating for a child with chronic diarrhea. (11/1) 5+5
21.

Describe the types of diarrhoea with examples. Discuss their

pathophysiological mechanisms. (11/2) 5+5
22.

A 9 month old child with acute watery diarrhea develops seizures

and altered sensorium. Discuss the differential diagnosis of CNS
symptoms. Provide diagnostic algorithm for managing this child. (12/1)
6+4
23.

Define gastro – esophageal reflux disease (GERD). Describe its

clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. (12/1) 1+3+3+3
24.

Describe in brief the etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations and

management of celiac disease in children (12/2) 3+3+4
25.

Define Persistent and chronic diarrhea. Enumarate causes of

chronic diarrhea in children. Discuss nutritional Mx of persistent
Diarrhoea. (12/2)2+3+5
26.

Outline clinical approach to diagnosis of child with: (13/1) 5+5
a. Short duration/ acute pain abdomen and
b. Long duration / recurrent pain abdomen

27.

A 3 yr old child brought with history of acute dysentery around 10

days back. Now child developed pallor and oliguria. Discuss the DD,
Investigative approach and Rx of this child. (13/1)3+4+3
28.

Discuss evaluation of a child with suspected intestinal

malabsorption. Discuss genetics, pathogenesis clinical spectrum and
extra intestinal manifestations of celiac disease. (13/2)5+5

PREBIOTICS & PROBIOTICS
1. Outline the benefits of bacterial colonization of the intestine and the
disorders they can produce. (04/2) 5+5
2. Define probiotics. Explain their physiological mechanism of action.
Opportunities and threats associated with the use of probiotics in pediatric
practice. (08/2) 10
3. Define probiotics and prebiotics and enumerate their essential
characteristics.

Outline

the

effects

of

probiotic

in

various

gastrointestinal disorders. (09/1) (5+5)
4. Discuss the management of acute diarrhea with particular reference to
low osmolarity ORS, zinc, probiotics and antibiotics. (10/2) 3+2+3+2
5. Define probiotics and prebiotics. Outline their important properties and
mechanisms of action. Enlist four most important indications of their
clinical use in Pediatric clinical practices. (11/1) 4+4+2
6. Define probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. Mention characteristic
mechanism of action and use of probiotics in clinical practice. (12/2)
3+(2+2+3
7. Write notes on(13/2) 5+5
a. Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics.
b. Diagnostic criteria of Kawasaki Disease

HEPATOBILIARY
1. Pathophysiology of Portal Hypertension (98/2) 10
2. Discuss the causes, clinical features and management of portal
hypertension in children. (04/2) 3+3+4
3. Laboratory Finding of Fulminant Hepatic Failure (98/2) 10
4. Diagnosis and management of Acute Viral Hepatitis (96/2) 12
5. Cholestatic Jaundice 15
6. Biliary Atresia (95) 15
7. Describe Biochemical and Pathological changes in various organs in
Hepatic Encephalopathy. How will you manage a case (93/2) 10
8. Hepatic Encephalopathy- pathophysiology and management (03/2) 25
9. List the causes of infantile cholestasis. Provide an algorithm for the
diagnosis of infantile cholestasis. (04/2) 3+7
10.

Persistent Jaundice in neonates (06) 10

11.

Clinical approach, investigations and management of a neonate

with Cholestatic jaundice (06/1) 10
12.

Discuss the management of Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Add a note

on Liver Transplantation (06)
13.

A 6 week old child is brought with a history of jaundice since 3

weeks of age, high colored urine with staining of napkins and pale
colored stools. Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of this condition. What
is the differential diagnosis and treatment of this condition (06) 10
14.

Diagrammatically represent the portal venous system and the

sites of Porto-systemic vascular anastomosis in portal hypertension.
Discuss the types, cause and pathophysiology of portal hypertension
(07/1) 10

15.

Define Fulminant Hepatic Failure and outline the staging of

severity of Hepatic encephalopathy. Discuss the steps in its
management. (09/1) 4+6
16.

Outline the differential diagnosis of tender hepatomegaly.

Describe the management of liver abscess. (10/1) 5+5
17.

Outline the management of an 8 year old child with acute liver cell

failure and hepatic encephalopathy. (10/2) 10
18.

Write in brief the etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations of

Wilson’s disease. Outline the desired investigation helpful in making a
diagnosis of Wilson’s disease. (11/1) (12/2) 3+3+4
19.

Define neonatal cholestasis. Outline clinical features and scheme

for evaluation of a neonate with cholestasis. (11/1) 2+3+5
20.

Describe clinical, laboratory and radiologic evaluation of possible

liver dysfunction in children. (11/2) 3+4+3
21.

Enumerate the causes and discuss the types, pathogenesis and

evaluation of ascites in children. (11/2) 2+2+3+3
22.

Write in brief the etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations of

Wilson’s disease.and management. (12/2) 3+3+4
23.

Discuss the pathogenesis ,C/F diagnosis, tt of Wilsons disease.

(13/1) 2+3+3+2
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Hematemesis (94) 15
2. Differential Diagnosis of Ascites in children (93/1) 10
3. A 5 yr old child brought to the emergency- H/o 2 bouts of massive
hematemesis. On examination the child is pale and BP is 90/60. Discuss

the emergency room management of this child. After the child is
stabilized what laboratory diagnosis would you do in this child. What is
the Differential Diagnosis and treatment of this condition (05) 10
4. Management of Acute Upper GI Bleeding (06) 10
5. Discuss the management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a 5
year old child. (08/1) 10
6. Define hematemesis, malena and hematochezia. A 3 years old child
presents with sudden onset vomiting of blood. Describe the approach to
this child (including history and examination). Outline the steps of

17 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
1. Enumerate 4 adventitious sounds that can be heard during examination of
respiratory system. At what anatomical level are they produced? In which
conditions are they produced. (06) 10
2. Outline the pulmonary function testing in children with emphasis on
performance and interpretation of spirometry.

3. Briefly discuss the non invasive estimation of gas exchange in
children.(04) 10
4. Discuss PFT and clinical utility. (13/2)7+3
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
1. Describe the pathogenesis of Bronchial Asthma. Give an outline for
prevention and treatment of recurrent episodes (02/1) 25
2. Treatment of Bronchial asthma (96/2)
3. Discuss briefly the recent advances in the management of Bronchial
Asthma (99/1) 15
4. Use of Nebulizers in Pediatric practice (95/2) 10
5. Aerosol therapy in children (95/2) 15
6. Management of Acute Severe Asthma (92/2) 15
7. Management of Status Asthmaticus in a 3 yr old (03/1) 25
8. Discuss the pathophysiology of asthma. Outline the role of
investigations in bronchial asthma. (04/2) 6+4
9. Classify Asthma in children. Outline the management of asthma and
approach to a case of Status Asthmaticus (05) 3+4+3
10.

Discuss the steps in evaluation of chronic asthma is children.

Classify and discuss the drugs used in the treatment of chronic asthma.
Write briefly on targeted delivery systems in treatment of asthma (06)
10
11.

Pathophysiology and management of Asthma in children (06/1)

10
12.

Management of a 3 year old child with recurrent attacks of

wheezing (07/2) 10

13.

Outline the stepwise approach for managing infants and young

children (<= 5 year of age) with chronic asthma (09/1) 10
14.

How do you grade the severity of childhood asthma? Describe its

stepwise treatment according to the severity. Compare and contrast oral
therapy to inhaled therapy for asthma. (09/2) 3+3+4
15.

Enlist the drugs used for management of chronic asthma. Explain

the pharmacological basis of their use. (10/1) 3+7
16.

Discuss the lung function abnormalities in severe asthma. What is

the role of lung function evaluation in management of asthma in
children. (10/2) 6+4
17.

Discuss categorization of chronic childhood asthma. Discuss step –

wise management of chronic asthma in children . (11/2) 3+7
18.

Enumerate the risk factors for childhood persistent asthma.

Mention DD, Outline Rx and monitoring of persistent asthma in a 10
year old child. (12/2) 2+(2+3+3)

PNEUMONIA
1. Discuss briefly the Differential diagnosis and management of a case of
Persistent Pneumonia in a 3 month old infant (99/2) 15
2. Treatment of Staphylococcal pneumonia (93/1) 10
3. Define interstitial lung disease (ILD). Enlist pediatric ILDs. Write brief
description of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP). Outline the
treatment options for ILD in children.(08/1) 10

4. Discuss differential diagnosis and management of a child with recurrent
pneumonia. (11/2) 4+6
5. Discuss the factors determining antibiotic therapy for Community
Acquired Pneumonia. (12/2)10

BRONCHIOLITIS
1. Course and prognosis of Acute Bronchiolitis (98/2) 10
2. Define

acute

bronchiolitis.

Describe

its

etiopathogenesis

and

characteristics features. Outline the essential steps in management of
bronchiolitis. (10/2) 2+2+2+4

STRIDOR
1. A 2 year old child presents to the hospital with fever and Stridor of 12
hour duration. Discuss the diagnosis (97/1) 10
2. Management of Acute Stridor in a Preschool child (93/1) 15
3. List the common causes of stridor in children. How will you diagnose
and manage a case of stridor. (04/2) 3+4+3
4. 1 year old child is brought with a history of sudden onset of respiratory
distress and stridor of 2 days duration. What is the differential
diagnosis? Discuss the steps in the management of Viral Croup (06/2)
10
5. Clinical Evaluation and management of a child with stridor (06/1) 10

6. Discuss the differential diagnosis and management of a 3 year old girl
with history of cough and cold, presenting with onset of noisy breathing,
barking cough, hoarse voice and respiratory distress. (08/1) 10
7. Differential diagnosis and management of acute stridor in a 2 years old
child. (10/1) 3+7
8. A 2 year old boy presents with fever, change of voice and stridor for 2
days. Outline the differential diagnosis and management options. (12/1)
6+4
9. List the likely causes of noisy breathing in a 3 weeks old infant . how
would u investigate this patient? Briefly describe Mx of laryngomalcia.
(12/2) 4+4+2

PHYSIOLOGY
1. Respiratory system defense mechanisms (93/2) 15
2. Define ventilation/ perfusion ratio. (11/1) 2
Outline Va/Q changes in:1. Pneumonia 2
2. Obstructive lung disease 2
3. ARDS 2
4. Pulmonary thromboembolism 2
3. Discuss the role of spirometry in respiratory diseases of children.
Describe the interpretation of various lung flows and volumes.
(12/2)5+5

TONSILITIS
1. Management of Acute Tonsillitis in children (98/1) 15

CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
1. Describe the congenital malformations of the lungs. Discuss the
diagnosis and management of these malformations (96/2) 25
2. Detail the causes for localized emphysema of the lung. Describe the
presentation and management of congenital lobar emphysema. (08/1)
10

RESPIRATORY FAILURE
1. Clinical and physiological features necessary to diagnose respiratory
failure in children (94/2) 15
2. How will you define acute respiratory failure. Write common causes of
acute respiratory failure in a 2 year old child. What are the various
methods of oxygen therapy in children. (04/2) 3+3+4
3. Types of Acute Respiratory Failure in children, modes of assisted
ventilation and indications for the same in Children (06) 10
4. What are the criteria used to diagnose Acute Respiratory Distress
Syndrome (ARDS). Write in brief the pathogenesis, clinical features and
lab findings of the same. Discuss the treatment and ventilatory
strategies to manage ARDS. (08/2) 10

5. Describe the pathophysiology, etiology and management of acute
respiratory distress syndrome. (09/2) 3+3+4
6. Classify respiratory failure in children. List the modes of assisted
ventilation and its indications. (13/1)6+4
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
1. Pathophysiology and clinical features of Cystic Fibrosis (06) 10

ASPIRATION
1. List conditions predisposing children to Aspiration Lung injury. Mention
clinical features and principles of management of Chronic Aspiration.
Conditions predisposing children to aspiration lung injury (07/2) 10

BRONCHIECTASIS
1. Discuss briefly etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment
of Bronchiectasis (07/1) 10

MISCELLANEOUS
1. Differential diagnosis of Hemoptysis in children (95/2) 10

2. Diagnosis of Bronchial Foreign Body (93/2) 10
3. Write notes on embryological development of abdominal diaphragm
and types of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (06) 10
4. Describe the etiology, stages of evolution, clinical manifestations,
diagnostic investigations and management of empyema thoracis (11/1)
1+2+2+2+3
5. Describe location, structure and function of cilia in respiratory tract.
Discuss the clinical presentation and management of primary ciliary
dyskinesia? (11/2) 3+7
6. Writ short notes on (13/2)5+5
a)

Central hypoventilation syndrome

b)

Causes and Mx of Hypernatremia in children

18 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
1. Describe hemodynamics and CF of tricuspid atresia in a neonate. Outline
the expected findings on ECG and chest X-ray. (13/1)3+3+2+2

HEART FAILURE
1. Intractable congestive heart failure- management approach (02/1) 15
2. Treatment of Intractable CCF (93/2) 10

3. Newer approaches in management of CCF (93/1) 15
4. ACE inhibitors in CCF with congenital heart disease (03/1) 15
5. CCF- Pathophysiology and management (03/2) 25
6. Describe briefly the Pathophysiology of CCF and management of
Refractory Failure (98/2) 25
7. How will you manage a child in Refractory CCF (06) 5
8. Discuss the pathogenesis of Congestive Heart failure and the role of
vasodilators in its management (06) 10
9. Refractory congestive heart failure- causes and management (07/2) 10
10.

Discuss the role of vasodilator therapy in congestive heart failure.

Enumerate various vasodilator agents used in CHF and their respective
mechanisms of action. (08/1) 10
11.

Enumerate causes of congestive heart failure due to diastolic

dysfunction. Enlist Symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure in
infancy and outline stepwise Mx of Congestive heart failure. (12/2)
3+(2+5)
HYPERTENSION
1. Discuss the causes of Hypertension in a 7 year old child. Approach of
investigation and management of such a case (02/1) 25
2. Treatment of Hypertension (97/2) 12
3. Investigations in a child with Hypertension (95/1) 10
4. Discuss etiology, diagnosis and management of Childhood Hypertension
(00/1) 25
5. Severe Hypertension in infancy (00/1) 15
6. Diagnosis of Essential Hypertension in children (93/1) 10

7. A 8 year old child is brought with a history of convulsions and altered
sensorium. On examination her BP was 180/110 mm Hg. Discuss the
D/D and laboratory investigations in this child. Discuss the management
of Hypertensive Encephalopathy in this child. Add a note on fundus
changes in hypertension. (06) 10
8. Recent advances in management of Hypertension (06/1) 10
9. Discuss the treatment of Hypertension in children. Classify the drugs
used to treat hypertension and briefly mention their mechanism of
action (07/2) 10
10.

Essential Hypertension in children (07/1) 10

11.

A 10 year old boy is brought with a history of convulsions and

altered sensorium. On examination, his BP was 180/110 mm of Hg.
Describe differential diagnosis, laboratory investigations and treatment
of this case. (09/2) 3+4+3
12.

Describe the causes and pathogenesis or renal and renovascular

hypertension. Outline principles of management. (12/1) 3+3+4

CONGENITAL CYANOTIC HEART DIAEASE
1. Pathophysiology of Cyanotic spells (02/1) 15
2. How do you classify congenital cyanotic heart disease? Discuss their
investigations (97/2) 15
3. Cyanotic Spell (94/2) 15
4. Complications of Fallot’s Tetralogy and their management (99/2) 10

5. Management of Paroxysmal Hypercyanotic spell (99/2) 15
6. What are the congenital heart diseases associated with cyanotic spells.
Write clinical presentation and management of cyanotic spell. (04/2)
2+3+5
7. How will you manage a child in cyanotic spell (06) 5
8. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of Eisenmenger Syndrome
(07/1) 10
9. Discuss the various minimally surgical invasive devices and procedures
available for the management of common congenital heart diseases in
children (07/1) 10
10.

List the causes of congestive heart failure in a 2 years old child.

Describe different types of VSD according to position and size. Write
indicators for surgical intervention/ device closure. (08/1) 10
11.

Discuss the hemodynamics and pathophysiology of Tetralogy of

Fallot. Outline management of cyanotic spell in a 2 year old child.
(12/1)4+3+3

ARRYTHMIA
1. Classification of cardiac arrythmias and management of WPW
Syndrome (92) 15
2. Arrythmias- pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of different types
(03/2) 15

3. Describe the etiopathogenesis of supraventricular tachycardia in
children. Discuss the diagnosis and management of a child with
supraventricular tachycardia. (04/2) 3+3+4
4. What are the causes, manifestations and management of a young child
with SVT (06) 10
5. Classify stable and unstable arrythmias. Discuss the types of SVT ( Supra
Ventricular Tachycardia) with their ECG changes. Outline the approach
to manage unstable arrythmias. (08/2) 10
6. Classify anti – arrhythmic drugs used in children. Describe the
mechanism of action and uses of Amiodarone. (10/1) 5+5
7. Enumerate the causes and outline the characteristics and treatment of
Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) in an infant (10/2) 3+3+4
8. Enumerate life threatening tachyarrhythmias in childhood. How would
you diagnose them? Briefly outline their emergency interventions.
(12/1) 2+4+4
9. Enumerate arrhythmias which are suggestive of specific congenital
heart diseases. Outline Mx of PSVT. (12/2) 4+6
CARDIOMYOPATHY
1. Diagnosis of Cardiomyopathy (96/2) 12
2. Cardiomyopathy (95/1) 15
3. Discuss in brief the etiopathogenesis, clinical features and management
of dilated cardiomyopathy. (12/1) 3+3+4

PERICARDITIS

1. Diagnosis and management of Constrictive Pericarditis (99/2) 10

CLINICS
1. Significance of S2 in clinical practice (98/1) 15
2. Enumerate the conditions where you can get
o

Loud S2

o

Wide splitting S2

Explain the pathophysiology of fixed splitting of S2 (05) 10
3. A one year old child is referred for an asymptomatic cardiac murmur.
Outline the likely causes. How will you differentiate an innocent murmur from
that of a congenital heart disease, on clinical grounds? (09/1) 3+7
RHEUMATIC CARDITIS
1. Treatment of Acute Rheumatic carditis (97/1) 15

INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
1. Pathogens, clinical features and management of infective endocarditis.
(10/1) 2+4+4
2. Enumerate common pathogens of infective endocarditis. List conditions/
interventions which require prophylaxis for infective endocarditis in a

child with underlying heart disease. Oultine antibiotic therapy for a child
with RHD and infective endocarditis. (11/1) 2+3+5
3. Outline the Duke criteria for diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis. Discuss its
application in clinical setting. (13/1)6+4

MISCELLANEOUS
1. A 13 year old male is brought with an H/o progressive Dyspnea on
exertion. He has past H/o recurrent joint pain. What is the most likely
diagnosis? How will you investigate and manage the child. Add a note on
Refractory CCF in a child (05) 5+5
2. Primary Endocardial Fibroelastosis (98/1) 15
3. Cardiovascular Risk factors in children (96/1) 15
4. What advice will you give to a 35 year old patient with coronary artery
disease regarding its prevention in his adolescent son? (06) 10
5. Preventive cardiology in adolescents (07/2) 10
6. Fetal Circulation and cardiovascular adjustments after birth (06/1) 10
7. Outline Fetal Circulation (07/2)
8. Draw a labeled diagram of fetal circulation. Indicate partial pressure of
oxygen (PaO2) and oxygen saturation (SaO2) values at key points in this
circulation. (08/1) 10
9. Fetal circulation and changes after birth (10/1) 5+5
10.

Depict diagrammatically fetal circulation. Highlight its unique

features differentiating it from neonatal circulation. Outline important
changes occurring at birth. (11/1) 4+3+3

11. A 3 year old child having fever for 2 days suddenly develops
breathlessness, tachycardia and sweating. Describe the differential diagnosis
of this case and its treatment. (09/2) 5+5

19 DISEASES OF THE BLOOD

ANAEMIA
1. Severe anemia in the first year of life (02/1) 15
2. Describe laboratory investigations in an infant with anemia and briefly
outline the interpretation of test results (95/1) 25
3. Discuss the etiology and investigations in a case of Anemia (94) 25
4. What is peripheral smear finding in (05) 2+2+2+2+2
o

Thalassemia Major

o

Lead poisoning

o

Megaloblastic anemia

o

CRF

o

Malaria

5. List the causes of microcytic hypochromic anemia. How will you
differentiate between iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia? Discuss
briefly the oral iron chelators. (08/1) 10

6. Discuss the etiology and management of Autoimmune Hemolytic
Anemia (09/1) 3+7
7. Classify causes of acquired pancytopenia. Write briefly about the
management of acquired aplastic anemia. (09/1) 3+7
8. Define pancytopenia. Enlist the causes and assessment of severity of
aplastic anemia in children. (10/1) 2+4+4
9. Discuss the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnostic workup of Acute
autoimmune hemolytic anemia. (10/2) 3+3+4
10.

List

the

causes

of

microcytic

hypochromic

anemia.

Provide

differentiating features between iron deficiency anemia and beta
thalassemia trait. Describe the management of thalassemia major. (11/1)
3+3+4
11.

Enlist the red blood cell metabolic enzyme pathways and the enzymes

responsible for hemolysis. Discuss the pathogenesis involved in these
hemolytic anemias. (11/1) 3+7
12.

Define pancytopenia. Enumerate common causes in children. How will

you assess severity of acquired anemia in children? (11/2) 2+3+5
13.

What is physiologic anaemia of infancy? Discuss its etiology,

characteristics and Mx. (12/2)2+(2+4+2)
14.

Discuss the etiopathogenesis of acute autoimmune hemolytic anaemia.

How will you investigate. (12/2)5 +5

15.

Discuss the sequential pathological changes seen in iron deficiency

state. What lab studies can be used to differentiate common microcytic
anaemias? (13/2)5+5

THALASSEMIA
1. Genetic basis of Thalassemia syndromes (02/1) 15
2. Current management of Thalassemia Major (96/2) 15
3. Newer modalities in the management of β Thalassemia Major (99/2) 10
4. Antenatal diagnosis of Thalassemia (99/2) 15
5. Recent concepts for treatment of Thalassemia in children (95/2) 10
6. In relation to Thalassemia write a note on the following (05) 10
1. Alkali desaturation test
2. NESTROFT test
3. Peripheral smear
4. SQUID-BLS
5. BMD
7. Outline the antenatal management of a mother with an earlier child with
thalasemia major (07/2) 10

7. Alpha Thalassemia (07/1) 10
8. Outline the long term complications of thalassemia major. How will you
monitior such complications in a child with thlassemia major(13/1)5+5

IRON DEF ANEMIA
1. Management of Iron Deficiency anemia (98/2) 10
2. Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anemia in children (95/2) 15
3. Enlist the causes and outline the Differential Diagnosis and treatment of
iron deficiency anemia (05) 3+3+4
4. Outline the etiology of Iron deficiency in children. Describe C/F and
approach to diagnosis of a child suspected to have nutritional anemia.
(13/1) 3+2+5

G6PD DEFICIENCY
1. 3yr old child-H/O Jaundice since 2 months, H/O Exchange transfusion at
D2. Discuss the D/D. Classify Hemolytic Anemia. Add a note on
management of Intravascular hemolysis in G6PD deficiency (05) 4+4+2
2. G6PD deficiency (99/2) 10
3. Pathogenesis of anemia in G6PD Deficiency (99/1) 15
4. Briefly outline normal erythropoiesis. Describe the diagnosis and
treatment of G6PD deficiency (07/2) 10

MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
1. Megaloblastic anemia (03/2) 15
2. List the common causes of macrocytic anaemia. Describe the laboratory
diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia and treatment of juvenile pernicious
anaemia. (04/2) 4+3+3
3. Clinicohematological profile of Megaloblastic Anaemia (06/1) 10
4. Discuss causes, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and
treatment of Folate Deficiency anaemia in children (07/2) 10
5. Enlist the common causes of macrocytic anemia. Describe the
laboratory diagnosis and treatment of megaloblastic anemia. (09/2)
2+3+5
6. Write short note on: Peripheral smear findings in iron deficiency and
B12 deficiency anemia (10/2) 2.5+2.5

HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS
1. Diagnosis and management of Congenital Hereditary Spherocytosis
(97/1) 15
2. Hereditary Spherocytosis (06) 10

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
1. Management of acute sickle cell crisis (99/1) 15

SPLEEN
1. Outline the functions of Spleen. Describe the indications and complication of
splenectomy and post – operative management. (09/1) 3+7
2. Describe the functions of spleen. Describe clinical manifestations and
management of asplenia/ polysplenia. (10/1) 4+3+3

HEMRRHAGIC AND THROMBOTIC DISEASES
1. Antenatal diagnosis and career detection of Hemophilia (98/2) 15
2. DIC (96/2) 15

3. Write differential diagnosis of a 5 year old child with petechial rash with
fever. How will you manage a child with idiopathic thrombocytopenic
purpura. (04/2) 4+6
4. Explain coagulation cascade. A 4 year old child with h/o recurrent
epistaxis and gum bleeding. Discuss laboratory diagnosis and
management of this condition.
Add a note of differentiating a bleeding disorder from a coagulation
disorder (05) 5+3+2
5. A 5 year old male child comes with a history of trivial fall and swelling of
right knee. He has history of easy brusiability. Discuss the laboratory
diagnosis and management of this child. Add a note on antenatal
diagnosis and counseling (06) 10
6. Various treatment modalities in acute ITP (06) 10
7. Discuss the various aspects of management of a child with Hemophilia A
(07/2) 10
7. Discuss the pathogenesis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
and relate it to the laboratory abnormalities observed in this entity. (08/1) 10
8. Diagrammatically outline the Normal Coagulation Cascade. Outline
diagnosis and management of disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
(09/1) 4+6
9. Write in brief regarding the etiology and management of idiopathic
thrombocytopenic purpura.(ITP) (11/1) 4+6

10.A 10 year old boy with hemophilia A, weighing 30 kg has come with
bleeding in both knee joints. Discuss briefly the specific, supportive and
prophylactic management of this child. (11/1) 4+3+3
11 List the causes of thrombocytopenia in a febrile child. Hw would you
manage a child with fever, platelet count of 25,000/cumm and absolute
neutrophil count of 450/cumm? (12/2) 4+6
12.

Discuss the Rx options for acute ITP in a 14 yr old girl child.

(13/1) 10
13.

An 8 yr old girl has presented with epistaxis, bleeding gum and

ecchymotic patches over trunk. Her platelet count is 20,000/cumm.
Discuss the DD with specific clinic – investigative ponters. Discuss
diagnostic workup for this child. (13/2)5+5

BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION
1. Describe the risks and benefits of bone marrow transplantation in
children (94/2) 15
2. Bone marrow transplantation for children (06/1) 10
3. Define febrile neutropenia and describe the treatment and care of a
child with febrile neutropenia. (08/1) 10
4. Enumerate the methods of harvesting/ storing stem cells. Outline the
indications of stem cell therapy. Discuss in brief the patient preparation
required for stem cell therapy. Enlist important potential complications
of stem cell therapy. (11/1) 2+3+3+2

5. Discuss indications, rationale and sources for stem cell transplantation in
children. (12/2) 5+3+2
6. Discuss the indications for stem cell transplantation therapy in children.
What is it rationale and sources for stem cells? 5+3+2
7. Discuss the pathogenesis of GVHD. Discuss clinical manifestations,
staging and grading & Mx of Acute GVHD. (13/2) 2+3+2+3

BLOOD TRANSFUSION
1. Transfusion of Blood fractions 10
2. Discuss the inherent hazards of Blood Transfusion in children and the
necessary measures to avoid and minimize them (07/1) 10
3. Outline the method of extracting various blood components. What are
the indications of usage of Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) and
cryoprecipitate? (09/2) 5+5
4. Discuss briefly the risk associated with blood transfusion therapy.
(13/2)10

20 NEOPLASTIC DISEASES AND TUMOURS

ALL
1. Treatment and prognosis of ALL (97/2) 15
2. Management of CNS Leukemia (96/1) 14
3. Management of a case of ALL in a 3 year old (03/1) 25
4. Discuss management of a child with acute leukemia (06/1) 10
5. Management of a child with acute leukemia (06/2) 10
6. Prognostic indicators in Acute Leukemia (07/2) 10
7. Utility of immunophenotyping in the diagnosis of leukemia in children.
Outline the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (09/2) 4+6

LYMPHOMA
1. Different types of Lymphomas in children and their Histopathological
classification (93/2) 15

MISCELLANEOUS
2. Define tumour lysis syndrome. Enlist its important constituents. Outline
its etiology and describe the management. (08/1) 10
3. Write in brief the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and
management principles of Langerhans Cell Histocytosis. (09/1) 10

4. Classify childhood histiocytosis. Describe the clinical manifestations,
diagnosis and treatment of Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis. (10/1)
3+3+2+2
5. Outline the essential components and pathophysiology of tumor lysis
syndrome. Describe its management. (11/1) 2+4+4
6. How will you classify childhood Histiocytosis? Describe the diagnostic
criteria, clinical manifestations and treatment for hemophagocytic
lymphohistiocytosis. What are the infections associated with it? (11/2)
2+2+2+2+2
7. Define tumour lysis syndrome. Describe the pathophysiology of tumour
lysis syndrome. How will you prevent occurrence of tumour lysis
syndrome? (11/2) 2+4+4

21 UROLOGIC DISORDERS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN

ENURESIS
1. Define Enuresis. Discuss its manifestations and management (06) 5
2. Enuresis (96/2) 15
3. Management of nocturnal Enuresis (07/1) 5

4. What is nocturnal enuresis? Outline the causes for the same. Describe
the modalities for managing a 6 year old child with enuresis. (08/2) 10
5. Discuss evaluation and management of an 8 year old male with primary
nocturnal enuresis. (10/2) 4+6

UTI
1. Imaging studies indicated in a child with UTI (06) 10
2. Recurrent UTI in childhood (02/1) 15
3. Management of a 2 year old child with first attack of UTI (99/2) 10
4. Describe the etiological factors, clinical manifestations and management
of children with UTI (95/2) 25
5. Investigation of a 7 year old boy with Recurrent UTI (93/2) 10
6. Recurrent UTI (03/2) 15
7. Classify UTI and provide an algorithm for management of a child with
first episode of UTI (05) 3+7
8. Discuss approach to a child with recurrent urinary tract infections.
What are the indications, goal and schedule of antimicrobial prophylaxis
in treating such a child? (09/1) 10
9. What are the clinical manifestations of urinary tract infections (UTI) in
children? Describe the plan of investigations and management of a 2
year old boy with recurrent UTI. (09/2) 2+4+4
10.

Write short note on: Grading of vesico-ureteric reflux and indications of

surgical intervention in children with vesico-ureteric reflux (10/2) 3+2

VUR
1. Management of an infant with VUR (93/1) 15
2. Discuss criteria for diagnosis, staging and management of VUR (92) 25
3. Outline the grades of vesico-ureteric reflux. Discuss the management of
a child with recurrent urinary tract infection with grade 4 vesicoureteric reflux. (04/2) 4+3+3
4. Give the grading of VUR. Outline its evaluation and management in
children(07/2) 10
5. Clinical features, grading and management of vesico-ureteric reflux
(10/1) 3+3+4
6. Define vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Classify the grades of VUR. Discuss
in brief the medical and surgical management of VUR in children. (11/1)
2+2+6
7. Define VUR and reflux nephropathy. Classify various grades of VUR with
diagrammatic representation and outline its management. (12/2)
2+(3+5)
8.
NEUROGENIC BLADDER
1. Neurogenic Bladder (98/2) 15
GYNAECOLOGY
1. Write a short note on non-specific vulvo-vaginitis in children with special
emphasis on its etiopathogenesis and treatment (08/1) 10

22 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

THYROID GLAND
1. Management of Puberty Goiter (98/2) 15
2. Diagnosis of Congenital Hypothyroidism (95/1) 15
3. Endemic Cretinism (99/2) 15
4. Congenital Hypothyroidism (00/1) 15
5. Etiopathology of Congenital Hypothyroidism 15
6. Management of Puberty Goiter (93/1) 15
7. Goitrogenic Hypothyroidism (03/2) 15
8. Briefly list the various thyroid function tests. Describe clinical
presentation and management of autoimmune thyroiditis. (04/2) 6+4
9. What are the changes seen in Thyroid Hormone levels around birth.
Describe the salient features of Neonatal Thyroid Screening Programme
(06) 10
10.

Neonatal Thyroid Screening (07/2) 10

11.

Discuss causes, clinical features and management of Acquired

Hypothyroidism (07/2) 10
12.

Congenital Hyperthyroidism (07/1) 10

13.

Discuss the synthesis of thyroid Hormones. Outline the causes of

congenital hypothyroidism and a brief comment on neonatal thyroid
screening. (09/1) 3+7
14.

Thyroid hormone synthesis and its derangements. (10/1) 6+4

15.

Enlist common causes of acquired hypothyroidism in a 12 year

old girl. Discuss in brief the clinical manifestations and laboratory
findings. (12/1) 3+4+3
16.

Enumerate causes of thyromegaly in childhood and classify

thyroid size into different stages clinically. How would u approach to
diagnose a case of goiter? Briefly write the Rx to physiological goiter.
(12/2) (3+2)+3+2

DIABETES MELLITUS
1. Describe briefly the biochemical changes and management of DKA
(98/1) 25
2. Complications of Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus and their management
(97/1) 15
3. Management of DKA (95/2) 15
4. Emergency management of DKA (93/1) 15
5. 8 year, h/o vomiting, severe abdominal pain for 2 days. Dehydrated,
acidotic breathing, Blood glucose (random) 400. Outline the
management (05) 10
6. Write management of DKA (06) 5
7. Management of a child with IDDM (06/2) 10
8. Write risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus in children (07/2) 10

9. Classify severity of diabetic ketoacidosis on the basis of clinical and
blood

gas

examination.

Briefly

describe

Somogyi

and

Dawn

phenomenon in type 1 diabetes. (08/1) 10
10.

Discuss

the

metabolic

changes

associated

with

diabetic

ketoacidosis with steps of treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. (08/2) 10
11.

A 10 year old child (body weight 22kg) presents with severe

diabetic ketoacidosis. Write down the expected clinical and investigate
findings. Outline the plan of management in first 24 hours. (09/1) 4+6
12.

What are the biochemical criteria for the diagnosis of Diabetic

Ketoacidosis (DKA)? What are the goals of therapy? How will you
manage a child with DKA? (11/2) 3+3+4
13.

5 yr old child weighing 20 kg presents with Acute Diabetic

ketoacidosis. Discuss its complete management. (12/2) 10
14.

Discuss the pathophysiological abnormalities in DKA. Describe Mx of

DKA in a child weighing 20kg. (13/2)4+6
HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY
1. What are the causes of Dwarfism? How will you investigate such a case
(97/2) 15
2. SIADH (99/1) (99/2) 10
3. Indications of Growth Hormone Therapy (93/2) 10
4. Define Short Stature. Discuss the approach to a child with short stature
and the role of GH in Short Stature (05) 2+5+3
5. How will you diagnose and treat SIADH in a child (06) 5
6. How will you assess a child presenting with features of Diabetes
Insipidus (06) 10

7. A 4 year old child presents with polydipsia and polyuria. How will you
establish a diagnosis of diabetes insipidus in this case? Discuss its
8. Short stature – definition, differential diagnosis and management
approach. (10/1) 2+3+5
9. Diagnostic approach for a child who presented with polyuria and
polydipsia. (10/1) 10
10.

Outline the diagnostic criteria of diabetes insipidus. Discuss the

management of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. (10/2) 4+6
11.

Enumerate the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary and list

the factors stimulating and inhibiting secretion of growth hormone.
(10/2) 3+7
12.

Outline the diagnostic criteria for Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH

Secretion (SIADH). Discuss its etiopathogenesis. (12/1) 6+4
13.

Discuss approach to the diagnosis of a chid presenting with

polyuria and polydypsia. (13/2) 10

ADRENAL GLAND
1. Management of adrenogenital syndrome (96/2) 15
2. Short note- female with Ambiguous genitilia at birth (02/1) 15
3. Salt losing CAH (03/1) 15
4. Outline human sex differentiation. Provide an outline of the approach to
an infant with ambiguous genitalia. (04/2) 4+6

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