Last Mile Access Technologies
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Last mile access technologies
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Last Mile Access Technologies
- 1. Last Mile Access Technologies Rumesh Eranga Hapuarachchi rehrumesh@hotmail.com
- 2. Overview • Introduction • Current technologies • Future technologies • Applications
- 3. Last Mile • Known as the physical connection from your internet service provider to your home. • Local Area Network • First Mile • Local Loop
- 4. Techniques • Four main groups • Copper wire based networks • Cable TV networks • Wireless networks • Other types of physical access networks
- 5. Copper Wire Technologies • Dial Up • ISDN • xDSL
- 6. Dial Up • Connections through analogue modems • Uses the “voice band”; 300-3400 Hz • Primarily used for point to point connections • V.90 – 56 kbit/s downstream - 33.6 kbit/s upstream • Due to signal-to-noise ratio no analogue modem can be faster than V.34 • Pros • Economical (given some premises • Mobile • Cons • Not economical • Transient
- 7. ISDN
- 8. ISDN • Integrated Services Digital Network • No analogue signals – pure digital • Transmission of voice and/or data with better speed and quality • More infrastructure need • ISDN has two types of channels • B-channel (Bearer) • D-channel (Delta) • SDN has two basic types of service • Basic Rate Interface (BRI) Two 64kbit/s B-channels & one 16kbit/s D-channel • Primary Rate Interface (PRI) 30 B-channels & 1 64kbit/s D-channel
- 9. xDSL • Digital Subscriber Line • Capable of speeds ranging from 128 Kbit/s to 24 000 Kbit/s • The last mile of PSTN • Initially designed to carry POTS voice communication • Capable of carrying frequencies well beyond..
- 10. xDSL xDSL at the receiver side
- 11. xDSL
- 12. Cable TV • The idea is to use pre-installed cables that are not used to their full capacity for internet access.
- 13. Cable TV Pros & Cons • Pros • Large bandwidth/high quality cables • Pre-built infrastructure • Cons • Users over a large area share bandwidth • Shared line = privacy/security issues • Available to non-TV subscriber
- 14. Wireless • WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) • Standardsbased wireless technology • High-troughput connections over long distances • Last mile connections or hotspots etcetera • GPRS • UMTS • One of the 3G mobile phone technologies • Supports up to 1 920 Kbit/s data transfers • FON • Martin Varsavsky • Aims to provide a worldwide standard for WiFi sharing • Special FON routers (firmware)
- 15. Other BPL • Broadband Power Line • The major problem with this technique is that power lines are unshielded • They pick-up high-frequency noise and similarly interfere with radio signals nearby • Slow • Low cost • Widely spread infrastructure.
- 16. Other • Some other technologies include: • Fibre + LAN (Á la Bredbandsbolaget) • Satellite • Fibre to the home (FTTH/FTTP)
- 17. Future • Interconnections • Fiber for speed • How to use old cables and trenches • Wire lesser • Higher demand for mobility Wireless technology instead of traditional last mile copper * Integration of the third world * Cheap technology fast • Important steps for better integration
- 18. Summery • Pros & cons of the different technologies • Dial-up • ISDN • xDSL • Cable • Wireless • Far-out stuff
- 19. References • Wikipedia. “Last Mile” wikipedia.com [Online]. Available : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_mile • Linctionaryt . “TIA/EIA Structured Cabling Standards” linktionary.com [Online]. Available : http://www.linktionary.com/t/tia_cabling.html • Margaret Rouse (2005, Apr. 1). “last-mile technology”. Tech Target [Online]. Available: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/last-mile- technology
Editor's Notes
- Analogue modems introduced in the 1960’s Later standards V.34 (1994) and V.90 (1998) V.34 – 28.8 kbit/s More Pros: Available Flexible Dial-up still serves as an important solution for developing countries that want to gain access to the internet
- B-channel is used for data • D-channel is used for call setup/management • One B-channel per call • B-channels can be bonded for extra bandwidth
- Uses the copper cables of the local loop of the telephone system • The beginning • the late 1980’s • Bellcore (Telecordia Technologies) Unused frequency spectrum of standard issue telephone cables PSTN : Public Switched Telephone Networks
- CAP - Carrierless Amplitude/phase Similar to the QAM used in Dial-up modems Carrier signal eliminated Complex and not standardized DMT - Discrete Multitone Technique Modern approach Uses a combination of QAM
- xDSL - speed versus distance
- 1996 – Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) The standard for high speed data over cable TV networks. A suite of protocols covering the whole cable network. DOCSIS 1.0 - 1998 DOCSIS 1.1 - 2000 DOCSIS 2.0 - 2002 DOCSIS 3.0 – 2006 Cable TV network - issues Not built for upstream communication Each CM is authorised by the CMTS
- WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) - IEEE 802.16 • GPRS (General Package Radio Service) - Often referred to as 2.5G - Theoretical speed of 160 Kbit/s • UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) FON • Based in Spain • Foneros share their internet connection with other foneros • Three types of foneros: Linus, Bill and Alien
- Limitations in todays technology • Stationary versus mobile • Bandwidth • Availability • Pricing • Expensive trenches • Cheaper end-hardware