ÖNCEL AKADEMİ: SAHA SİSMOLOJİSİ

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SAHA SİSMOLOJİSİ - Prof. Dr. Ali Osman ÖNCEL
Prof. Dr. Ali Osman Öncel
stanbul Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesiİ
Jeofizik Mühendisli i Ö retim Üyesiğ ğ

2/17/2015
SAHA SİSMOLOJİSİ - JKMU469 - Prof. Dr. Ali
Osman ÖNCEL
SAHA SİSMOLOJİSİ ŞUBAT MART NİSAN
Kısa Sınavlar 16 23 1 8 15 5 12 19
1 1302070033 GÜLSÜM
2 1302090005 FÜSUN
3 1302110021 FURKAN 100 85 100
4 1302110078 TOLGA 100 100 95 100 85 100 97 100
5 1302110091 OZAN 100 82 100 97
6 1302120002 EMRAH 66 50 87 70 99 90
7 1302120028 ECENAZ 66 100 100 100 96 80
8 1302120075 ONUR 66 72 50 100 98 95
9 1302130001 DUYGU 100 100 95 100 86 35 97 95
10 1302130012 YAĞMUR 90 85 100 84 96 100
11 1302130031 MUHAMET 66 100 90 100 84 100 100 90
12 1302130038 FATİH 88 100 95 100 85 100 98 100
13 1302130073 FATMA 100 82 100 84 99 90
14 1302130091 EDA 66 100 70 100 83 95
Ders Listesinde İsmi YOK
Devamsızlıktan KALAN
Sınava Geç Gelenler
Girmedi

Beklenen Büyük Deprem Alanları

Three strong to major earthquakes have occurred in Japan, including two
foreshocks of M 6.2 and M 6.0 on April 14th
and a M 7.0 early Saturday morning
local time. The foreshocks caused severe shaking in the region and resulted in
9 reported fatalities and more than 1000 injuries. Early reports indicate that 32
people have died in the M 7.0 earthquake.
Resident houses are seen
destroyed after an
earthquake in Mashiki,
Kumamoto prefecture,
southern Japan, Saturday,
April 16, 2016. Powerful
earthquakes a day apart
shook southern Japan,
trapping many beneath
flattened homes and sending
thousands to seek shelter in
gymnasiums and hotel
lobbies.
(Yusuke Ogata/Kyodo News
via AP)
Magnitude 7.0 KYUSHU, JAPANMagnitude 7.0 KYUSHU, JAPAN
Friday, April 15, 2016 at 16:25:06 UTCFriday, April 15, 2016 at 16:25:06 UTC

The earthquakes have caused extensive damage, overturning cars, splitting
roads and triggering a landslide. These earthquakes were shallow (~10 km)
underneath the city of Kumamoto (~ population 700,000). Shallower
earthquakes result in more motion at the surface than do deeper earthquakes.
Early estimates report that over 92,000 people have been evacuated.
Buildings are collapsed
by a landslide caused by
an earthquake in
Minamiaso village,
Kumamoto prefecture,
Japan, Saturday, April
16, 2016 (local time).
The powerful
earthquake struck
southwestern Japan
early Saturday, barely 24
hours after a smaller
quake hit the same
region.
(Kyodo News via AP)

Heavy rains were expected through
Sunday adding to the complexity of
recovery efforts. The weather, together
with the aftershocks, contribute to the
threat of additional landslides.
This animation shows satellite imagery
from the Himawari series of
geostationary meteorological satellites
looped from shortly after the earthquake
for the following 24 hours.
Animation courtesy of the Japan
Meteorological Agency

Modified Mercalli Intensity
Perceived
Shaking
Extreme
Violent
Severe
Very Strong
Strong
Moderate
Light
Weak
Not Felt
USGS Estimated Shaking Intensity
The Modified-Mercalli
Intensity scale is a twelve-
stage scale, from I to XII,
that indicates the severity of
ground shaking.
This region has experienced
severe to violent shaking
from three earthquakes in
two days.
Image courtesy of the US Geological Survey

USGS PAGER
Population Exposed to Earthquake Shaking
The USGS PAGER map shows the population
exposed to different Modified Mercalli
Intensity (MMI) levels.
The USGS estimates that 716,000 people
experienced violent shaking from this
earthquake.
The color coded contour lines outline regions of
MMI intensity. The total population exposure to a
given MMI value is obtained by summing the
population between the contour lines. The
estimated population exposure to each MMI
Intensity is shown in the table below.

The plate tectonic map below shows rates of motion between the Pacific, Philippine, and
Eurasian plates. In the region of Kyushu Island, the Philippine Plate subducts beneath
the Eurasian Plate at a rate of about 5 cm/yr.
April 15
M7.0

On April 14, eighteen earthquakes occurred near Kumamoto, including a magnitude 6.2
event that killed 9 people. In retrospect, the April 14 events are recognized as foreshocks
to the April 15 magnitude 7.0 earthquake (main shock). In the 25 hours following the M7.0
earthquake, 25 aftershocks occurred with magnitudes up to 5.7.
April 14 Foreshocks
Maps generated using IRIS Interactive Earthquake
Browser
April 15
M7.0
April 15 M7.0
Eurasian Plate Philippine Plate
M 7.0 & April 15 – 16 Aftershocks
M7.0

Image and text courtesy of the US Geological
Survey
In a sequence of earthquakes, the earthquake with the largest magnitude is
called the main shock; anything before it is a foreshock and anything after it
is an aftershock. There is no way to know before a main shock occurs that
the previous earthquakes have been foreshocks.
Aftershock
sequences follow
predictable patterns
as a group,
although the
individual
earthquakes are
themselves not
predictable.
The graph shows

The epicenter of the April 15 M 7.0
earthquake is shown on the
regional seismicity map at right.
The cross section below, shows
the Philippine Plate subducting
below the Eurasian Plate. The
April 15 earthquake occurred on a
crustal fault within the Eurasian
Plate.
Earthquake and Historic Seismicity
Area of Cross
Section
Map generated using IRIS Interactive Earthquake
Browser
April 15
M7.0
ilippinePlate
April 15 M7.0
Eurasian Plate
Eurasian Plate
Philippine Plate

The focal mechanism for the earthquake indicates this was a strike-slip fault. Slip
occurred on either a left -lateral fault striking to the northwest, or on a right -lateral fault
striking northeast. The northeast-southwest orientation of the aftershock distribution
speaks strongly that the fault plane is oriented in that direction and the earthquake was
caused by right-lateral strike-slip motion on a NE-SW oriented fault plane.
According to the USGS, while the earthquake occurred several hundred kilometers
northwest of the Ryukyu Trench where the Philippine Sea Plate begins its
northwestward subduction beneath Japan and the Eurasian Plate, the shallow depth
and faulting mechanism of this earthquake indicate it occurred on a crustal fault within
the overriding Eurasian Plate.
USGS Centroid Moment Tensor Solution

Following the earthquake, it took 11 minutes and 56 seconds for the
compressional
P waves to travel a curved path through the mantle to Portland, Oregon.PP waves are compressional waves that bounce off the Earth’s surface halfway
between the earthquake and the station and take 14 minutes 50 seconds to
arrive.
The record of the earthquake on the University of Portland seismometer (UPOR) is illustrated
below. Portland is 8587 km (5336 miles, 77.36°) from the location of this earthquake.
Surface waves traveled the 8587 km (5336 miles)
along the perimeter of the Earth from the earthquake
to the recording station.
P
PP
S
S waves are shear waves that follow the same path through
the mantle as P waves. S waves took 21 minutes and 48
seconds to travel from the earthquake to Portland.
Surface
waves

Teachable Moments are a service of
The Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology
Education & Public Outreach
and
The University of Portland
Please send feedback to tkb@iris.edu

Kaynak: http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/ES/oncel/geop402caseworks.html

Courtesy of Dr.Satish Pullammanappallil

Nedimovic et al., NATURE |VOL 424 | 24 JULY 2003 |

The basic principle of
WARRP is utilizing the
amplitude burst when
P-wave energy is
totally reflected beyond
the critical angle of
incidence. To record at
wide angles large
offsets are required,
much larger than
conventional seismic
arrays can provide.

Fig. 1. (a) Tectonic context and general kinematics in the Eastern Mediterranean (from McClusky et al., 2000; Chaumillon et al.,
1996; Le Pichon et al., 1995). Main microplate boundaries are shown, as well as the Hellenic trough system and the Mediterranean
Ridge outer and inner fronts of deformation. Arrows with numeric values indicate regional motions. (b) Bathymetry map of the
Eastern Mediterranean Ridge where the 3-D gravity modelling (rectangle in (a)) was undertaken. Lines show the position of seismic
cross-sections in the Crete area (red lines, Bohnhoff et al., 2001) and in the Libyan Sea crossing the Mediterranean Ridge (yellow
dashed lines, Makris and Broenner, 2001; Broenner, 2003).

1. Saha Çalışması Hangi Problemlere Çözüm Getirmek İçin Kullanılır?
2. Fay ve süreksizlik nedir? Nasıl araştırılır?
3. Boşluk nedir, ve nerelerde görülür? Nasıl araştırılır?
4. Kaç türlü su kaynakları vardır? Nasıl araştırılır?
5. Yer incelemesinde aranan parametreler Yer Bilimi Mühendisliklerine göre nasıl
değişir?
6. Kayalarda ki Sismik Hızın Neden Değiştiğini örnek vererek açıklayabilir misiniz?
7. Kayaların Sismik Hızlarının Ölçümünde Kullanılan Deney Düzeneği Nasıldır?
8. Basıncın büyümesiyle sismik hız nasıl değişir?
9. Farklı sıcaklıklarda, basıncın büyümesine bağlı olarak sismik hız nasıl değişir?
10. Farklı basınçlar altında, sıcaklığın değişimine bağlı olarak hız nasıl değişir?
11. Sismik Hız ve Yoğunluk birbirleriyle nasıl ilişkilidir?
12. Hız ve Yoğunluk Arasında Matematiksel Olarak Bir İlişki Belirlenmiş midir?
13. Porozite nedir, ve Sismik Hız değişimini Nasıl Etkiler?

ÖNCEL AKADEMİ: SAHA SİSMOLOJİSİ

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