This presentation is based on my understanding, knowledge and some study on research papers on the same topic and more specifically my experience of living in Nepal during conflict.

1. Living in Nepal;
from People’s war to Republic
Presented by Nilima Raut
Dolakha, Nepal
Student of MAINS in South Korea

4. New Nepal
 April 2006, 19-day people‟s movement
 the settlement of the armed conflict in November
2006
 28 may 2008, Abolishment of 240 years Monarchy
after the constitutional Assembly Elections

5. We will always remember
13,246
Photo by Ram Prasad Hum

6. Malla Period: Social
division by caste
system

7. Dependency Structure
Caste
Hinduism
System
Hierarchy
Upper
Power Governan
ce
Caste
Wome Other Lower Lower
n Religion Class Caste

8. Formation of contemporary conflict in the history
 1743 to 1775 King Prithvi Narayan Shah united Nepal; 1760s
minority in Government
 1816 Treaty of Sugauli ; a political power games- ending the
entire ethnic clan
 1846-1950 Rana Regime; A complete exclusion from outer
world, policies strictly governed by Hindu Caste Laws
 1950 Democracy Movement against autocratic Rana Regime
 1950-1990 Hinduism as a state religion, Partyless Panchayat
System

9. Anger of repression or poverty is not
a sufficient condition of
insurgency.
- Cynthia Mc Clinton

10. 1990s people‟s movement and its failed
promises
 1990s -the Jana Andolan, multiparty democracy was
restored in May 1991, Constitutional Monarchy
 Politically, Structured in the same way , continued
abuse of power suppressions of other parties and
candidates, acceptance of the constitution formed by the
king
 Economically, Nepal remained in extremely poor
conditions despite a degree of growth and progress.
 Socially, many issues of class, class, ethnicity, gender,
inequality and discrimination continued to exist in the
democratic period, which led to further alienation of the
marginalized people. Land ownership had remained a
lingering unresolved issue from the Nepali land reform
economics.

11. Maoist Insurgency
 In March 1995 the newly named Communist Party of Nepal
(Maoist) (“CPN (Maoist)”) began to draw up plans to launch an
armed struggle, the so-called “People‟s War”, against the State.
 On 4 February 1996, the CPN Maoist submitted a 40-point
demand to the Government which addressed a wide range of
social, economic and political agendas, and warned that a
militant struggle would follow if the demands were not met.
(Nationalism, people‟s democracy and livelihood- youth
unemployment, Land reform, Ethinicity, Development,
Governance, Class struggle, Caste system)
 On 13 February 1996 the Maoist conflict began which ended
on 2006 killing more than 13,000 people and more than 1,500
people missing.
(it would appear that the population should not have supported the
insurgency in 1990 because the nation had just emerged from a
long period of absolute monarchy and was practicing
parliamentary democracy under a liberal constitution).

13. Maoist Insurgency and strategies
• Maoists„ Strategy was based on the Mao‟s call- Elimination
of Class enemies, capturing the state power through armed
struggle, experiences of Naxalities in India and mainly „the
Shining Path‟ movement in Peru.
• Funding: Capturing local agricultural banks, abduction etc
• Revisiting Maoism and political flexibility
• operating as the de-facto government in captured area and
also the „people‟s court‟
• Ideologies that persuaded the people who were left behind

14. Armed force involved
during the Conflict
 Nepal Police (NP) was the only
force that was mobilized during
the initial days of Maoist
conflict. (Operation Romeo and
Operation Kilo Sierra II)
 The Armed Police Force
(APF), a paramilitary police
force established in January
2001reflected the
Government‟s need to deploy
additional forces against the
Maoists given the ongoing
escalation of the conflict.
 on 26 November 2001, a state
of emergency was declared
and the Nepal Army was
ordered to deploy against the
Maoists.
 The People‟s Liberation of
Army(PLA) was formally
announced on September 2001
under the leadership of the
CPN (Maoist) Party, though the

15. 1996-2006
 Despite the mobilization of the
Nepalese Army against the
insurgents, the Maoists were able to
extend their influence in 31 of the 75
districts in Nepal.
 The Royal Massacre: 1 June 2001
 The state of emergency was in place
for nine months beginning in
November 2001 and for three months
beginning in February 2005.
 Issuance of the Terrorist and
Disruptive Activities (Control and
Punishment) Ordinance (TADO) in
November 2001, and the mobilization
of the RNA against the Maoists in
November 2001.
 the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities
(Control and Punishment) Act (TADA)
passed in 2002. The TADA widened

16. Muktinath Adhikari's body lies Maina Sunuwar's mother clutching on
crumpled near his village in Lamjung to a photo of her 15-year-old
after he was tortured and killed by daughter who was tortured and
killed in 2004
Maoists in 2002.
Photos Gopal Chitrakar

17. Bodies of policemen who were killed
in the trenches of Satbaria after a
Maoist raid in April 2002.
Parbati Duwadi of Thanti in Lamjung
lies in a pool of blood after being
killed in a crossfire while her brother-
in-law holds her infant son.
Photos Gopal Chitrakar

18. 1996-2006
 October 2002, Removal of Prime Minister
 February 2005, Absolute power with backing of the army
 November 2005, 12 point agreement by parliamentary
political parties and the Maoists on ending the monarchy
and finding a peaceful solution
________________________________________________
______
 April 2006, People‟s movement
 Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA) on 21 November
2006, agreed for Land Reform, Military reform, Drafting
new constitution, forming a Truth and Reconciliation
Commission (TRC) and a Commission on Disappeared

20. Violent Maoist Insurgency and equally violent
counter insurgency
 The data available indicates that children, i.e. girls under
18 years old, were particularly vulnerable during the
conflict period. More than one third of the victims of sexual
violence were children, with many under 15 years old.
There are even cases where the victim was under ten.
 The research also found that rape was a “common
practice” adopted by the RNA to punish female Maoist
cadres and sympathizers.
 Documentation examined in the course of compiling this
Report indicates that up to 9,000 serious violations of IHRL
or IHL may have been committed during the decade-long

21. Peace Accord and beyond
 Women Empowerment; 30% participation of women in the
Maoist insurgency
 Land Reform; Eliminating Kamalari Pratha
 Caste System; Promoting Ethnic Federalism
 Military reform
 Truth and reconciliation commission
 Disappearance cases
 Maoist as a largest party
 International Political Actors

23. Till date
 Political anarchy
 Ethnic Identity Movement
 Increasing king‟s supporter
 Mushrooming civil society organizations
 Foreign Investment or interfere?

24. A chapter of continuous struggle of Nepali
people has ended but the struggle
continues…