witter munsifullah daudzai

1. Inheritance

2. Inheritance
• A programming technique that is used to reuse
an existing class to build a new class is known as
inheritance.
• The new class inherits all the behavior of the
original class.
• The existing class that is reused to create a new
class is known as super class or parent class.
• The new class that inherits the properties and
functions of an existing class is known as
subclass, derived class or child class.
• The inheritance relationship between the classes
of a program is called a class hierarchy.

3. • Inheritance is one of the most powerful
features of object-oriented programming.
• The basic principal of inheritance is that each
subclass shares common properties with the
class from which it is derived.
• The child class inherits all capabilities of the
parent class and can add its own capabilities.

4. • Suppose we have a class named vehicle.
• The subclasses of this class may share similar
properties such as wheels and motor etc.
• Additionally, a subclass may have its own
particular characteristics.
• For example, a subclass Bus may have seats for
people but another subclass Truck may have
space to carry goods.
• A class of animals can be divided into sub
classes like mammals, insects etc.
• A class of vehicles can be divided into cars,
trucks, buses, and motorcycles.

5. Vehical
Bus Truck Motorcycle
• The above figure shows that Vehicle is parent
class and Bus, Truck and Motorcycle are three sub
classes. The upward arrows indicate that the
subclasses are derived from parent Vehicle class.

6. Advantages of Inheritance
Some important advantages of inheritance are as
follows:
1. Reusability:
Inheritance allows the developer to reuse existing
code in many situations. A class can be created once
and it can be reused again and again to create many
sub classes.
2. Saves Time and Effort:
inheritance saves a lot of time and effort to write the
same classes again.
3. Increases Program Structure and Reliability:
A super class is already compiled and tested properly.
This class can be used in a new application without
compiling it again. The use of existing class increases
program reliability.

7. Categories of Inheritance
• There are two categories of inheritance
1. Single Inheritance:
A type of inheritance in which a child class is derived
from single parent class is known as single inheritance.
The child class in this inheritance inherits all data
members and member functions of the parent class. It
can also add further capabilities of its own.
Parent
Child

8. 2. Multiple Inheritance:
A type of inheritance in which a child class is derived
from multiple parent classes is known as multiple
inheritance. The child class in this inheritance inherits
all data members and member functions of all parent
classes. It can also add further capabilities of its own.
Parent2
Parent1
Child

9. Protected Access Specifier
• The private data members of a class are only accessible
in the class in which they are declared.
• The public data members are accessible from
anywhere in the program.
• The protected access specifier is different from private
and public access specifiers.
• It is specially used in inheritance.
• It allows a protected data member to be accessed from
all derived classes but not from anywhere else in the
program.
• It means that child class can access all protected data
members of its parent class.

10. Specifying a Derived Class
• The process of specifying derived class is same as
specifying simple class.
• Additionally, the reference of parent is specified
along with derived class name to inherit the
capabilities of parent class.
• Syntax:
class sub_class : specifier parent_class
{
body of the class
};

11. class It is keyword that is used to declare a class.
sub_class It is the name of derived/child/sub class.
: It creates a relationship between derived
class and super/parent/base class.
specifier It indicates the type of inheritance. It can be
private, public or protected.
parent_class It indicates the name of parent/super/base
class that is being inherited.

12. class Move {
protected:
int position;
public:
Move() {
position = 0 ;
}
void forward() {
position++;
}
void show() {
cout<<“Position = “<<
position <<endl;
}
};
class Move2 : public Move {
public:
void backward() {
position--;
}
};
main() {
Move2 m;
m.show();
m.forward();
m.show();
m.backward();
m.show();
}

13. Accessing Members of Parent Class
• An important issue in inheritance is the
accessibility of base class members by the
objects of derived class.
• It is known as accessibility.
• The objects of derived class can access certain
members of parent class.
– Accessing Constructors of Parent Class
– Accessing Member Functions of Parent Class

14. Accessing Constructors of Parent Class
• The objects of derived class can access certain
constructors of parent class.
• If there is no constructor in derived class the
compiler automatically uses the constructor of
parent class.
• The objects of derived class can automatically
access the constructors of parent class with no
parameter.
• The derived class can also access constructors of
parent class with parameters by passing values
to them.

15. Syntax:
The syntax of accessing the constructor of parent
class in derived class is as follows:
child_constrctr (parameters): parent_constrctr(parameters)
{
body of constructor
}
child_constrctr Name of constructor of derived class.
parent_constrctr Name of constructor of parent class.
parameters List of parameters passed to the constructor of
parent class.

16. class Parent {
protected:
int n;
public:
Parent() {
n=0;
}
Parent(int p) {
n=p;
}
void show() {
cout<<“ n = “<<n
<< endl;
}
};
class Child : public Parent
{
private:
char ch;
public:
Child() : Parent() {
ch = ‘x’;
}
Child(char c, int m) : Parent(m) {
ch=c;
}
void display(){
cout<<“ch = “<<ch<<endl;
}
};

17. main() {
Child obj1, obj2(‘$’, 100);
cout<<“Obj1 is as follow”<<endl;
obj1.show();
obj1.display();
cout<<“Obj2 is as follows”<<endl;
obj2.show();
obj2.display();
}

18. Accessing Member Functions of Parent
Class
• The objects of derived class can access all
member functions of parent class that are
declared as protected or public.

19. Write a class Person that has the attributes of
id, name and address. It has a constructor to
initialize, a member function to input and a
member function to display data members.
Create another class Student that inherits
Person class. It has additional attributes of roll
number and marks. It also has member
function to input and display its data members.

20. class Person {
protected:
int id;
string name, address;
public:
Person() {
id=0;
name = “Name”;
address =“address”
}
void getInfo() {
cout<<“Enter your id”;
cin>>id;
cout<<“Enter your name”;
cin>>name;
cout<<“Enter your
address”;
cin>>address;
}
void showInfo() {
cout<<“your personal
information”
cout<<“ id = “<<id<<endl;
cout<<“Name =
“<<name<<endl;
cout<<“Address =
“<<address<<endl;
}
};
class Student : public
Person {
private:
int rno, marks;
public:
Student() {
Person:: Person();
rno=marks=0;
}

21. void getEdu() {
cout<<“Enter your roll
no”;
cin>>rno;
cout<<“Enter your
marks”;
cin>>marks;
void showEdu() {
cout<<“Your education
information is as
follows”;
cout<<“Roll no =
“<<rno<<endl;
cout<<“Marks =
“<<marks<<endl;
}
};
main() {
Student s;
s.getInfo():
s.getEdu();
s.showEdu();
}

22. Function Overriding
• The process of declaring member function in derived
class with same name and same signature as in parent
class is known as function overriding.
• Function overriding allows the user to use same names
for calling the member functions of different class.
• When a member function is overridden in the derived
class, the object of derived class cannot access the
function of parent class.
• However, the function of parent class can be accessed
by using scope resolution operator.

23. class Parent {
protected:
int n;
public:
Parent(int p)
{
n=p;
}
void show() {
cout<<“n = “<<n<<endl;
}
};
class Child : public Parent {
private:
char ch;
Public:
Child(char c, int m) :
Parent(m) {
ch=c;
}
void show() {
Parent::show();
cout<<“ch = “<<ch<<endl;
}
};
main()
{
Child obj(‘$’, 100);
obj.show();
}

24. Types of Inheritance
• A parent class can be inherited using public,
protected or private type of inheritance.
• The type of inheritance defines the access
status of parent class members in the derived
class.
• Different types of inheritance are as follows:
– Public Inheritance
– Protected Inheritance
– Private Inheritance

25. Public Inheritance
• In public inheritance, the access status of parent class
members in the derived class remains the same.
• The public members of parent class become public
members of derived class.
• The protected members of parent class become
protected members of derived class.
• The private members of parent class become private
members of derived class.
• The syntax of defining public inheritance is as follows:
class child_class : public parent_class {
body of the class
}

26. The accessibility of derived class in public inheritance is as
follows:
• The derived class can access the public members of
parent class.
• The derived class can access the protected members of
parent class.
• The derived class cannot access the private members of
parent class.
The accessibility of an object of derived class is as follows:
• The object of derived class can access the public
members of parent class.
• The object of derived class cannot access the protected
members of parent class.
• The object of derived class cannot access the private
members of parent class.

27. Write a program that declares two
classes and defines a relationship
between them using public members.

28. class parent {
public:
int a;
protected:
int b;
private:
int c;
};
class child : public parent
{
public:
void in() {
cout<< “Enter a “;
cin>>a;
cout<<“Enter b “;
cin>>b;
}
void out() {
cout<<“a = “<<a<<endl;
cout<<“b = “<<b<<endl;
}
};
main() {
child obj;
obj.in();
obj.out();
}

29. Protected Inheritance
• In Protected inheritance, the access status of
parent class members in the derived class is
restricted.
• The public members of parent class become
protected members of derived class.
• The protected members of parent class
become protected members of derived class.
• The private members of parent class become
private members of derived class.

30. • The syntax of defining protected inheritance is
as follows:
class child_class : protected parent_class
{
body of the class
}

31. The accessibility of derived class in protected inheritance is
as follows:
• The derived class can access the public members of parent
class.
• The derived class can access the protected members of
parent class.
• The derived class cannot access the private members of
parent class.
The accessibility of an object of derived class is as follows:
• The object of derived class cannot access the public
members of parent class.
• The object of derived class cannot access the protected
members of parent class.
• The object of derived class cannot access the private
members of parent class.

32. class parent {
public:
int a;
protected:
int b;
private:
int c;
};
class child : protected parent
{
public:
void in() {
cout<< “Enter a “;
cin>>a;
cout<<“Enter b “;
cin>>b;
}
void out() {
cout<<“a = “<<a<<endl;
cout<<“b = “<<b<<endl;
}
};
main() {
child obj;
obj.in();
obj.out();
}

33. Private Inheritance
• In private inheritance, the access status of parent
class members in the derived class is restricted.
• The private, protected and public members of
parent class all become the private members of
derived class.
• The syntax of defining private inheritance is as
follows:
class child_class : private parent_class
{
body of the class
}

34. The accessibility of derived class in private inheritance is as
follows:
• The derived class can access the public members of parent
class.
• The derived class can access the protected members of
parent class.
• The derived class cannot access the private members of
parent class.
The accessibility of an object of derived class is as follows:
• The object of derived class cannot access the public
members of parent class.
• The object of derived class cannot access the protected
members of parent class.
• The object of derived class cannot access the private
members of parent class.

35. Multilevel Inheritance
• A type of inheritance in which a class is
derived from another derived class is called
multilevel inheritance.
• In multilevel inheritance, the members of
parent class are inherited to the child class
and the members of child class are inherited
to the grand child class.
• In this way, the members of parent class and
child class are combined in grand child class.

36. • Example:
class A {
body of the class
};
class B : public A {
body of the class
};
class C : public B {
body of the class
};

37. class A {
private:
int a;
public:
void in() {
cout<< “Enter a “;
cin>>a;
}
void out() {
cout<< “The value of a is
“<<a<<endl;
} };
class B : public A {
private:
int b;
public:
void in() {
A::in();
cout<<“Enter b “;
cin>>b;
}
void out() {
A::out();
cout<<“The value of b is “<<b <<endl;
} };
class C : public B {
private :
int c :
public :
void in(); {
B::in();
cout<<“Enter c “;
cin>>c;
}
void out() {
B::out();
cout<<“The value of c is“<<c<<endl;
} };
main() {
C obj;
obj.in();
obj.out();
}

38. Multiple Inheritance
• A type of inheritance in which a derived class
inherit multiple base classes is known as multiple
inheritance.
• In multiple inheritance, the derived class
combines the members of all base classes.
• Syntax:
class child_class : specifier Parent_class1,
specifier parent class2……………..
{
body of the class
}

39. • Example:
class A {
body of the class
};
class B {
body of the class
};
class c : public A, public B {
body of the class
};

40. class A {
private:
int a;
public:
void in() {
cout<<“Enter a “;
cin>>a;
}
void out() {
cout<<“a = “a<<endl;
} };
class B {
private:
int b;
public:
void input() {
cout<<“Enter b “;
cin>>b;
}
void output() {
cout<<“b = “<<b<<endl; } };
class C : public A, public B {
private:
int c;
public:
void get() {
A::in();
b::input();
cout<<“Enter c “;
cin>>c;
}
void show() {
A::out();
B::output();
cout<<“c = “<<c<<endl;
} };
C obj;
obj.get();
obj.show();
}