1. EPIKO ng BIAG NI LAM ANG
Sina Don Juan at Namongan ay taga-Nalbuan, ngayon ay sakopng La Union. May
isasilanganaknalalaki. Ito'ysi Lam-ang.Bago pa isilangsi Lam-ang, angamanito ay
pumuntanasabundokupangparusahanangisangpangkatngmgaIgorotanakalabannila.
Nang isilangsi Lam-ang, apatnahilotangnagtulong-tulong.
UgalinangamgaIlokanonoongunanatumulongsamgahilot kung
manganganakangmaybahaynilangunitdahilngawalasi Don Juan,
mgakasambahaynilaangtumulongsapagsilangniNamongan.
Pagkasilang, nagsalitaagadangsanggol at siyaanghumilingna "Lam-ang"
angipangalansakaniya. Siyarinangpumilingmagigingninongniyasabinyag. Itinanong pa
rinniyasainaangama, kung saanitonaroroon, na di pa niyanakikitasimula pa
sakanyangpagkasilang. Sinabinainaangkinaroroonanngama.
Makaraanangsiyamnabuwan, nainipnasi Lam-angsa di
pagdatingngamakaya'tsinundanniyaitosakabundukan. May dalasiyangiba't- ibangsandata at
mga anting-anting namakapag-bibigay-lakassakaniya at maaaringgawinsiyanghindimakikita.
Talagangpinaghandaanniyaanglakadnaito.
Sakaniyangpaglalakbay, inabotsiyangpagkahapokaya'tnamahingasandali. Naidlipsiya at
napangarapniyangangpugotnaulongama ay pinagpipistahannangmgaIgorote. Galitnagalitsi
Lam-angsanabatidnasinapitngama kaya mabilisnanilakbayangtirahanngmgaIgorote.
Pinagpupuksaniyaangmgaitosapamamagitanngdalangmgasandata at anting-anting. Angisa
ay kaniyangpinahirapanlamangsakainalpasanupangsiyangmagbalitasaiba pang
Igorotengkaniyangtapang, lakas at talino. Umuwisi Lam-
angnangnasisiyahandahilsanipaghigantiniya an pagkamatayngamaniya.
Nang siya'ymagbaliksaNalbuan, taglayangtagumpay,
pinaliguansiyangilangbabaingkaibigansailogngAmburayan, dahilito'ynagingugalina noon,
napagdatingngisangmandirigma, naliligosiya. Mataposnapaliguansi Lam-ang,
nangamatayangmgaisda at iba pang bagayna may
buhaynanakatirasatubigdahilsakapalnglibag at samangamoynanahugasansakatawannito.
Sakabutihannaman may isangdalagangbalitasakagandahannanagngangalang Ines Kannoyan.
Ito'ypinuntahanngbinatangsi Lam-angupangligawan, kasamaangkaniyangputingtandang at
abuhingaso.Isangmasugidnamanliligawni Ines angnakasalubongnila, Si Sumarang,
nakumutyakay Lam-ang, kaya'tsila'y nag-away at dito'ymulingnagwagisi Lam-ang.
Napakaramingnanliligawangnasabakurannina Ines kaya'tgumawasilangparaanupangsila ay
makatawagngpansin. Angtandang ay tumilaok at isangbahayangnabuwalsatabi. Si Ines ay
dumungaw.Angasonamanangpinataholniya at saisangiglap,
tumindiguliangbahaynanatumba. Nakitarinngmagulangni Ines anglahatngiyon at
siya'yipinatawagniyon. Angpag-ibigni Lam-angkay Ines ay ipinahayagngtandang.
Sumagotangmgamagulangngdalaganasila'ypayagnamagingmanugangsi Lam-ang kung
ito'ymakapagbibigayngdoteng may doblenghalagangsarilingari-arianngmagulangngdalaga.
waiting for his father to return, Lam-ang decided he would go look for him.

2. Nang magbaliksi Lam-angsaKalanutian, kasamasiNamongan at mgakababayan, silani
Ines ay ikinasal. Dalanilaanglahatngkailanganparasamaringalnakasalanpatiang dote.
Angmasayangpagdiriwang ay sinimulansaKalanutian at tinapossaNalbuan, kung
saannanirahanang mag-asawapagkataposngkasalnila.
Isa parinsakaugaliansaKailukuhan, napagkataposngkasal, anglalaki ay
kinakailangangsumisidsailogupanghumulingrarang (isda). Sumunodni Lam-angsubalitsiya ay
sinamangpaladnamakagat t mapatayngberkakan (isangurinngpating). Angmgabutoni Lam-
angnanasapusodngdagat ay ipinasisid at pinataponniDonya Ines saisangkalansay at
tinakpanngtela. Angtandang ay tumilaok, angaso ay kumahol at sabisangengkanto, unti-
untingkumilosangmgabuto.
Samulingpagkabuhayni Lam-ang, ang mag-asawa ay namuhaynangmaligaya, maluwalhati at
matiwasaysa piling ngalagangputingtandang at abuhingaso.
waiting for his father to return, Lam-ang decided he would go look for him.

3. Literature Under the Republic (1946-1985)
The Japanese occupation leaves the Philippine economy in ruins and it seemed that massive
foreign aid could rebuild it. With the life of the Filipinos hanging in the balance because of
hunger, insecurity and terror. Many Filipinos resorted to collaborating with the Japanese for
reasons such as politics, survival and opportunity.
After the Pacific War ended, collaborators were given amnesty by President Manual Roxas. The
amnesty was a result of the US colonialisms decision to hush up the issue on collaboration. This
in turn put the Filipino ruling elite’s credibility at stake because ambiguities and irregularities
that was not resolved. The US colonialist also linked the issue of collaboration not as a political
will but as a means of survival (expediency). If a rigid trial was done to the detractors, many of
the Filipino ruling elite would loose their credibility and this was not favorable to the US
colonizers because at that time the elites were the intermediary between the American
colonizers and the Filipinos. The elites had a lot of influence to the masses, and the US wanted
to tap their services and use them as leverage.
The Philippine Republic, founded in 1946 after the end of WWII. The Tydings-McDuffie Law of
1934 stipulated that the Philippines will be an independent republic by July 4, 1946. To secure
the new republics alliance with the US after its independence was granted a series of treaties
and agreements were signed, and these strengthened the ties between the two countries. The
Bell Trade act, imposed free trade which enforced imports from US for 28 years and parity
rights allowing US citizens to have equal rights to access to the countries natural resources. The
Philippine Rehabilitation Act together with the Bell Trade act which allowed the US to use the
Philippines for their military bases and control of the Philippine military.
With the US serving as crutches to the Philippines, westernization occurred. The Educational
Exchange Program otherwise known as the Fulbright Program was the key to the Philippines
assimilation of US culture – the program actually aimed a 2-way exchange of culture, but this
did not actually happen. This was the time when Filipino artist, writers, and musicians were
given a chance to go to the US to learn about the country, they also were given lecturing
privilege. The impact of this program can be seen in terms or the artwork and literature that
showed in their works that they are able to keep up with the literary and artistic trends of the
US during that time. They were introduced to what was called the New Criticism. A method
which emphasized close analysis of text and structure rather than analysis of social or
biographical contexts. This paved the way for a new form of writing and that left the traditional
social role it used to have during the revolutionary period. Literary works during this period was
concerned more on a personal level.
waiting for his father to return, Lam-ang decided he would go look for him.

4. A Merger Of Traditions.
The taga-bukid and taga-bayan were the two cultures that made up the political entities. The
educated and the wealthy and the ones who lacked the education and therefore did not qualify
to exercise power. The tagabayan were more inclined to the culture of the Free World, while
the taga-bukid was the nationalistic and anti American.
A transition from the Euro-Hispanic (socially conscious, deals with reality) period to the Anglo-
American (thrived more on aesthetic qualities and was full of sentimentality and escapism)
period of literature in the Philippines was brought about by Villa, the contradictions between
the two styles resulted in the emphasis of a crisis for the Anglo American Tradition. It was later
resolved in the 1970s. These two traditions had been implanted with indigenous traditions and
through the efforts of the Filipino writers can be clearly called the Filipino literary tradition.
The literary figures during these times were,
Amado Hernández (1903-1970) - LuhangBuwaya(1962) depicted the plight of the peasantry and
how exploitation by the landlords taught them to organize and fight for their rights.
MgaIbongMandaragit. (1960) – talks about American domination of the Philippines, morally
bankrupt religious leaders and corrupt bureucrats.
Lázaro Francisco (1898-1980) – BayangNagpatiwakal(1923), IlawsaHilaga(1948), Maganda pa
angDaigdig(1956), Daluyong(1962)
Constante Casabar (1929- ) – Dagiti Mariign iti Parbangon (1957)
Alberto Florentino (1931- ) – The World is an Apple and Other Prized Plays (1959)
Alejandro Abadilla (1904-1969) – Piniling Tula ni AGA (1965), 25
PinakamabubutingMaiklingKwentong 1443 (1944)
Macario Pineda (1912-1950) –
Genoveva Edroza-Matute (1915- ) – Ako’yIsangTinig(1952)
Existentialism and the Search for Identity.
When President Ramon Magsaysay died of a plan crash in Cebu, this provoked an intellectual
crisis. Claro M. Recto criticized President Ramon Magsaysay for being submissive to the US,
with the death of Ramon Magsaysay; the country was under confusion and the people
beginning to ask Recto for some answers that would shed some light regarding the country’s
political philosophy. However Recto was not able to finish what he started because he dies in
waiting for his father to return, Lam-ang decided he would go look for him.

5. Rome of a heart attack. With Recto’s death, the cultural scene in the Philippines became an
extension of the US; many major publications in New York were brought to the Manila. Literary
works included were poetry, fiction and drama, the latest literary fads in the west spread like
wildfire. Some of the creative writers whose works were read by Filipinos were Jean-Paul
Sartre, Albert Camus, Norman Miller, Harold Pinter, Edward Albee, Jean Genet, and Samuel
Beckett.
The literary figures and their works during this time were:
KerimaPolotan(1925- ) – Stories (1968)
Tony Perez(1951- ) – Hoy Boyet (1968), Bombita (1981)]
Paul Dumol(1951- ) – AngPaglilitisniMangSerapio(1969)
Emmanuel Torres(1931- ) – Angels and Fugitives (1966), Shapes of Silence (1972)
Nick Joaquin(1917- ) – The Woman Who had Two Navels (1961)
NVM Gonzalez (1917- ) – Season of Grace (1956), The Bamboo Dancers (1959)
Bienvenido Santos (1911-1995) – You Lovely People (1955), Brother my Brother (1960)
Ricaredo Demetillo(1919-1998) – Barter in Panay (1961)
WilfridoNolledo(1934 - ) – But for Lovers (1970)
Growing Militancy of National Consciousness.
In 1961, Jose Ma Sison organized the SCAUP or the Student Cultural Association of the
University of the Philippines. The anti-imperialist ideas of Recto were built as a basis of the
militant nationalism. With the upsurge if nationalism, President Carlos P. Garcia, adopted the
“Filipino First” policy. When DiosdadoMacapagal took over Garcia’s post in 1961, the Philippine
Independence day was changed from July 4 to June 12. This period marked the struggle of
young Filipino writers to put back Tagalog writing at par with its English counterparts who were
composed of the elder writers who left the Filipino tradition. English literature at that time was
also more popular because of publicity, unlike the Tagalog literature which was only confined to
the classrooms. The young Tagalog writers at the time were Rio Alma, Lamberto Antonio,
Federico LicsiEspino, Rogelio Mangahas, Pedro Ricarte, Bienvenido Ramos, Epifanio San Juan Jr.
for poetry and EfrenAbueg, Edgardo Reyes, Eduardo Bautista Reyes, Rogelio Ordonez and
Rogelio Sikat. Edgardo Reyes(1938- ), portrayed in Sa MgaKukonangLiwanag the plight of
probinsyanos who went to the cities for a better life only to find themselves on a harder
situation.
In 1970, mass rallies, demonstrations and marches in public places reached the Filinos through
televisions. Violence and deaths at mass actions were recorded and denounced in newspapers,
radios and televsions. New songs and plays carried messages of the nationalist movements.
PAKSA or the Panulat Para saKaunlaranngSambayanan (Literature for the Advancement of the
People) was founded – literature that was political in content and intent came out.
waiting for his father to return, Lam-ang decided he would go look for him.

6. Discussions regarding culture were referenced to two thinkers of this time. Mao Zedong, the
Chinese Communist leader, and a Filipino Essayist by the name of Renato Constantino who
wrote, The Making of a Filipino, a biography of Claro M. Recto, The Philippines: A Past Revisited
and The Philippines: The Continuing Past, both about the history of the Philippines.
The Philippine Literature Under the Martial Law
With the nationalist movement gaining strength, and posing a threat to the government,
President Marcos declared the country under Martial Law. With the suppression of press
freedom, the writers could no longer write freely which is why they went underground so that
they can continue what they were doing. While in hiding, they came up with songs and dramas
that fired up the resistance. The nationalist movement also tapped into the power of organized
women, the MAKIBAKA (MalayangKilusanngBagongKababaihan) whose pupose was to produce
female literary artists and with the intent of spreading feminist consciousness. Some of the
female literary writers of MAKIBAKA were Lualhati Bautista (fictionist, TV and scriptwriter), Aida
Santos (Poet Essayist), Malou Jacob (playwright), ElyniaMabanglo (poet), Marjorie Evasco
(poet), Fanny Garcia (fictionist), Rosalie Matilac (playwright and fictionist), Lilia Q. Santiago
(poet, fictionist, critic), and Joi Barrios (poet and playwright). Between 1965 and 1985, many
Filipino playwrights emerged and theatre activity all over the country was bolstered. What was
presumed to be lost with the withdrawal of sarswela to the outskirts, came back in the form
“cultural presentations”, which later became a vibrant socially conscious which also enjoyed
profitability because of the interests of paying audiences.
waiting for his father to return, Lam-ang decided he would go look for him.

7. Biagni Lam-ang (Summary)
BIAG NI LAM-ANG (Life of Lam-ang) is pre-Hispanic epic poem of the Ilocano people of the
Philippines. The story was handed down orally for generations before it was written down
around 1640 assumedly by a blind Ilokano bard named Pedro Bucaneg.
BUOD (SUMMARY) OF BIAG NI LAM-ANG
Don Juan and his wife Namongan lived in Nalbuan, now part of La Union in the northern part of
the Philippines. They had a son named Lam-ang. Before Lam-ang was born, Don Juan went to
the mountains in order to punish a group of their Igorot enemies. While he was away, his son
Lam-ang was born. It took four people to help Namongan give birth. As soon as the baby boy
popped out, he spoke and asked that he be given the name Lam-ang. He also chose his
godparents and asked where his father was.
After nine months of waiting for his father to return, Lam-ang decided he would go look for
him. Namongan thought Lam-ang was up to the challenge but she was sad to let him go. During
his exhausting journey, he decided to rest for awhile. He fell asleep and had a dream about his
father's head being stuck on a pole by the Igorot. Lam-ang was furious when he learned what had
happened to his father. He rushed to their village and killed them all, except for one whom he let
go so that he could tell other people about Lam-ang's greatness.
Upon returning to Nalbuan in triumph, he was bathed by women in the Amburayanriver. All the fish
died because of the dirt and odor from Lam-ang's body.
There was a young woman named Ines Kannoyan whom Lam-ang wanted to woo. She lived in
Calanutian and he brought along his white rooster and gray dog to visit her. On the way, Lam-ang met
his enemy Sumarang, another suitor of Ines whom he fought and readily defeated.
Lam-ang found the house of Ines surrounded by many suitors all of whom were trying to catch
her attention. He had his rooster crow, which caused a nearby house to fall. This made Ines look
out. He had his dog bark and in an instant the fallen house rose up again. The girl's parents
witnessed this and called for him. The rooster expressed the love of Lam-ang. The parents agreed
to a marriage with their daughter if Lam-ang would give them a dowry valued at double their
wealth. Lam-ang had no problem fulfilling this condition and he and Ines were married.
It was a tradition to have a newly married man swim in the river for the rarang fish.
Unfortunately, Lam-ang dove straight into the mouth of the water monster Berkakan. Ines had
Marcos get his bones, which she covered with a piece of cloth. His rooster crowed and his dog
barked and slowly the bones started to move. Back alive, Lam-ang and his wife lived happily
ever after with his white rooster and gray dog.
Plot:
The story is a mix of adventure and romance with exciting and unpredictable outcomes.
waiting for his father to return, Lam-ang decided he would go look for him.