Ch19 temperature

2. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
2
‫ﺘﻭﺜﻴــﻕ‬
‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎن‬
Physics for Scientists and Engineers
By
Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett
6th Edition
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬‫اﻟ‬‫اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺪﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫د‬/.‫ﺳﻜﯿﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎء‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬
8-4-2009
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
www.trgma.com
‫م‬‫اﻟﺒﻨﺪ‬
1‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬Physics for Scientists and Engineers
Raymond A. Serway & John W. Jewett
2‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬
3‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻢ‬
4‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬
5‫اﻟﻠﻐﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬
6‫اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻒ‬
7‫اﻟﻔﺌﺔ‬
11‫اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ‬

3. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
3
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬thermodynamics‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ،‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬(‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬.‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ،‫ﻨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬.‫ﻓﻔﻲ‬‫ﺍﻷﻋﻭﺍﻡ‬1829‫ﺃﺜﺒﺘﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻉ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬.‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺒﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬1827،‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻅ‬Robert Brown‫ﺤﺒﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻌﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎﺡ‬‫ﻷﺨﺭ‬‫ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﺇﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ‬‫ﻹﺜﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬1905،
Albert‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‬
Brownian motion.‫ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻨﺸﺘﺎﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﺒﺕ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼﺎﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ‬‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‬‫ﻤﺘﻌﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬.‫ﻫﺫ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻫﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺡ‬
‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻌﻨﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻧﮭﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻂ‬ ‫أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬Tazlina‫ﻓﻲ‬Alaska.‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ،‫ﯾﺴﺨﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫طﺒﯿﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ذوﺑﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ﻓﺎن‬ ‫وﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻮاء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬‫ﻨﺒﺩﺃ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ،‫ﻨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬.
،‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻉ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻌﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬‫ﺃﻟﺒﺭﺕ‬‫ﺍﻴﻨﺸﺘﻴﻥ‬EinsteinAlbert
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬Brownian motion
‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼﺎﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻫﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬.‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻌﻨﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬.
Alyeska‫ھﻮ‬‫ﻧﮭﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻂ‬ ‫أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫طﺒﯿﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ذوﺑﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻮاء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬

4. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
4
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻔﺴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻫل‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‬
‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ؟‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻓﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎت‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ؟‬ ‫ﻏﺮﯾﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫واﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬.‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺪرس‬ ‫ﺳﻮف‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻦ‬‫اﻟﺤﺮاري؟‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻔﺴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬
‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ؟‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬.
‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎت‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ؟‬ ‫ﻏﺮﯾﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫واﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬

5. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
5
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
Temperature and zeroth law of
thermodynamics
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
Temperature and the Celsius
temperature scale
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ‬
The constant-volume gas
thermometer and the absolute
temperature scale
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬
Thermal expansion of solids
and liquids
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬
Macroscopic description of an
ideal gas
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻫﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻫﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬

6. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
6
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﺄﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﻨﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ‬temperature‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬heat
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺒﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
zeroth law‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻨﻨﺎﻗﺵ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ،‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬.‫ﺴﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﻴل‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺘﺴﺨﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻫﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬macroscopic‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻨﺭﻜﺯ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺭﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ،microscopic‫ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﺄﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﻨﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬internal energy.‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺒﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬zeroth law
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻨﻨﺎﻗﺵ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ،‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺘﺴﺨﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺱ‬‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻫﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬21‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺭﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ،
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬

7. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬Temperate and the
zeroth law of thermodynamics
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺨﻭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﺭﺒﻁ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﻠﻤﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﻌﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ‬.‫ﺃﻱ‬‫ﺇﻨﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺍﺴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﻨﺎ‬.‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺱ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ،‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬
،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬‫ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺒﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﻨﺎ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻙ‬
‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﻟﻬﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺱ‬.
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻤﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‬‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﻴﻌﻭﺩ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬‫ﺃﺴﺭﻉ‬‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺩل‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬‫ﺃﺴﺭﻉ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺩل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬‫ﻟﻸﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬‫ﻋﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﻁﻭﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺀ‬‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬
‫ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬‫ﻓﺈﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﻼﻥ‬
،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻨﺨﻠﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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1.19‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
zeroth law of thermodynamics
‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺃﻏﻠﺏ‬‫ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﺨﻭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﺭﺒﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺍﺴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺨﺩﻋﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬.،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺴﻨﺸﻌﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺭﺩ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‬‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻤﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺩل‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻴﺩ‬.‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬‫ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ‬‫ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺩل‬.‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﻡ‬thermometer‫ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬.،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬

8. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬.‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻤﺜل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻐﻠﻲ‬.
‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻨﻌﺭﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬:‫ﻤﺜل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬thermal equilibrium.‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺯﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﻴل‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬‫ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬.‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬‫ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬‫ﺍﺭﺓ‬.
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬1.19‫اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﯾﻮﺿﺢ‬.
)a(‫و‬)b(‫إذا‬‫اﻟﺘﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬)‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬C(‫ﺣﺮارﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬A‫واﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬B‫ﻓﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﯾﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻼ‬A‫و‬B‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬.)c(‫اﻧ‬ ‫أي‬‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﮫ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﻤﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮاري‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎدل‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬A‫و‬B‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺮاري‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﮭﻤﺎ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻐﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻔﻬﻡ‬‫ﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬thermal contact‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺯﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﻴل‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬.‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬

9. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
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thermal equilubrium‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺼﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬.
‫ﺍﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ‬ ،‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬C‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬A‫ﻭ‬B‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻡ‬.‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬،‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﺒﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻨﺘﻅﺭ‬
‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﻘﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﻨﺩﻭﻥ‬‫ﺓ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺱ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬B
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺌﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺩل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺘﻴﻥ‬A‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬B
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬A‫ﻭ‬B‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺎ‬19.1c‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻨﻠﺨﺹ‬zeroth law of thermodynamics
thermal equilibrum law.
zeroth law of thermodynamics
‫ﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬C‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻼ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ،A‫ﻭ‬B‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬thermal equilubrium
‫ﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ‬A‫ﻭ‬B‫ﺍﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ‬ ،‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬
)‫ﺘ‬‫ﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬(‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬C(‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬A‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬19.1a.‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﻘﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬19.1b.‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺌﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻨﻠﺨﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬thermal equilibrum law
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬zeroth law of thermodynamics
‫ﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬A‫ﻭ‬B‫ﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬.

10. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺴﺎﻁﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻭﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬.‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﺃﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻥ‬.‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬‫ﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ،‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬.
‫ﺍﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺘﻘل‬)a(‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
،‫ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬)c(‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺴﺎﻁﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻭﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﺅﺍل‬19.1
‫ﺠﺴﻤ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
،‫ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬)b(،‫ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺃ‬‫ﻜﺒﺭ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻗل‬.

11. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
11
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬Thermometers and Celsius
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬.‫ﻭﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﺍﺕ‬‫ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬.
‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭ‬‫ﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬)‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺏ‬(‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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2.19‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
temperature scale
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
)1(‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬.
)2(‫ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬.
)3(‫ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻀﻐﻁ‬.
)4(‫ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬.
)5(‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬
)6(‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﻥ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺏ‬

12. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
12
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﺱ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬Celsius
‫ﻭﺘﻜﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ،0o
C‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ،‫ﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﺱ‬.
‫ﻤﻘﺎﺴﻪ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬،‫ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻨﺄﺨﺫ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬100o
C‫ﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻴﺼل‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﻴﻌﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺭﻀﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬100o
C‫ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ‬100‫ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻡ‬.‫ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ‬‫ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬5‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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2.19.(‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻷﻨﺒﻭﺒﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻭﺒﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬
‫ﻴﺸﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
scale‫ﻭﺘﻜﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ،
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ‬‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﻤﻘﺎﺴﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻨﺄﺨﺫ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﺇﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬.‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻴﺼل‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺭﻀﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬0‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ‬100‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬5‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﺱ‬.

13. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
13
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﺠل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ‬ ،‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻔﻕ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭﻟﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻘﻲ‬100o
C‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭ‬‫ﻴﺸﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺘ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬50o
C‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ‬‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
100o
C‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ‬500o
C
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭﻟﻲ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺫﻩ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﺠل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻔﻕ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻵ‬‫ﺨﺭ‬‫ﻴﺸﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬.
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬C
‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬

14. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
14
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬2.19‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ‬

15. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
15
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻕ‬‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻘﻲ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻗل‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬-39o
C‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭﻟﻲ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ،.،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺏ‬‫ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ‬‫ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻓﻴ‬‫ﻪ‬.‫ﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬The constant-
volume gas thermometer and the absolute temperature scale
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬3.19.‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺜﺒﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬.‫ﺃﻭل‬‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻏﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬B‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﻔﻀﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻓﻌﻪ‬A‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﻤﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻕ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻗل‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻋﻠﻲ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬85o
C‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ،
‫ﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺘﻪ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬.
3.19‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬
volume gas thermometer and the absolute temperature scale
‫ﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺘﻲ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺜﺒﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬
،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬3.19‫ﯾﻘﯿﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺪورق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻮض‬.‫ا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬‫ﻟﺪورق‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮدع‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫طﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘ‬B
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻜﻮن‬Aً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘ‬.
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺪورق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻮض‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮدع‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫طﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻜﻮن‬

16. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
16
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬19.3.‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬h‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺜل‬B
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬ ،0o
C.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ‬ ‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺫ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻡ‬ ،‫ﻴﻐﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻏﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬B‫ﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ‬‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬A‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬.‫ﻴﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬ ،‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬.‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻀﺒﻁ‬B‫ﺃﻋﻁﺎﻨﺎ‬‫ﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺤﺼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﺴﻡ‬4.19.‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬.‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬‫ﻤﺎ‬‫ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻨﻘﻭﻡ‬ ،‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻴﺱ‬
‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻀﺒﻁ‬B‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻴﺼل‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬.‫ﻴﺸﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻀﻐﻁ‬‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‬‫ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻓﻨﺎ‬4.19‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل‬.
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﺘﻴﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬)‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬5.19.(‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺽ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ‬A‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ‬ ‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺫ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻡ‬ ،‫ﻴﻐﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻏﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ‬B‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻕ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬100o
C.‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺤﺼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﺴﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ‬‫ﻷﻱ‬‫ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬A‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻓﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻨﺎ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬.‫ﺒﻴﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻀﻐﻁ‬‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﻴﺘﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬4.19‫ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬‫ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز‬.‫ﺗﻤﺜﻼن‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺟﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط‬)‫اﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺨﺎر‬.(
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺟﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺨﺎر‬

17. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
17
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺠﺎرب‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ودرﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﺿﺢ‬‫أﺟﺮﯾﺖ‬‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬.‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬‫إن‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‬‫إن‬‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫أﻧﻮاع‬‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‬‫إﻟﻰ‬‫ﺣﺮا‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬‫رة‬-273.15o
C.
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬5.19‫ﻤﺫﻫﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬-‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬-273.15o
C!‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﺡ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬5.19‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺠﺎرب‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ودرﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﻮت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫اﻟﺘﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫وﯾﺆول‬‫أﻧﻮاع‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬

18. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
18
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻜﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬absolute temperature scale‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬absolute zero.‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻘﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ‬.‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻁﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬)1.19(
TC = T -273.15 (19.1)
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﺱ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬T‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‬.
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ،‫ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﻥ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬triple point of water‫ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ،
‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻻﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬0.01o
C‫ﻴﻌﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻐﻁ‬4.58mm‫ﺯﺌﺒﻕ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬kelvin‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ،273.16،‫ﻜﻠﻔﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺘﺠﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻔﻕ‬ ‫ﻥ‬.‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻜﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬-273.15o
C‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻁﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬
(19.1)
‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬TC‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﺱ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ،‫ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ‬1954
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬
‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬.‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻜﺘﺏ‬273.16 K.‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻔﻕ‬ ‫ﻥ‬

19. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
19
Kelvin scale‫ﻜﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬SI،
1/273.16‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬.
‫اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬ ‫وﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﺿﺢ‬.‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺬرات‬ ‫اﻟﻠﯿﺰر‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ،‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫اﻗﺘﺮب‬
‫ﻟﻮﻏﺎرﺛﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ‬.
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬0 K)‫ﺘﺤﻭﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻡ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﺼﻠﺏ‬(‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫؟‬
‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬21‫ﻨﺜﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﺩﻴﺎ‬.‫ﺘﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺎ‬ ،‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﻘﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ،‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻜﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺜﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ،‫ﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬zero-
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ،.
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
www.trgma.com
‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‬‫ﻜﻠﻔﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬Kelvin scale
‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬1/273.16
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬6.19‫اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬ ‫وﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬)0K(‫ﻟﻠﺬرات‬ ‫اﻟﻠﯿﺰر‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ،‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮا‬.‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬‫إن‬‫ﻟﻮﻏﺎرﺛﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺫﺍ‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬
5.19،‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺫﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﺩﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﻘﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ،‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻜﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬
‫ﺃﺴﻔل‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬.‫ﺘﻌﺩل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‬‫ﻭﺘﺜﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬
point energy‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ، ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬6.19

20. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
20
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﻨﻬﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﺯﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬The Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin
‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ‬TC‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺯﺍﺤﺔ‬T‫ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬273.15o
.‫ﻻﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﻠﻴﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﺯﻱ‬5o
C‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬5 K.‫ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎﺒل‬0.00o
C‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ،
100.00o
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﻱ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﺌﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ‬‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﻬﺭﻨﻬ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻓﺘﺭﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﺃﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬32o
F‫ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬‫ﻬﺭﻨﻬ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻲ‬
FTT o
CF 325
9
 (19.2)
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬2.19‫ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﻨﻬﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﺯﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬
Temperature Scales
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬1.19‫ﺘﻭﻀﺢ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﻠﻴﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬273.15 K‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎﺒل‬
373.15 K‫ﺩﺭﺠ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬o
C
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﺌﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ‬
Fahrenheit scale.‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻓﺘﺭﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬
212o
F.‫ﻭﺍﻟ‬‫ﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬
(19.2)
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬1.19‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﻱ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﻨﻬ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴﺘﻲ‬:

21. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
21
FTTC  5
9
(19.3)
‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻔﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ،‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﺜﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ‬T‫ﻓﻴﻬ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭل‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﻜﻠﻔﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬.‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‬‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻁﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬3.19‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻔﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬‫ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍل‬.
‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أي‬‫اﻷزواج‬‫ﺣﺮارﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ،‫ﻣﺎدﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺜﻞ‬‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮﺗﯿﻦ‬‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬‫؟‬)a(
‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﺟﺎج‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﻛﻮب‬ ،50o
C)b(‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﻐﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬100o
C‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن‬ ‫وﻛﺤﻮل‬ ،
‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬-20o
C‫وﻟﮭﺐ‬ ،‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬233o
C)d(‫ﯾﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫اﻷﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫زوج‬ ‫أي‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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(19.3)
‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬‫ﺭﻴﺠ‬‫ﺎﺕ‬‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻔﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ،‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﺜﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺼﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬.‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬.،‫ﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻨﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬T‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀل‬‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﺅﺍل‬2.19
‫اﻓﺘﺮض‬‫اﻷزواج‬‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬.‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أي‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﻐﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬100o
C‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﺟﺎج‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﻛﻮب‬ ،
‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬-50o
C)c(‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫زوج‬ ‫أي‬

22. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
22
‫ﻜﻠﻔﻥ؟‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬
C
TT
o
FC
10
)32(9
5


K
TT C
283
15.273


‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻫﺭﻨﻬﻴﺘﻲ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻔﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻔﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬
CTT o
C 2580 
TT CF (9
5
9
5

‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬1.19‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬
‫ﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬50o
F،‫ﻜﻠﻔﻥ؟‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤل‬:‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ‬2.19‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺤﺼل‬ ،
)3250() 9
5

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬1.19‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺤﺼل‬ ،
Co
15.23710 
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬2.19‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﺨﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬25o
C‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬80o
C‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻫﺭﻨﻬﻴﺘﻲ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻔﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤل‬:‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬3.19‫ﻨﺭﻯ‬ ،‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻔﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬
KCC oo
555525 
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬3.19‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺤﺼل‬ ،
FC oo
99)55( 

23. ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
23
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬‫ﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل‬‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻤ‬‫ﻬﺎ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬thermal expansion،
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺼﻴﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻜﻙ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ،‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﺍﻋﻰ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬.‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ‬‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭ‬‫ﺘﺨﻴل‬ ،‫ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺤﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻗﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬3.15‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ‬12.15b.
‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺼل‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺫﺒﺫﺏ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬10-10
m.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ،‫ﺴﻌﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺫﺒﺫﺏ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫د‬.‫ﺳﻛﯾك‬ ‫ﻓﻼح‬ ‫ﺣﺎزم‬
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4.19‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻭﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﺜﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺯﺌﺒﻘﻲ‬‫ﻜﺄﺤﺩ‬‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ‬‫ﺯﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬‫ﺤﺠﻤ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬
7.19‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻜﻙ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ،
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‬‫ﻟﻠ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺤﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻗﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻨﺒﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺼل‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺫﺒﺫﺏ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬
10-11
m‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺭﺩﺩﻫﺎ‬1013
Hz.‫ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ،‫ﺴﻌﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺫﺒﺫﺏ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬7.19