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1
REVIEW
1 2 3 4 5
A 1 1 1 1 1
B 1 0 0 0 0
C 0 0 1 1 1
Outgroup 0 0 0 0 0 EVOLUTION OF PLANTS
OBICO JJA, Instructor
Department of Biology

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cell wall
Elodea (Hydrocharitaceae - Alismatales)
chloroplasts
thylakoids
granum
amyloplasts (starch
grains):
alpha-1,4-glucopyranoside
stroma
chloroplast:
chlorophyll a & b
grana
starch
HAPLOID (n)
Multicelled Stage
(Adult)
Egg
(n)
Sperm
(n)
Spores
(n)
mitosis
HAPLONTIC
Oogamy
HAPLOID (n)
Multicelled Stage
(Adult)
Gamete
(n)
Spores
(n)
mitosis
HAPLONTIC
Isogamy
Gamete
(n)
Zygote
(2n)
fertilizationmeiosis
Zygote
(2n)
fertilizationmeiosis
A B

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Charales - oogamy
oogonium
Coleochaete
Nitella Chara
plasmodesmata
middle lamella
CELL #1 CELL #2
plasma
membrane
cell wall:
cellulosic
plasmodesmata (in some Green Plants)
cellulosic cell wall
middle lamellamembrane
The Land Plants
=Embryophyta (embryophytes)
The first colonization of plants on land during the
Silurian period ca 400 million years agoSilurian period, ca. 400 million years ago.
Land Plants now dominate the earth.

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Two possible hypotheses:
GAMETOPHYTE
(n)
Egg
(n)
Sperm
(n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC
("Alternation of
Generations")
Spores
(n)
lost by reduction and modification
in the Angiosperms
and some Gnetales
Archegonium
(n)
Antheridium
(n)
meiosis
mitosis
}
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers,
Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
Sporocyte
(2n)
produce
(n) (n)
Zygote
(2n)
SPOROPHYTE
(2n)
Embryo
(2n)
Sporangium
(2n)
fertilization
mitosismitosis

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antheridiu
m
antheridiu
m
Marchantia (liverwort) Mnium (moss)
sperm cells
egg cell
Marchantia (liverwort)
archegonium
neck
“Bryophytes” paraphyletic

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Liverworts
Hornworts
Mosses
“Bryophytes”
Liverworts -
Hepaticae
Two basic forms:
-thalloid
-leafy
Asterella sp. 1

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Asterella sp. 2
Bazannia
a leafy liverwort
Conocephalum sp.
Fossombronia sp.

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pore
pore
gemmae
Marchantia
gemma cup
Marchantia
sporophyte spores
elaters
stomate

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Hornworts
(Anthocerotae)
Hornworts

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Mosses
(Musci)
calyptra
operculum
peristome
tooth
mature capsule
(sporangium)
spores
sporophyte
(2n)
antheridia
germinating
spore
protonema
operculum
peristome teeth
gametophyte
(n)
archegonia
costa
embryo
(2n)
archegonial
neck
GAMETOPHYTE
(n)
Egg
(n)
Sperm
(n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC
("Alternation of
Generations")
Spores
(n)
lost by reduction and modification
in the Angiosperms
and some Gnetales
Archegonium
(n)
Antheridium
(n)
meiosis
mitosis
}
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers,
Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
Sporocyte
(2n)
produce
(n) (n)
Zygote
(2n)
SPOROPHYTE
(2n)
Embryo
(2n)
Sporangium
(2n)
fertilization
mitosismitosis

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sporophyte
(2n)
antheridia
costaarchegonial
neck
gametophyte
archegonia
embryo
(2n)
calyptra
operculum
peristome
tooth
mature capsule
(sporangium)
spores
sporophyte
(2n)
antheridia
germinating
spore
protonema
operculum
peristome teeth
costa
embryo
archegonial
neck
spore
(n) protonema
spore
(n)

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spore
(n) protonema
spore
(n) protonema gametophyte (n)
spore
(n) protonema gametophyte (n)
archegonium antheridium
spore
(n) protonema gametophyte (n)
fertilization
archegonium antheridiumsporophyte (2n)

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meiosis
spore
(n) protonema gametophyte (n)
fertilization
archegonium antheridiumsporophyte (2n)
Sphagnum Peat Moss Sphagnum Peat Moss