PATHOLOGY /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

Pathology
An Introduction….

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INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education


Man is the
Architect of his
life…


Epidemiology
Etiology - Causes
Pathogenesis - Evolution
Morphology - Structural
Changes
Clinical Significance –
Functional Changes
Management
Complications
Prevention


Pathology

Study of Disease:

Pathology
Study of what is abnormal or
wrong or disease…!
“Scientific Study of Disease”
Normal  Abnormal  Treat


Pathology
“Is the foundation of medical
science and practice.
Without pathology, the
practice of medicine would
be reduced to myths and
folklore”

Diagnosis
What is “Diagnosis”?
– The formal name(s) used to describe a
patient’s disease
– The process of identifying a disease based on
the patient’s symptoms, the doctor’s findings,
and the results of investigations and laboratory
tests

What do you need to make a diagnosis?
– A system of classification that supplies the
necessary names, definitions, and criteria
– The means to ascertain the defining
characteristics of a disease in the individual
patient

History of Pathology
“animism” – Philosophies of Plato –
God/devil
Magic – Primitive thoughts
Humors – Phlegm – excess/deficiency –
c300
Abiogenesis – Spontaneous – upto c1800
Environmental – Modern – 1850 to present
Genetic – Molecular pathology – 20th
century

Past and Present….!
In the past, .. people mistook magic
for medicine…!
Now people mistake medicine for
magic….!

Scope of Pathology
Experimental Pathology
Clinical Pathology


Subdivisions of clinical
Pathology:
Histopathology
Cytopathology
Haematology
Microbiology
Immunology
Chemical Pathology
Genetics
Toxicology
Forensic Pathology

Histopathologist
Cytologist
Haematologist
Microbiologist
Biochemist
Geneticist
Toxicologist
Forensic Pathologist
Molecular Biologist


Learning Pathology:
General Pathology
–Common changes in all tissues.
E.g.. Inflammation, cancer,
ageing.

Systemic Pathology
–Specific changes in organs.
E.g.. Goiter, pneumonia, breast
cancer.

Study of Disease: (Pathology)
Epidemiology
Etiology - Causes
Pathogenesis - Evolution
Morphology - Structural Changes
Clinical Significance – Functional
Changes
Management
Complications
Prevention

Etiology:
Environmental agents:
– Physical
– Chemical
– Nutritional
– Infections
– Immunological
– Psychological

Genetic Factors:
– Age
– Genes

Multifactorial:

Multifactorial Etiology:
Diseases are “caused” due to
internal or external factors.
Multifactorial:
No more “one cause to one disease”

Genetic factors affect acquired
diseases and environment has
profound effect on genetic
diseases.

Classification of Diseases:
Developmental – genetic, congenital.
Inflammatory – Trauma, infections,
immune, etc.
Neoplastic – tumors cancers
Degenerative – ageing.


Pathogenesis:
“Sequence of events in the response
of cells & tissues to a
stimulus/pathogen” starting from the
initial stimulus to the ultimate
expression of disease.”
Gross and microscopic Structure,
Function, Chemistry & molecular
mechanisms.

Morphology:
Structural and associated functional
changes in cells, tissues and organs
that are characteristic of the disease
or condition.


Clinical Significance:
Functional derangements and its
clinical manifestations resulting from
the morphologic changes.
Signs and symptoms, course and
prognosis of disease depend on the
morphology.


Techniques in Pathology:
Gross Pathology:
Light Microscopy
Histochemistry, Biochemical
Immunohistochemistry
Electron Microscopy
Cell Cultures, Medical
Microbiology
Molecular Pathology

Sample Case:


Clinical Details:
34 year Fijian male
Neck swelling, 2-3 months,
Fever, weight loss,
no other lymphadenopathy
Lymphnode biopsy done


Right neck mass


Lymphnode Biopsy
•Diffuse
tumour
•Capsule


Lymphnode Biopsy
•Large cells
•Mitotic
figures


Histiocytic/Tcell NHL
Diffuse pattern – no follicles.
Large cells with moderate cytoplasm
Plenty of mitotic figures, Nuclei are
vesicular prominent nucleoli
Features suggest T-cell NHL –
malignant lymphoma.
Needs further marker studies for
typing & management.
cancer Chemotherapy.

Pathology Summary:
Etiology:
– Carcinogenesis. DNA Damage, Mutation.

Pathogenesis:
– Uncontrolled cell division, tumor.

Morphology:
– Enlarged lymphnodes, liver, spleen,
microscopically – lymphoma cells.

Clinical Features:
– Fever, Wt loss, tumor-Ln, Liver, Spleen.

"Never does a man portray
his character more vividly
than when he is proclaiming
the character of another."
Winston Churchill
1874-1965, Former British Prime Minister

Leader in continuing dental education


PATHOLOGY /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

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PATHOLOGY /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy