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THE ARM PROGRAM NETWORK OF
   MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS:
 INSTRUMENTATION, DATA, AND
         RETRIEVALS

         M.P. Cadeddu1 and D.D. Turner2
      1ArgonneNational Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
2NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK 73072, USA




         IEEE International Geosciences and Remote Sensing Symposium
                         24-29 July 2011 Vancouver, CA
US DOE ARM Program Climate
     Research Facilities
Inside a Facility
  GVR   MWRP        MWR
The number of microwave radiometers was
recently expanded to cover the frequency range 22
                 to 183.31 GHz

          MWR: 23.8, 31.4 GHz

                                GVR: 183.3±1,3,7,14 GHz


          MWRP: 22 - 59 GHz


                                  GVRP: 170 - 183.3 GHz

          MWRHF: 90,150 GHz
MWR          MWRHF GVR GVRP
      MWRP
Higher frequencies have higher sensitivity to
                                        PWV and LWP
tb(cloudy) - tb(clear)



                         40                                                                200
                                  150                                                                                 MWRHF
                         30                                                                150




                                                              Brightness temperature (K)
                                   90
                                  31.4
                         20                                                                100
                                  23.8
                                                                                           50                          MWR
                         10

                                                                                            0
                         0
                                                                                                 0   1    2   3   4     5     6
                              0    20    40   60   80   100                                300

                                         LWP                                               250
                                                                                           200
                                                                                                               183.3±1
                                                                                           150
                                                                                                               183.3±3
                                                                                           100            GVR 183.3±7
                                                                                           50             GVRP 183.3±14
                                                                                            0
                                                                                                 0        1       2           3

                                                                                                         PWV (cm)
Current RMS Error for the MWR retrievals is ~ 0.5
mm for PWV and ~0.25 mm for LWP

   Decrease PWV RMSE in the Arctic to less than
    10% by using the 183 GHz line


   Decrease LWP RMSE to ~ 0.10-0.15 mm in
    all climates by using 90, 150, 170 GHz
…However the higher frequencies present
             new challenges
In the past 4 years 5 TGARS papers were published that used
ARM data between 50 and 183 GHz to improve microwave
spectroscopy at higher frequencies (1 paper on the 183.3 line
width [1], 2 papers on the microwave water vapor continuum
[2,3], 1 paper on the oxygen line parameters [4], 1 paper on
water dielectric models at [5].)
[1] V. H. Payne, J. S. Delamere, K. E. Cady-Pereira, et al., Air-broadened half-widths of the 22- and 183-
GHz water-vapor lines, vol 46, pp 3601-3617, 2008.
[2] D. D. Turner, M. P. Cadeddu, U. Lohnert, S. Crewell, A. M. Vogelmann, Modifications to the water
vapor continuum in the microwave suggested by ground-based 150-GHz observations, vol. 47, no. 10, pp.
3326-3337, 2009.
[3] V. H. Payne, E. J. Mlawer K. E. Cady-Pereira J.-L. Moncet, Water Vapor continuum in the
microwave vol 49, vol. 6, pp 2194-2208, 2011.
[4] M. P. Cadeddu, V. H. Payne, S. A. Clough, K. Cady-Pereira, and J. C. Liljegren, The effect of the
oxygen line-parameter modeling on temperature and humidity retrievals from ground-based microwave
radiometers, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 2216-2223, 2007.
[5] M. P. Cadeddu D. D. Turner , Evaluation of Water Permittivity Models From Ground-Based
Observations of Cold Clouds at Frequencies Between 23 and 170 GHz,
DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2011.2121074, 2011.
Radiometers Calibration
 All radiometers that calibrate with tip curves use an
 automated calibration algorithm developed within the
 ARM program.
Tip calibration data from 3/11-SGP 30 GHz   1. Voltages, calibration
                                               and diagnostic data
                                               are stored in data files
Tnd                                            and archived.

            Days in March 2011              2. Cryogenic calibration
                                               records are kept in a
The tip calibration algorithm is               calibration database
fully automated with a dynamic
tracking of the noise diode                 3. All datasets can be
temperature and is described in                reprocessed if needed
several documents.
Data Quality Control
    Data from the ARM microwave radiometers are
    subject to layers of quality control

    Data quality flags

    Data Quality Office (obvious problems with the data)

    Monthly reviews by mentor and monthly quality
     reports
    Segments of bad data are flagged through Data
     Quality Reports (DQR)
PWV and LWP Retrievals
   PWV and LWP for the MWR at all sites are retrieved with a
    statistical algorithm seasonally trained with radiosonde data
    (physical retrievals are available at selected site)

    Wide dynamic range:
    PWV: 0-10 cm      Retrieval uncertainty ~0.5 mm PWV
    LWP: 0-3 mm (3000 g/m2) Retrieval uncertainty 0.25 mm

   At the North Slope of Alaska neural network PWV
    retrievals from the GVR (183 GHz) are available and
    LWP retrievals are in development
GVR retrievals at the North Slope of Alaska
             Higher frequencies (170-183 GHz) are useful in very
             dry conditions during the Arctic winter (PWV < 5 mm)
PWV error percentage %




                         30                                                                        NSA Jan+July 2007




                                                              Retrieved LWP distribution %
                                                                                             30
                         20
                                                                                             20

                                                                                             10
                         10
                                                                                              0
                                                                                             15

                         0                                                                   10
                              0    5    10   15   20     25
                                                                                             5
                                  PWV from radiosondes                                       0
                                                                                                  0 20 40 60 80 100   0 20 40 60 80 100
                                                                                                               LWP
             New PWV retrievals from the
             GVR are available                                 LWP retrievals from the GVR
                                                               and GVRP are in development
Temperature and humidity profiles
    Statistical retrievals of T and H profiles are available at two
     ARM sites
    Temporal and vertical resolution trade-off
    Elevated inversions and moisture gradients difficult to resolve




Figure from: J. C. Liljegren, Initial evaluation of profiles of temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid water from a new
microwave radiometer, 11th Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program Science Team Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia.,
19-23 March 2001.
NSA, PWV~ 0.8 cm
              10

              8
Height (km)




              6

              4

                                                                                   Azores, PWV~1.8 cm
              2
                                                                         10
              0
                   -60 -40 -20 -5 0   1   2   3 0 50 100   200 8
                     T(C)         WVd g/m3        RH %
                                                                         6
                                                           Height (km)
                                                                         4

                                                                         2

                                                                         0
                                                                              -50 -30 10 10   0   5   10 0   50 100 150

                                                                                 T(C)         WVd g/m3       RH %
New generation of 3-channel radiometers
will be deployed in 2011-2012 at all sites

   23.8, 30, 89 GHz
   Improved stability

   Narrower FOV

   2 and 3 channel
    retrievals in development

   Gradual replacement
    of 2-channel MWRs
Data availability
                 MWR           MWRP          GVR        GVRP       MWRHF       MWR3C
                                NSA                                 SGP
   Sites          ALL                        NSA         NSA                      ALL
                                AMF1                                AMF1
Frequencies                                 183.3 ±
               23.8, 31.4       22-59                  170-183.3   90, 150    23.8, 30, 89
    GHz                                     1,3,7,14
                                PWVA
                PWVA                        PWVA        PWV*        PWV*         PWV*
 Retrievals                     LWPA
                 LWPA                       LWP*        LWP*        LWP*         LWP*
                             T&H ProfilesA
               Statistical                  Neural     Neural                  Statistical
 Algorithm                    Statistical                          Physical
               Physical                     Network    Network                 Physical

Availability     1993-          2004-        2006-      2008-       2008-        2012-
Summary
The DOE ARM Climate Research Facility has expanded the
network of microwave radiometers to cover frequencies
between 22 and 183.3 GHz. All radiometers are consistently
calibrated and data subject to stringent quality control

The new radiometers were designed to reduce the RMS error of
PWV and LWP retrievals in regions such as the Arctic and in
optically thin clouds

New retrievals involving the use of higher frequencies (90-183
GHz) are in development (some are already available) and will
supplement the standard ARM retrievals (23.8 and 31.4 GHz)

Data and retrievals are freely available for download from the
ARM archives (www.archive.arm.gov)

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the_ARM_program_network_of_microwave_radiometers_instrumentation_data_and_retrievals1.pdf

  • 1. THE ARM PROGRAM NETWORK OF MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS: INSTRUMENTATION, DATA, AND RETRIEVALS M.P. Cadeddu1 and D.D. Turner2 1ArgonneNational Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA 2NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK 73072, USA IEEE International Geosciences and Remote Sensing Symposium 24-29 July 2011 Vancouver, CA
  • 2. US DOE ARM Program Climate Research Facilities
  • 3. Inside a Facility GVR MWRP MWR
  • 4. The number of microwave radiometers was recently expanded to cover the frequency range 22 to 183.31 GHz MWR: 23.8, 31.4 GHz GVR: 183.3±1,3,7,14 GHz MWRP: 22 - 59 GHz GVRP: 170 - 183.3 GHz MWRHF: 90,150 GHz
  • 5. MWR MWRHF GVR GVRP MWRP
  • 6. Higher frequencies have higher sensitivity to PWV and LWP tb(cloudy) - tb(clear) 40 200 150 MWRHF 30 150 Brightness temperature (K) 90 31.4 20 100 23.8 50 MWR 10 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 20 40 60 80 100 300 LWP 250 200 183.3±1 150 183.3±3 100 GVR 183.3±7 50 GVRP 183.3±14 0 0 1 2 3 PWV (cm)
  • 7. Current RMS Error for the MWR retrievals is ~ 0.5 mm for PWV and ~0.25 mm for LWP  Decrease PWV RMSE in the Arctic to less than 10% by using the 183 GHz line  Decrease LWP RMSE to ~ 0.10-0.15 mm in all climates by using 90, 150, 170 GHz
  • 8. …However the higher frequencies present new challenges In the past 4 years 5 TGARS papers were published that used ARM data between 50 and 183 GHz to improve microwave spectroscopy at higher frequencies (1 paper on the 183.3 line width [1], 2 papers on the microwave water vapor continuum [2,3], 1 paper on the oxygen line parameters [4], 1 paper on water dielectric models at [5].) [1] V. H. Payne, J. S. Delamere, K. E. Cady-Pereira, et al., Air-broadened half-widths of the 22- and 183- GHz water-vapor lines, vol 46, pp 3601-3617, 2008. [2] D. D. Turner, M. P. Cadeddu, U. Lohnert, S. Crewell, A. M. Vogelmann, Modifications to the water vapor continuum in the microwave suggested by ground-based 150-GHz observations, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 3326-3337, 2009. [3] V. H. Payne, E. J. Mlawer K. E. Cady-Pereira J.-L. Moncet, Water Vapor continuum in the microwave vol 49, vol. 6, pp 2194-2208, 2011. [4] M. P. Cadeddu, V. H. Payne, S. A. Clough, K. Cady-Pereira, and J. C. Liljegren, The effect of the oxygen line-parameter modeling on temperature and humidity retrievals from ground-based microwave radiometers, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 2216-2223, 2007. [5] M. P. Cadeddu D. D. Turner , Evaluation of Water Permittivity Models From Ground-Based Observations of Cold Clouds at Frequencies Between 23 and 170 GHz, DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2011.2121074, 2011.
  • 9. Radiometers Calibration All radiometers that calibrate with tip curves use an automated calibration algorithm developed within the ARM program. Tip calibration data from 3/11-SGP 30 GHz 1. Voltages, calibration and diagnostic data are stored in data files Tnd and archived. Days in March 2011 2. Cryogenic calibration records are kept in a The tip calibration algorithm is calibration database fully automated with a dynamic tracking of the noise diode 3. All datasets can be temperature and is described in reprocessed if needed several documents.
  • 10. Data Quality Control Data from the ARM microwave radiometers are subject to layers of quality control  Data quality flags  Data Quality Office (obvious problems with the data)  Monthly reviews by mentor and monthly quality reports  Segments of bad data are flagged through Data Quality Reports (DQR)
  • 11. PWV and LWP Retrievals  PWV and LWP for the MWR at all sites are retrieved with a statistical algorithm seasonally trained with radiosonde data (physical retrievals are available at selected site)  Wide dynamic range: PWV: 0-10 cm Retrieval uncertainty ~0.5 mm PWV LWP: 0-3 mm (3000 g/m2) Retrieval uncertainty 0.25 mm  At the North Slope of Alaska neural network PWV retrievals from the GVR (183 GHz) are available and LWP retrievals are in development
  • 12. GVR retrievals at the North Slope of Alaska Higher frequencies (170-183 GHz) are useful in very dry conditions during the Arctic winter (PWV < 5 mm) PWV error percentage % 30 NSA Jan+July 2007 Retrieved LWP distribution % 30 20 20 10 10 0 15 0 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 5 PWV from radiosondes 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 LWP New PWV retrievals from the GVR are available LWP retrievals from the GVR and GVRP are in development
  • 13. Temperature and humidity profiles  Statistical retrievals of T and H profiles are available at two ARM sites  Temporal and vertical resolution trade-off  Elevated inversions and moisture gradients difficult to resolve Figure from: J. C. Liljegren, Initial evaluation of profiles of temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid water from a new microwave radiometer, 11th Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program Science Team Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia., 19-23 March 2001.
  • 14. NSA, PWV~ 0.8 cm 10 8 Height (km) 6 4 Azores, PWV~1.8 cm 2 10 0 -60 -40 -20 -5 0 1 2 3 0 50 100 200 8 T(C) WVd g/m3 RH % 6 Height (km) 4 2 0 -50 -30 10 10 0 5 10 0 50 100 150 T(C) WVd g/m3 RH %
  • 15. New generation of 3-channel radiometers will be deployed in 2011-2012 at all sites  23.8, 30, 89 GHz  Improved stability  Narrower FOV  2 and 3 channel retrievals in development  Gradual replacement of 2-channel MWRs
  • 16. Data availability MWR MWRP GVR GVRP MWRHF MWR3C NSA SGP Sites ALL NSA NSA ALL AMF1 AMF1 Frequencies 183.3 ± 23.8, 31.4 22-59 170-183.3 90, 150 23.8, 30, 89 GHz 1,3,7,14 PWVA PWVA PWVA PWV* PWV* PWV* Retrievals LWPA LWPA LWP* LWP* LWP* LWP* T&H ProfilesA Statistical Neural Neural Statistical Algorithm Statistical Physical Physical Network Network Physical Availability 1993- 2004- 2006- 2008- 2008- 2012-
  • 17. Summary The DOE ARM Climate Research Facility has expanded the network of microwave radiometers to cover frequencies between 22 and 183.3 GHz. All radiometers are consistently calibrated and data subject to stringent quality control The new radiometers were designed to reduce the RMS error of PWV and LWP retrievals in regions such as the Arctic and in optically thin clouds New retrievals involving the use of higher frequencies (90-183 GHz) are in development (some are already available) and will supplement the standard ARM retrievals (23.8 and 31.4 GHz) Data and retrievals are freely available for download from the ARM archives (www.archive.arm.gov)