4. WHAT IS DAP TEST?
IT IS A PSYCHOLOGICAL PROJECTIVE
PERSONALITY AND COGNITIVE TEST USED TO
EVALUATE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS FOR A
VARIETY OF PURPOSES.
IT IS A TEST WHERE THE SUBJECT IS ASKED TO
DRAW A PICTURE OF A MAN, A WOMAN, AND
THEMSELVES. NO FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS
ARE GIVEN AND THE PICTURES ARE ANALYZED
ON A NUMBER OF DIMENSIONS.
A TEST USED TO MEASURE NON VERBAL
INTELLIGENCE OR TO SCREEN EMOTIONAL OR
BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS.
6. HISTORY
THIS TEST WAS ORIGINALLY
DEVELOPED BY FLORENCE
GOODENOUGH IN 1926, THIS TEST WAS
FIRST KNOWN AS THE GOODENOUGH
DRAW- A- MAN TEST.
GOODENOUGH FIRST BECAME
INTERESTED IN FIGURE DRAWING
WHEN SHE WANTED TO FIND A WAY TO
SUPPLEMENT THE STANFORD- BINET
INTELLIGENCE TEST WITH A NON-
VERBAL MEASURE.
7. HISTORY
THIS TEST WAS DEVELOPED TO ASSESS
MATURITY IN YOUNG PEOPLE. SHE
CONCLUDED THAT THE AMOUNT OF
DETAIL INVOLVED IN A CHILD’S
DRAWING COULD BE USED AS AN
EFFECTIVE TOOL. THIS LED TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRST OFFICIAL
ASSESSMENT USING FIGURE DRAWING,
THE DRAW- A- MAN TEST.
8. HISTORY
OVER THE YEARS, THE TEST HAS BEEN
REVISED MANY TIMES WITH ADDED
MEASURES FOR ASSESING
INTELLIGENCE. HARRIS LATER REVISED
THE TEST INCLUDING DRAWINGS OF A
WOMAN, AND OF THEMSELVES. NOW
CONSIDERED AS THE GOODENOUGH-
HARRIS TEST.
9. HISTORY
IN 1949, KAREN MACHOVER DEVELOPED
THE FIRST MEASURE OF FIGURE DRAWING
AS A PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT WITH
THE DRAW- A PERSON TEST. MACHOVER
DID A LOT OF WORK WITH DISTURBED
ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS AND USED
THE TEST TO ASSESS PEOPLE OF ALL
AGES. SHE MEASURE EXPRESSING THAT
THE FEATURES OF THE FIGURES DRAWN,
REFLECT UNDERLYING ATTITUDES,
CONCERNS, AND PERSONALITY TRAITS.
10. HISTORY
MACHOVER USED A QUALITATIVE
APPROACH IN HER INTERPRETATION
CONSIDERING INDIVIDUAL DRAWING
CHARACTERISTICS. BUT OTHERS HAVE
SUGGESTED A MORE QUANTITATIVE
APPROACH THAT CAN BE MORE WIDELY
USED ANALYZING SELECTED
CHARACTERISTICS THAT ARE IN AN INDEX
OF DEEPER MEANINGS.
SOON AFTER THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
TEST, PSYCHOLOGISTS STARTED
CONSIDERING THE TEST FOR MEASURES
OF DIFFERENCESS IN PERSONALITY AS
WELL AS INTELLIGENCE.
11. HISTORY
THE MOST POPULAR QUANTITATIVE
APPROACH WAS DEVELOPED BY
ELIZABETH KOPPITZ. SHE DEVELOPED A
MEASURE OF ASSESMENT THAT HAS A
LIST OF EMOTIONAL INDICATORS
INCLUDING SIZE OF FIGURES, OMISSION
OF BODY PARTS AND SOME ADDITIONAL
“SPECIAL FEATURES”. THE TOTAL
NUMBER OF THE INDICATORS ARE
SIMPLY ADDED UP TO PROVIDE A
NUMBER THAT REPRESENTS THE
LIKENESS OF THE DISTURBANCE.
17. ANALYSIS (MACHOVER)
HEAD:
THE HEAD IS THE CENTER FOR INTELLECTUAL
POWER, SOCIAL BALANCE, AND CONTROL
OVER IMPULSES. A DISPROPORTIONATE HEAD
SUGGESTS THAT THE SUBJECT IS HAVING
DIFFICULTY IN ONE OF THESE AREAS.
DISPROPORTIONATE HEAD CAN ALSO BE
DRAWN BY SOMEONE WHO HAS BRAIN
DAMAGE, SEVERE HEADACHES, OR OTHER
SENSITIVITY OF THE HEAD.
LARGE HEAD- PARANOID, NARCISSISTIC,
INTELLECTUALLY RIGHTEOUS, OR VAIN, ANYTHING
HAVING TO DO WITH A LARGE EGO.
18. ANALYSIS (MACHOVER)
TIMING- PEOPLE WHO DRAW IT LAST SHOWS
DISTURBANCES WITH INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONSHIPS.
NECK- THE NECK OFTEN REPRESENTS THE
CONNECTION BETWEEN THE HEAD AND THE
BODY AN UNDEREMPHASIS MAY REPRESENT
ONE FEELING A DISCONNECTION BETWEEN
THESE TWO THINGS AND COULD SUGGEST:
SCHIZOPHRENIA. HOWEVER, UNDEREMPHASIS
COULD ALSO SUGGESTS FEELINGS OF
PHYSICAL INADEQUACY.
19. ANALYSIS (MACHOVER)
FACE
OMITTING: OMISSION OF FACIAL FEATURES IS AN EXPRESSION OF
AVOIDANCE OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS.
EYES: REVEALS INNER IMAGE OF THE SELF.
EMPHASIS: SUSPICIOUS OF THE OUTSIDE WORLD.
DETAIL: CONCERN WITH SOCIAL FUNCTIONS; A MALE WHO DRAWS
EYELASHES SHOWS HOMOSEXUAL TENDENCIES.
EYES CLOSED/ NO PUPIL: EMOTIONALLY IMMATURE OR PEOPLE WHO WANT
TO SHUT OUT THE WORLD.
PIERCING EYES: PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIC
EYEBROW: AN EMPHASIS ON GOOD OR BAD GROOMING.
20. ANALYSIS (MACHOVER)
NOSE: SEXUAL SYMBOL; EMPHASIS INDICATES
SEXUAL DIFFICULTY, SEXUAL IMMATURITY,
INFERIORITY OR OTHER SEXUAL INSUFICIENCIES
CHIN: IF IT IS NOT INCLUDED, IT MAY BE A WAY OF
COMPENSATING FOR WEAKNESS, INDECISION, OR
A FEAR OF RESPONSIBILITY; IT CAN BE
INTERPRETED AS HAVING A STRONG DRIVE TO BE
SOCIALLY FORCEFUL AND DOMINANT.
LIPS: GIRLS WHO DRAW CUPID- BOW LIPS ARE
CONSIDERED SEXUALLY PRECOCIOUS. FULL LIPS
ON A MALE REPRESENTS NARCISSISM. PEOPLE
WHO DRAW SOMETHING IN THE MOUTH INDICATES
ORAL EROTIC TRENDS..
21. ANALYSIS (MACHOVER)
MOUTH: MOST OFTEN DISTORTED IN PEOPLE
WITH SEXUAL DIFFICULTIES
OVER EMPHASIS- EMPHASIZED IMPORTACE OF
FOOD, PROFANE LANGUAGE, AND TEMPER
TANTRUMS.
TEETH: SIGN OF AGGRESSION.
CLOSED MOUTH: SHUTTING THE MOUTH AGAINST
SOMETHING, WANTING TO KEEP SOMETHING IN,
ESPECIALLY A HOMOSEXUAL EXPERIENCE
WIDE GRINNING MOUTH- SEEKS APPROVAL.
22. ANALYSIS (MACHOVER)
HAIR: MESSY HAIR MAY REPRESENT A FEELING
OF IMMORTALITY WHILE MORE WAVY AND
GLAMOROUS HAIR CAN MEAN A PERSON IS
SEXUALLY IMMATURE.
CONTACT FEATURES LIKE LEGS, ARMS, FEET
AND HANDS: THE MOVEMENT OF CONTACT
FEATURES IS AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT. THE
AMOUNT OF MOVEMENT OF THE FEATURES IS
SUGGESTED TO DECREASE WITH AGE AND IS
THOUGHT TO REPRESENT THE AMOUNT OF
CONTACT ONE HAS WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD.
23. ANALYSIS (MACHOVER)
ARMS AND HANDS: REPRESENT EGO DEVELOPMENT AND
SOCIAL ADAPTATION.
OMITTED: REPRESENTS A COMPLETE WITHDRAWAL FROM THE
ENVIRONMENT. IF A MALE OMITS A FEMALE’S ARMS, THEN HE HAS
BEEN REJECTED BY HIS MOTHER AND UNACCEPTED BY FEMALES. IF
ONE OMITS HANDS, THEY ARE THOUGHT TO HAVE A LACK OF
CONFIDENCE IN SOCIAL CONTEXTS.
SHADING: TOO VIGOROUSLY SHADED HANDS COULD INDICATE
FEELINGS OF GUILT IN REGARD TO AGGRESSIVE IMPULSES.
PLACEMENT OF ARMS: EXTENDED ARMS REPRESENT GOOD
RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ENVIRONMENT OR SPONTANEITY. IF THEY
ARE WASTED THE INDIVIDUAL COULD HAVE A LOW SENSE OF
PHYSICAL REALITY.
PLACEMENT OF HANDS: BEHIND THE BACK MAY REPRESENT
GLAMOR ASPIRATIONS FOR GIRLS, IN THE POCKET COULD INDICATE
WITHDRAWAL FROM SOCIETY OR FEELINGS OF GUILT ABOUT
MASTURBATION.
24. ANALYSIS (MACHOVER)
FINGERS: FINGERS ARE ESPECIALLY IMPPORTANT
BECAUSE OF THEIR CONNECTION WITH AN
INDIVIDUALS PERSONAL IDENTITY AND ARE MOSTLY
USED TO REPRESENT LEVELS OF AGGRESSION. IF
THEY ARE OVER EXAGGERATED THEY CAN BE
INDICATORS OF GUILT. HOW LONG THEY ARE MAY
REPRESENT LEVELS OF AGGRESSION, TOO LONG
MAY MEAN THE PERSON IS OVERLY AGGRESSIVE,
TOO SHORT, MEANS THEY ARE RESERVED.
TOES: OFTEN NOT INCLUDED IN DRAWINGS
BECAUSE OF SHOES, BUT IF THEY ARE, IT IS A SIGN
OF AGGRESSION. IF A FEMALE SHOWS PAINTED
TOENAILS, THEY MAY HAVE HEIGHTENED FEMALE
AGGRESSION.
26. DAP: A GREAT WAY TO TELL THE KIDS’
INTELLIGENCE.
TEST ADMINISTRATION INVOLVES THE
ADMINISTRATOR REQUESTING THE CHILDREN
TO COMPLETE THREE INDIVIDUAL DRAWINGS- A
MAN, A WOMAN AND HIM/HERSELF ON
SEPARATE PIECES OF PAPER. THE
ADMINISTRATOR MAY ASK THE CHILDREN TO
INCLUDE THE NAME, AGE, FEELINGS OR WHAT
IS HIS/ HER DRAWING IS DOING AT THE MOMENT
ASIDE FROM THAT NO FURTHER INSTRUCTION
IS GIVEN. AND THE CHILD IS FREE TO MAKE THE
DRAWING WHICHEVER WAY HE/SHE PLEASES
TO THERE IS NO RIGHT OR WRONG TYPE OF
DRAWING, ALTHOUGH THE CHILD MUST MAKE A
DRAWING OF A WHOLE PERSON EACH TIME.
THE TEST HAS NO TIME LIMIT.
28. SCORING
SCORE DESCRIPTION
0 AIMLESS UNCONTROLLED
SCRIBBLING
1
LINES SOMEWHAT CONTROLLED
APPROACHES CRUDE
GEOMETRICAL FORMS.
ALL DRAWINGS THAT CAN BE RECOGNIZED AS ATTEMPTS TO
REPRESENT THE HUMAN FIGURE IS SCORED PLUS OR MINUS ONE. ONE
CREDIT FOR EACH POINT SCORED PLUS AND NO HALF CREDITS GIVEN.
TO EVALUATE INTELLIGENCE THE ADMINISTRATOR USES THE DRAW-
A-PERSON: QUANTITATIVE SCORING SYSTEM.
TO ASSESS THE TEST TAKER FOR EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS, THE
ADMINISTRATOR USES THE DRAW-A-PERSON: SCREENING PROCEDURE
FOR EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE TO SCORE THE DRAWINGS.
30. INTERPRETATION
LARGE HEAD- FANTASY IS PRIMARY SOURCE OF SATISFACTION
SMALL HEAD- FEELINGS OF WEAKNESS AND INTELLECTUAL
INFERIORITY
LONG HAIR- AMBIVELANT SEXUAL FANTASIES
TINY EYES- STRONG VISUAL CURIOSITY
LARGE EARS- HYPERSENSITIVITY TO CRITICISMS
TRIANGLE NOSE- IMMATURITY
POINTED NOSE- POSSIBLE ACTING OUT TENDENCIES
TINY MOUTH- DENIAL OF ORAL DEPENDENT NEEDS
HANDS BEHIND THE BACK- POSSIBLY GUILT FEELINGS FOR
MANUAL ACTIVITY
TINY FEET- INSECURITY
HIGH HEEL SHOES- POSIBLE HOMOSEXUAL TENDENCIES
STICK FIGURE- POSSIBE DEPRESSION
OPPOSITE SEX DRAWN FIRST- CONFLICT WITH SEXUAL
IDENTIFICATION.
