1. Learning Area One – INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
No. Keyword(s) Referring to:
1. Define ICT ICT is the technology required for information processing, in particular, the use of electronic
computers, communication devices and software applications to convert, store, protect,
process, transmit and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime.
Information: the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or research.
Communication: act of transmitting messages.
Technology: the use of scientific knowledge, experience, and resources to create processes
and product that fulfill human needs.
st
2. Evolutions of 1 generation (1940 – 1956)
Computers Huge, slow, expensive, unreliable
Presper Eckert & William Maunchly built ENIAC (use vacuum tube)
Problem with vacuum tube – generates great deal of heat, burns out frequently
nd
2 generation (1956 – 1963)
Uses transistors which were smaller than vacuum tubes, no need warm up time,
consumed less energy, generate less heat, faster and more reliable.
Famous computer scientists: John Bardeen, Walter House Brattain, William
Shockley
rd
3 generation (1964 – 1971)
IBM 370 series were introduced in 1964. Also CDC 7600 and B2500
Development of Integrated circuit begins.
Use silicon chips – reliable, compact, cheaper
Hardware and software sold separately.
First 256 bit RAM were introduced and was the basis for development of 1K bit
RAM.
th
4 generation (1971 – present)
st
Famous computer scientists: Steve Jobs (built the 1 Apple computer), Bill Gates,
Michael Dell
Silicone chips, microprocessor, storage devices were invented.
Computer became 100 times smaller than ENIAC.
Gain in speed, reliability and storage capacity
Personal and software industry bloomed.
th
5 generation (Present – beyond)
Invention of new hardware technology includes:
 Silicon chips
 Processor
 Robotics
 Virtual reality
 Intelligent systems
 Programs which translate languages.
3. Usage of ICT in Education: can offer interactive experiences, enhanced learning, cognitive development.
everyday life Teachers: to research for teaching materials, participating in online forums and
conferences
Students: use computer as references tool, browse internet for information.
Researchers: use computer to collect and process data
School administrators: for administrative purposes (to make sure the entire
operations runs smoothly)
Banking: electronic banking 24 hours services includes ATM, cheque deposit, electronic fund
transfer, direct deposit, pay by phone system, personal computer banking or internet
banking.
Customers: make any transaction (for 24 hours services)
Businessmen: save time by using online services
Bank administrators: can oversee the entire banking activities.
Industry: to facilitate production planning and control system, support chain managements,
help in product design.
Workers: use machine that are connected to computers to operate.
Researchers: use computer to analyse and collect research data for future
references
Administrators: to oversee the entire operations, to detect specific error or
defects
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2. E-commerce: makes buying and selling easier, more efficient and faster.
Customers: connected with supplier to purchase products online. (save cost and
time)
Suppliers: to keep track their transactions (help in determine the price and
managing inventory)
Employees: use computers and telephones to communicate with their customer
for enquiries. It helps employees to get the latest updates on inventory to be
informed to the customers.
4. Computerised and Non-computerised (before
Fields Computerised (after ICT)
non-computerised ICT)
system Education Teaching was more to Equipped with ICT technology
explaining using words makes class more colourful and
and pictures. Multimedia alive.
hardly usable in class Variety of animation able to
Students search for show and use for teaching and
information mainly from learning.
books Students can search for
information online.
Banking System Was done manually All transactions are done by
Transaction was done computers
only during working hours Transaction can be done
Takes time to approve anytime and place
any loan applications Online services, phone banking
system, credit cards
Industry Slow because everything Computers and
was done manually and telecommunications industry
depend totally on human became very popular and
labour. profitable since productions can
be increased throughout all day
operation.
Commerce Trading system: barter Distribution, buying, selling and
system, later developed servicing products are done
into currency system. electronically.
Advertisement: mouth,
billboard, printed flyers
Global trading: slow, late,
expensive
6. Impact of ICT on The six positive impacts:
the society Faster communication speed
Lower communication cost
Reliable mode of communication
Effective sharing of information
Paperless environment
Borderless communication.
The two negative impacts:
Social problems
Health problems
7. Computer Ethics Computer Ethics: System of a moral standards or values used as guideline for computer
and legal issues users
definition Code of Ethics: guidelines in ICT that help determine whether a specific computer action is
ethical or unethical
Intellectual Property: work created by inventors, authors, and artist
Privacy: rights of individuals and companies to deny or restrict the collection and use of
information about them.
Computer Crime: any illegal acts involving computers.
Cyber Law: any law relating to protect the Internet and other online communication
technologies.
8. Why ethics and law Respecting ownership – not steal other people’s work either by duplicating or distributing
in computing is Respecting privacy and confidentiality – refraining oneself from invading other’s privacy
needed? without permission.
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3. Respecting property – do not tamper and change electronic information.
9. Intellectual Patent for inventions: utility, design, plant patent,…
property protection Trademark for brand identity: Words, names, symbols, devices, images,…
Design for product appearance: Literary and artistic material, music, films,…
Copyright for material: particular lines, contours, colour, shape, texture, ornamentations,…
10. Differences Ethics Law
between Ethics and Guidelines: as a guidelines to computer users Control: a rule to control computer users
Law Moral standards: ethical behavior are judged Judicial standards: Law are judged by
by moral standards judicial standards
Free to follow: computer users are free to Must follow: computer users must follow
follow or ignore the codes of ethics the regulations and law
No Punishment: no punishment for anyone Punishment: penalties, imprisonments and
who violates the ethics. other punishments for those who break
the law.
Universal: can be applied anywhere all over Depend on country: Depends on country
the world and state where the crime is committed
Produce ethical computer users Prevent misusing of computers
Immoral: Not honouring computer ethics Crime: Not honouring the law means
means ignoring the moral elements committing a crime
11. Methods of 2 types:
authentications Biometric devices:
Fingerprint recognition
Facial recognition
Hand geometry scanning
Iris scanning (the area near to the coloured area of the pupil)
Retinal scanning (the eyeball)
Voice recognition
Signature verification system.
Callback system
12. Methods of 2 common methods:
verification User identification – show passport, key-in user name & password, show exam slip.
Processed object – swipe security card to enter building, police check the driver’s license to
identify valid driver.
13. Controversial Pornography – any form of media or material that depicts erotic behaviour and is intended
content to cause sexual excitement.
Slander – legal term for false and malicious statement.
14. Internet filtering 3 common methods:
Keyword blocking – uses a list of banned words to filter access to the site
Website / site blocking – uses software to prevent access to any sites on the list
Web rating system – browser gain access to a certain level of ratings
15. Cyber law acts in Digital Signature Act 1997 – secures electronic communications especially on the internet.
Malaysia Computer Crimes Act 1997 – gives protection against misuse of computers and computer
criminal activities.
Telemedicine Act 1997 – Ensure only qualified medical practitioners can practice
telemedicine.
Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 – ensures that information is secure, network is
reliable, and service is affordable all over Malaysia.
16. Computer Crimes Computer Fraud – intention to take advantage or causing loss (mainly monetarily basis)
Copyright Infringement – involves illegal copy or reproduction of copyright material by black
market group
Computer Theft – unauthorized use of another person’s property
Computer Attack – to disrupt the equipment of computer systems …
17. Computer Security Hardware Security – measure used to protect the computer hardware
Software and Data Security – measure used to protect software and the loss of data files
Network Security – measure used to protect the network system.
18. Security Threat Malicious code
Virus – a program that can pass in the malicious code to other programs by
modifying them
Trojan Horse – a program which can perform useful and unexpected action
Logic Bomb – that goes off when a specific condition occurs
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4. Trapdoor or Backdoor – a program that allows someone to access the program
with privileges
Worm – a program that copies and spreads itself through a network
Hacker – unauthorised person who access (hack) into computer
Natural and environmental threat – flood, fire, earthquake
Theft
19. Security Measures Data backup – a program of file duplication. It is necessary so that they can be recovered in
case of an emergency
Cryptography – process of hiding information by altering the actual information into
different representation.
Antivirus – program that protects a computer against viruses by identifying and removing
any computer viruses found in the computer memory, storage or incoming email files.
Anti-spyware – program used to remove spyware.
Firewall – hardware or software which functions in a networked environment to prevent
some communications forbidden by the security policies.
Screening router
Proxy gateway
Guard
Human aspect – refer to the user and also the intruder of a computer system.
Organisation self awareness – aware of the people they work with
Organisation user self awareness – provide employee with adequate training and
importance of security and control
Individual user self awareness – aware of software from unreliable sources. Do not
expose important information to stranger.
Learning Area Two – Computer System
No. Keyword(s) Referring to:
1. Computer System Hardware + Software + User
2. Computer Input Devices – texts, graphics, audio, video
Hardware Output Devices – texts, graphics, audio, animations, video
Storage Devices – Primary (RAM & ROM), Secondary (Magnetic, Flash, Optical, ROM)
Processor – the main brain in the system unit
3. Computer Software System Software – Operating System (Linux, Window XP, Mac OS X, Window Vista) & Utility
program (Antivirus, File Manager, Screen Saver, Diagnostic utility)
Application Software
Word Processing – Corel Word Perfect, Microsoft Word, Sun StarOffice Writer
Spreadsheet – Corel Quattro Pro, Microsoft Excel, Sun StarOffice Calc
Presentation – Corel Presentations, Microsoft PowerPoint, Sun StarOffice Impress
Graphics editing – Adobe Photoshop CS2, CorelDraw, Macromedia Freehand, Gimp
Software Suite – collection of individual program sold as a single package
Proprietary Software – closed source software. Need to purchase the license in order to
use.
Open Source Software – user can freely use, modified and re-distribute. Any changes made
cannot be copyrighted.
4. Information
processing diagram Input Process Output
Storage
5. Machine cycle
Fetch
diagram
Store Decode
Execute
6. Data 8 bits = 1 byte = 1 character
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5. representation
7. Character codes ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
Pronounced as ASK-KEY
Most widely used coding system to represent data
Used mostly in PC and midrange server.
Uses 7 out of 8 bits in the character.
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
Pronounced as EB-SEE-DIC
Primarily used in mainframe computers and high-end server
Unicode
 Support all the world language including Asian Language
 Example: Chinese, Japanese, Korean
 Uses 16 bits instead of the usual 8 bits per character.
8. Component of Central Processing Unit (CPU) – control the operations of the computer. It interpret and
motherboard carries basic instructions that operate a computer. It have 2 subcomponent that is Control
Unit (CU) and Arithmetics Logic Unit (ALU).
Expansion Slots – sockets where the circuit board or the adapter card can be inserted into
the motherboard.
RAM Slot – slot where computer memory (RAM) is placed on the computer’s motherboard.
Ports – the point where perihpherals attaches to a system unit.
Serial port – connect a device to the system unit by transmitting data one bit at a time.
Parallel port – connect devices by transferring information more than one bit at a time.
Universal Serial Bus (USB) port – socket on a computer or peripheral devices into which
a USB cable is plugged in. Can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a
single connector.
FireWire port – connect multiple types of devices that requires faster data transmission
speeds. Can daisy-chain connect up to 63 devices to one FireWire port.
Connectors – a connector joints a cable to a peripheral.
9. User Interface Command-line user interface – requires user to type commands or press special keys on the
keyboard to enter data and instructions that instruct the operating system what to do. It has
to be typed one line at a time.
Menu driven Interface – provides menus as means of entering commands.
Graphical User Interface (GUI) – provides interface by means of clicking icon that represent
computer resources.
10. Function of OS – set of program that coordinates all the activities among computer hardware devices.
operating system Also support the application software that we run. 3 types of OS: PC Platform (DOS,
Microsoft Windows), Apple Platform (Mac OS), Cross Platform (UNIX, LINUX)
Starting a computer – Start a computer. Happen in 2 ways: warm boot, cold boot
Proving a user interface – Command line, Menu Driven, GUI
Managing data and programs
Managing memory
Configuring Devices – handling input and output as well as enabling communication with
input and output devices.
11. Utility program A type of system software that allows a user to perform maintenance-type task related to
managing a computer, its devices or its program.
Example:
Antivirus: protects a computer against viruses by identifying and removing them
Diagnostic utility: compiles technical information about a computer’s hardware and certain
system software programs, and prepares a report.
File manager: performs functions related to files and disk management.
Screen saver: enables a display device’s screen to show a moving image or blank screen if no
mouse activity occurs for a specified time.
Disk Defragmenter: reorganising of disk so the files are stored in contiguous (joining / next
to each other) sectors.
Backup utility: back up or copy selected files or entire hard disk to another storage medium.
Data Recovery: restore the data that has been physically damage or corrupted.
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6. Learning Area Three – Computer Networks and Communications
No. Keyword(s) Referring to:
1. Definition of computer A system of interconnected computers and peripheral devices. For example, it may
network. connect computers, printers, scanners and cameras.
2. Types of Computer LAN – covers a small region of space, typically a single building
Network MAN – is a collection of LANs with the same geographical area (e.g. – same city)
WAN – can be collections of LANs and / or MANs (e.g. – a country or even beyond the
border)
3. Network Architecture Client/Server – Network in which the shared files and applications are stored in the
server but network user (client) can still store files on their individual PCs.
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) – network with all the nodes are acting as both serves and clients.
Bus Topology –main physical pathway
or central cable where all other devices
Backbone
are connected to it
Advantages:
Easy to implement.
Failure of a node doesn’t affect the entire LAN.
No disruption to network during add/remove devices.
Network easily extend
Disadvantages:
Backbone fails  entire network affected
Network speed decrease as number of device increase
Troubleshooting difficult when a node fails
Ring Topology – all computers and other devices are Node
connected in a loop (or a circle)
Advantage:
Node Node
Troubleshoot is easy when a node fails
Disadvantages:
Difficult to implement
4. Network Topology Failure of a node affect the entire network Node
Node
Difficult to add/remove devices
Network speed decrease as number of device
increase
Star Topology – a central host (usually a hub or a
Node Node
switch) which acts as the centre, and all nodes connect
to the host.
Advantages: HUB
Easy to implement.
Failure of a node doesn’t affect the entire LAN. Node
Node
No disruption to network during add/remove
devices.
Network easily extend
Troubleshoot is easy
Disadvantages:
Failure of a host affect the entire network
Network speed decrease as number of device increase
Troubleshoot difficult when a node fails
A host must be installed to control the network
5. Protocols HTTP: used to access, send and receive Hypertext Markup Language files (HTML) on the
internet
SMTP: used for transferring e-mail between computers
FTP: for allowing files to be copies between devices
TCP: ensures the delivery of information packets across network.
IP: providing logical addressing called IP address to route information between network
6. Network Internet
Communication Intranet – internal network that uses Internet technologies. It is a small version of the
Technologies internet that exist within an organization
Extranet – private network that uses Internet protocols to securely share part of a
business’s information.
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7. 7. Transmission medium Physical transmission medium – usually uses wires (Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP),
Shielded Twisted pair (STP), Coaxial, Fibre Optic)
Wireless transmission medium – uses air to transmit data
Omnidirectional Unidirectional Short range frequency
One sender, Sending and receiving antenna Need special port called IrDA
many receiver need to be aligned port.
Frequency: Frequency: Frequency:
3 KHz – 1 GHz 1 GHz – 300 GHz 300 GHz – 400 THz
Radio wave Microwave Infrared
8. Server Software Network Operating System:
a) Windows NT
b) Windows 2000 Server
c) Windows Server 2003
d) Red Hat Linux
9. Client Software Client Software:
a) Web browser
b) Email client
c) Network Utility
d) Network File Manager
Learning Area Four – Multimedia
No. Keyword(s) Referring to:
1. Definition of Presentation of information by using a combination of text, audio, graphics, video and
Multimedia animation.
2. Interactivity Linear interactivity – the user is a passive receiver. User does not have control over the
multimedia content. Only one way communication
Non-linear interactivity – the user is an active receiver. User has control over the
multimedia content. Two way communication occurs
3. Medium of delivery Differences between Web-based and CD-based
Web-based Criteria CD-based
Relatively cheaper Cost It is more expensive
Produces low and medium Can produce high quality
Quality
quality multimedia multimedia
Takes up less time Takes up a lot of time to
Production time
compared to CD-based produce an end product
Easily update via web Cannot update
To update
server
4. Multimedia Elements Text: *doc, *.txt, *.rtf [Microsoft Word, Notepad, Open Office Writer]
and File formats. Graphics: *.jpg, *.gif, *.tiff, *.bmp, *.png, *.psd [Microsoft Paint, Adobe Photoshop]
Audio: *.wav, *.midi, *.aif/aiff, *.au, *.wma, *.mp3 [Sound Recorder, Sony Sound Forge]
Video: *.avi, *.mov, *.mpeg, *.wmv [Adobe Premiere, Pinnacle Studio, Window Movie
Maker]
Animation: *.swf, *.gif, *.swi [Macromedia Flash, Magic Morph, Ulead GIF Animator]
5. Multimedia Authoring Time Frame Concept – presented and organised along time line. Example: Macromedia
Tools Flash, Macromedia Director
Icon Concept – elements and events are organized in a structural framework. Presented
visually in a logical flow of events by dragging icons from an icon menu. Example:
Authorware, IconAuthor
Card Concept – elements and events are organized as pages in a book pr a stack of cards.
Example: Toolbook, HyperCard, SuperCard.
5. Web editor What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG) Vs Text-based
WYSIWYG Criteria Text-based
User doesn’t require HTML knowledge is
HTML Knowledge
HTML knowledge to use. required
Will produce junk HTML in No junk is present
Junk HTML
the web source code
Very user friendly to use Friendliness Less user friendly
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8. Easy to visual the display Harder to visualise the
Visualise the design
page design.
6. User Interface Principle -User interface is a way a computer program communicates with the person who is using
it.
Consistency – interface design are harmony and the same applies to all screen in the
software
Clarity - clearness of labels on the icon to make understanding easy
Context – relevant to the title
Navigation – can move around the system without much constrain
Search – enables user to search keyword or glossary
Personalisation – user can make their own personal or individual learning
Learnability – provides support information and help files to make it easy to understand
Flexibility – have authority to navigate any sections
7. Multimedia production Project Manager – see the overall of the project.
team Subject Matter Expert – do research on the context of the multimedia
Graphics Artist – In-charge of the graphics matters (icon, buttons, background, etc…)
Audio-Video Technician – In-charge of the audio/video editing.
Instructional Designer – decides on the best educational strategies and presentations.
Programmer – writes codes or scripts for the authoring tools.
8. Multimedia Production Analysis Phase
Phases Design Phase
Implementation Phase
Testing Phase
Evaluation Phase
Publishing Phase
9. Screen Design Principle -screen design refers to how the multimedia program will look when it is displayed on
the computer screen.
Contrast
Alignment
Simplicity
Proximity
Emphasis
Repetition
Learning Area Five – Programming
No. Keyword(s) Referring to:
1. Definitions Program – contains list of variables and statements that tell the computer what to do.
Programming – a creation of a set of commands or instructions which directs a
computer in carrying out a task.
Programming language – set of words, symbols, and codes that enables human to
communicate with computers.
2. Generations of Low Level Programming Language
programming language 1GL (Machine Language) – written in binary codes and each statement are corresponds
to one machine action.
2GL (Assembly Language) – human readable notation for machine language used to
control specific computer operations. Written using symbolic instructions codes that are
meaning abbreviations or mnemonics.
High Level Programming Language
3GL (Procedural language) – uses a series of English-like words that are closer to human
language to write instructions. Example: PASCAL, FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, C, C++
4GL (Non-procedural language) – enables user to access data in a database. Limited to a
very specific application.
5GL (Visual programming / Natural language) – provides a visual or graphics interface.
Example: Prolog and Mercury
3. Programming Structured programming (top-down approach) – map out the overall program structure
approaches into separate subsection from top to bottom.
Object oriented programming (OOP) – combines data with functions to create objects.
The object has relationships with one another. Example: Smalltalk, Java, Visual Basic, C++
4. Translator Compiler – source code  machine language (Extra info: translate high level
programming language to assembler or machine language. Example: COBOL, FORTRAN,
C, C++)
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9. Interpreter – interpret and execute program directly from its source without compiling it
first line by line. Execute in real time when user execute it.
Assembler – computer program for translating assembly language into machine
language. Example: MACRO-80 Assembler and Microsoft MASM
5. Basic element Constant – the value never change at any time during the course of a program
Variables – value inside may change at any time during the course of a program
Data type
Integer: Is an whole number (18, 79, 101, -6, -20)
Double: Numbers with decimal or contains fractional part (14.1, - 3.5, 200.10)
String: Any value that contains a sequence of characters (Ahmad, sekolah)
Boolean: consist either True or False value
Currency: For currency use (RM, USD, Yen)
Operators – symbol or notation that tells a computer to perform certain actions or
operation
Mathematical operators: plus (+), minus (–), multiply (*), divide (/)
Relation operators: equal to (=), greater than (>), less than (<), greater than or
equal to (>=), less than or equal to (<=)
Logical operators: AND, OR, NOT
6. Flow Chart Terminator – beginning or end of a program
Flow line and arrowhead – connect symbols and Terminator Input/output
indicate the sequences of operation.
Input / output – shows either an input operation
Process
or output operation Decision
Process – shows process to be carried out
Decision – shows a decision to be made
7. Control Structure Sequence control – linear execution
of codes within the program (in
sequence)
Selection control – execution of
codes involving decision making
based on the situation given. There
will be decision symbol present in
the control. Sequence
Repetition control – execution of Selection Repetition
codes where the codes are repeated
while condition remains true. The arrowhead in the flow chart usually will return the
part of the decision to repeat the process for true condition.
8. Program development Problem analysis phase
phase Program design phase
Coding phase
Testing and debugging phase
Three types of error
Syntax error – caused by wrong spelling, case sensitive, punctuation and
wrong words in command.
Logic error – expected output and actual output do no match for any set of
data.
Run-time error – occurs while the program is running or executing.
Documentation phase
Learning Area Six – Information System (IS)
No. Keyword(s) Referring to:
1. Definition Data – raw material that are not organized, and has little value
Information – processed data that are organized, meaningful and useful.
Information System – a set of related components that collects data, processes data and
provides information.
2. Component of IS Data
Hardware
Software each component are interrelated with one another.
People
Procedures
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10. 3. Types of IS Management Information System (MIS) – provide regular information about the daily
activities of a business to the manager
Transaction Processing System (TPS) – record business transaction and keep track of the
daily transaction in the database.
Decision Support System (DSS) – provides managers with information to make the best
decisions. It also helps to analyse information, recognize problems and making decisions.
Executive Information System (EIS) – helps top-level managements to plan strategies. It
is also used to forecast future trends.
Expert System (ES) – store knowledge and make logical suggestions for the user.
4. Hierarchy of Data Bits  Bytes  Fields  Records  Files  Database
Bit – smallest unit of data the computer can store. It is in binary digit (1 and 0).
Byte – 8 bits = 1 byte = 1 character.
Field – smallest unit of meaning information in the database. It is also unit of data
consist of one or more characters. Example: field that describe Name, Class, Address
Record – collection of related fields. Example: Data about a student [Name, StudentID,
Age]
File – collection of related records.
Database – Structured collection of information on a specific subjects.
5. Benefits of using Minimise data redundancy – no need to repeat recording the same data.
database Data Integrity is assured – changes of data in database will be automatically for all files.
Data can be shared – allow ease of sharing data especially over the network.
Information can be easily accessed
6. Features of table, Table – stores a collection of information about specific topic.
query, form and report. Query – request for a specific data from a database
Form – interface to enter information.
Report – summary of information from the database.
7. Primary key and Primary key – these keys must not be null values, and it is unique. It helps to avoid
foreign key duplication
Foreign key – the field that matches the primary key in another table. It may have
duplicate values.
8. Phases of System Analysis Phase
Development Design Phase
Implementation Phase
Testing Phase
Documentation Phase
Maintenance Phase
3 types of maintenance:
Corrective maintenance – to repair error in the system design.
Perfective maintenance – to improve a computer program.
Preventive maintenance – aim for future breakdowns and failures.
9. Data manipulation Update – to correct inaccurate data and to change old data with new data
Insert – to add new records in the file when new data are obtained.
Delete – to remove a record from a file when it is no longer needed
Retrieve – to obtain specific information from the tables in order to refer or make
changes the information.
Sort – To arrange the records according to ascending or descending order based on a
specific field.
Filter – to exclude unwanted records from being retrieved by using certain condition or
criteria in a query.
Search – To find specific records that fulfills the user’s requirements.
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