2. 13-2
OvercrowdingOvercrowding
Over the past 25 years, prison population hasOver the past 25 years, prison population has
increased six fold—from 240,000 to more thanincreased six fold—from 240,000 to more than
1.6 million.1.6 million.
On January 1, 2010, state prisons wereOn January 1, 2010, state prisons were
operating between full capacity and 40 percentoperating between full capacity and 40 percent
above capacity, while federal prisons wereabove capacity, while federal prisons were
operating at 36 percent above capacity.operating at 36 percent above capacity.
3. 13-3
OvercrowdingOvercrowding
That would suggest that as many as 562,249 (40That would suggest that as many as 562,249 (40
percent) of the 1,405,622 persons held in statepercent) of the 1,405,622 persons held in state
prison and 74,922 (36 percent) of the 208,118prison and 74,922 (36 percent) of the 208,118
persons held in federal prison were housed inpersons held in federal prison were housed in
overcrowded centers.overcrowded centers.
Eliminating the present overcrowding wouldEliminating the present overcrowding would
require building 425 new prisons, each at a costrequire building 425 new prisons, each at a cost
of $75 million dollarsof $75 million dollars
4. 13-4
Reasons for OvercrowdingReasons for Overcrowding
A continuous increase in the number of people
sent to prison
Offenders now serve larger portions of their
sentences
Many incoming prisoners are drug users, not the
dealers the tougher laws were designed to
capture
The “prison industrial complex” trend
5. 13-5
Controlling OvercrowdingControlling Overcrowding
Reduce the number of people sent to prison
Release the less dangerous to make room for
the more dangerous
Change confinement sentences to community-
related sentences
Increase the number of releases
Expand existing prison capacity or build new
prisons
Implement structured sentencing
6. 13-6
Key TermsKey Terms
Structured Sentencing: a set of guidelines
for determining an offender’s sentence
Exchange Rates: an approach to sentencing
that emphasizes interchangeability of
punishments; for example, three days under
house arrest might be considered equal to one
day of incarceration
7. 13-7
Consequences of OvercrowdingConsequences of Overcrowding
idleness
drug trafficking
predatory sexual behavior
safety risks
gang confrontations
arguments
fights
murders
suicides
riots
medical and mental
health problems
staff turnover
stress
decreases in program
opportunities
judicial intervention in
prison management
fines for operating above
capacity
excessive wear and tear
on facilities and
equipment
negative publicity
higher rates of recidivism
8. 13-8
Prisons Under Court OrderPrisons Under Court Order
In 2005, fewer federal, state and private prisons
were under a court order to correct one or more
conditions of confinement than in 2000.
Prisons under court order or consent decree for
specific conditions declined from 320 (in 2000)
to 218 (in 2005).
9. 13-9
Prison GangsPrison Gangs
The current term for prison gangs is security
threat groups (STGs)
Some estimates put them at 15% of the
overall jail and prison population
10. 13-10
Security Threat Group
An inmate group, gang, organization, or
association that has a name or identifying
signs, colors, or symbols and whose
members or associates engage in a
pattern of gang activity or departmental
rule violation so as to pose a threat to the
staff, to the public safety, to the secure
and orderly operation of a correctional
institution, or to other inmates
11. 13-11
The Six Major STGsThe Six Major STGs
The Aryan Brotherhood
The Black Guerilla Family
The Mexican Mafia
La Nuestra Familia
Neta
The Texas Syndicate
12. 13-12
Prison Riots and DisturbancesPrison Riots and Disturbances
Disturbance – an altercation involving three or
more inmates, resulting in official action beyond
summary sanctions and for which there is an
institutional record
Riot – any action by a group of inmates that
constitutes a forcible attempt to gain control of a
facility or area within a facility
13. 13-13
Notorious RiotsNotorious Riots
1971 Attica Correctional Facility
43 lives lost
1980 Penitentiary of New Mexico in Santa Fe
33 inmates were tortured, dismembered, decapitated,
burned alive, and killed by fellow inmates
1993 Southern Ohio Correctional Facility
Longest prison riot in U.S. history (11 days)
9 inmates and 1 correctional officer killed
14. 13-14
Reasons For RiotsReasons For Riots
Random chance
Bad conditions
Rebellious inmates and racial antagonism
Institutional structure and readiness
Administrative factors such as prison
management and administration
15. 13-15
Preventing RiotsPreventing Riots
Formal inmate grievance procedures
Ombudsmen to mediate disputes
Improved classification system
Smaller institutions
Meaningful prison school and work programs
16. 13-16
Preventing Riots -Preventing Riots - ContinuedContinued
Alternatives to incarceration
Professional, well-trained, and well-paid
correctional staff
Administrators who are visible and available to
staff and inmates
Clearly written and understood policies on the
use of force when necessary
17. 13-17
ContinuedContinued
The American Correctional AssociationThe American Correctional Association
(ACA) recorded a decrease in prison(ACA) recorded a decrease in prison
disturbances from 2,674 in 2000 to 405 indisturbances from 2,674 in 2000 to 405 in
2006 and reported a similar decrease in2006 and reported a similar decrease in
riots from 2000 to 2006.riots from 2000 to 2006.
18. 13-18
Supermax HousingSupermax Housing
A free-standing facility, or a distinct unit within a
facility, that provides for management and
secure control of inmates who have been
officially designated as exhibiting violent or
serious and disruptive behavior while
incarcerated
Supermax prisons house the most violent,
disruptive, and recalcitrant offenders whose
behavior in prison makes them ineligible for
confinement in the general prison population
First supermax housing facility opened by the
BOP was Florence, Colorado in 1994
19. 13-19
Administrative MaximumAdministrative Maximum
Officially known as AdministrativeOfficially known as Administrative
Maximum—ADX, the prison houses theMaximum—ADX, the prison houses the
450 most dangerous, violent, escape450 most dangerous, violent, escape
prone, and STG federal inmate leaders.prone, and STG federal inmate leaders.
More than 25 percent will never beMore than 25 percent will never be
released from federal custody and willreleased from federal custody and will
remain in confinement for the rest of theirremain in confinement for the rest of their
lives.lives.
20. 13-20
AlcatrazAlcatraz
Opened in 1939; the first federal specialized
housing unit for management and control of
troublesome inmates
Housed the most violent and disruptive inmates in
indefinite solitary confinement
Did not offer any treatment programs
Its sole purpose was to incarcerate and punish
the federal prison system’s most desperate
criminals and worst troublemakers
“America’s Devil’s Island”
Closed in the early 1960s by U.S. Attorney
General Robert Kennedy
21. 13-21
Supermax Prisons -Supermax Prisons - ContinuedContinued
Supervision in Supermax units is personnel-intensive
and very costly
Supermax inmates typically spend all but 90 minutes per
day in their cells
Physical restraints are used for all movements, which
normally are only to the exercise area and showers
Debate rages as to the effectiveness of Supermax
facilities
Critics denounce the adverse effect of giving and
receiving such harsh treatment on both staff and inmates
Proponents cite enhanced safety and the provision of
much-needed control over the “worst of the worst”
22. 13-22
““No Frills” Prisons and JailsNo Frills” Prisons and Jails
Correctional institutions that take away prisoner
amenities and privileges
Evolved in response to erroneous public
perceptions that inmates live in relative comfort
while incarcerated
A 1995 NBC television poll found that 82% of
Americans felt that prison life was too easy
Proponents claim reduced amenities and
privileges make the prison experience more
punitive and less tolerable, which is merely what
the convicted offenders deserve
23. 13-23
““No Frills” Prisons and JailsNo Frills” Prisons and Jails
-- ContinuedContinued
Federal No-Frills Prison Act of 1996
Citizens’ support for prisoner amenities
From 1998 to 2002 more states decreased
inmate privileges and amenities
Legislators’, wardens’, corrections experts’,
and attorneys’ views on “no-frills” prisons and
jails
24. 13-24
AccreditationAccreditation
Improves staff training and development
Assesses program strengths and weaknesses
Is a defense against lawsuits
Establishes measurable criteria for upgrading
operations
Improves staff morale and professionalism
Offers a safer environment for staff and
offenders
Reduces liability insurance costs
Offers performance-based benefits
25. 13-25
Accreditation -Accreditation - ContinuedContinued
More than 500 of the 2,236 state, federal, andMore than 500 of the 2,236 state, federal, and
private prisons and 129 of the 3,365 local jailsprivate prisons and 129 of the 3,365 local jails
have been awarded ACA accreditation. Stateshave been awarded ACA accreditation. States
also offer accreditation. As of February 2, 2011,also offer accreditation. As of February 2, 2011,
622 of the 2,236 state, federal, and private622 of the 2,236 state, federal, and private
adult correctional institutions and 131 of theadult correctional institutions and 131 of the
3,365 local adult detention facilities have been3,365 local adult detention facilities have been
awarded ACA accreditation.awarded ACA accreditation.
26. 13-26
Accreditation -Accreditation - ContinuedContinued
Traditionally, correctional agencies haveTraditionally, correctional agencies have
sought accreditation for one of threesought accreditation for one of three
reasons: first, to ensure that thereasons: first, to ensure that the
organization is in compliance with nationalorganization is in compliance with national
standards; second, to demonstrate tostandards; second, to demonstrate to
interested parties that the organization isinterested parties that the organization is
operating at acceptable professionaloperating at acceptable professional
levels; and third, o comply with courtlevels; and third, o comply with court
orders.orders.
27. 13-27
PrivatizationPrivatization
A contract process that shifts public functions,
responsibilities, and capital assets, in whole or in
part, from the public sector to the private sector
First U.S. prison to be constructed and operated
by a private provider was San Quentin in the
1850s
28. 13-28
Types of PrivatizationTypes of Privatization
Contracting out specific services such as
educational and vocational programming,
medical and mental health services, food
preparation, maintenance, and others
Full-scale private management of jails and
prisons
29. 13-29
Privatization -Privatization - ContinuedContinued
The Debate:
Proponents for privatization argue in
favor of competition
Opponents argue against privatization
on philosophical grounds
30. 13-30
Privatization -Privatization - ContinuedContinued
Future Trends:
An increase in private prisons.
The number of companies operating
privatized prisons is likely to decrease
as competition and the costs of doing
business increase.
Important inroads can be expected
for the geriatric inmate population.
31. 13-31
TechnocorrectionsTechnocorrections
Technologies as electronic mail and messaging,
electronic bulletin boards, and web-based
organizational home pages that have improved
internal communications within correctional
institutions, and institutional communications with
supporting agencies
Videoconferencing and telemedicine facilitate
tremendous savings by reducing travel expenses
Further, they reduce absences of key personnel
from the institution, thereby maintaining
supervisory presence and availability in the event
a crisis develops
32. 13-32
Problems for CorrectionsProblems for Corrections
In 2010, the number of cell phones confiscatedIn 2010, the number of cell phones confiscated
by officials was 9,000 in California and aboutby officials was 9,000 in California and about
1,200 in Texas.1,200 in Texas.
In December 2010, Georgia prisoners used cellIn December 2010, Georgia prisoners used cell
phones to coordinate work stoppages withphones to coordinate work stoppages with
inmates at other prisons.inmates at other prisons.
In August 2010, President Obama signed a billIn August 2010, President Obama signed a bill
making inmate possession of a cell phone or amaking inmate possession of a cell phone or a
wireless device in federal prison a felonywireless device in federal prison a felony
punishable by up to a year of additionalpunishable by up to a year of additional
sentence.sentence.
33. 13-33
Enhancements Due toEnhancements Due to
TechnocorrectionsTechnocorrections
Tracking of inmates and staff through remote-
location monitoring
Detection of escape attempts by means of
ground-penetrating radar and heartbeat
monitoring
Internal security through the use of biometric
scan technology
Physical security searches through the use of
magnetic resonance scanning and x-rays