Info on a Division of iATL

1. Health & Safety
Issues of
Nanotechnology
Frank E. Ehrenfeld III
Laboratory Director, International Asbestos Testing Laboratories
Vice-President, nanoTEM
Vice-Chair ASTM D22.07
Committee ASTM E56.03
Technical Advisory Panel – American Industrial Hygiene Association

2. Health & Safety
Issues of
Nanotechnology
Frank E. Ehrenfeld III
Laboratory Director, International Asbestos Testing Laboratories
Vice-President, nanoTEM
Vice-Chair ASTM D22.07
Committee ASTM E56.03
Technical Advisory Panel – American Industrial Hygiene Association

3. Health & Safety
Issues of
Nanotechnology
Frank E. Ehrenfeld III
Laboratory Director, International Asbestos Testing Laboratories
Vice-President, nanoTEM
Vice-Chair ASTM D22.07
Committee ASTM E56.03
Technical Advisory Panel – American Industrial Hygiene Association

4. Health & Safety
Issues of
Nanotechnology
Frank E. Ehrenfeld III
Laboratory Director, International Asbestos Testing Laboratories
Vice-President, nanoTEM
Vice-Chair ASTM D22.07
Committee ASTM E56.03
Technical Advisory Panel – American Industrial Hygiene Association

5. Health & Safety
Issues of
Nanotechnology
Frank E. Ehrenfeld III
Laboratory Director, International Asbestos Testing Laboratories
Vice-President, nanoTEM
Vice-Chair ASTM D22.07
Committee ASTM E56.03
Technical Advisory Panel – American Industrial Hygiene Association

6. Outline: EH S Nanotechnology
&
 Definitions
 What
 Why
 How
 Proposed Research
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 6

7. Outline: EH S Nanotechnology
&
 Definitions
– Size matters
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 7

8. EH&S Nanotechnology
Scale Name Symbol
1024 yota Y
1021 zetta Z
1018 exa E
1015 peta P
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
102 hecto h
101 deka da
10-1 deci d
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro μ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f
10-18 atto a
10-21 zepto z ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 8
10-24 yocto y

9. EH&S Nanotechnology
Scale Name Symbol
1024 yota Y
1021 zetta Z
1018 exa E
1015 peta P
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
102 hecto h
101 deka da
10-1 deci d
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro μ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f
10-18 atto a
10-21 zepto z ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 9
10-24 yocto y

10. EH&S Nanotechnology
Scale Name Symbol
1024 yota Y
1021 zetta Z
1018 exa E
1015 peta P
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
102 hecto h
101 deka da
10-1 deci d
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro μ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f
10-18 atto a
10-21 zepto z ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 10
10-24 yocto y

11. EH&S Nanotechnology
Scale Name Symbol
1024 yota Y
1021 zetta Z
1018 exa E
1015 peta P
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
102 hecto h
101 deka da
10-1 deci d
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro μ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f
10-18 atto a
10-21 zepto z ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 11
10-24 yocto y

12. EH&S Nanotechnology
Scale Name Symbol
1024 yota Y
1021 zetta Z
1018 exa E
1015 peta P
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
102 hecto h
101 deka da
10-1 deci d
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro μ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f
10-18 atto a
10-21 zepto z ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 12
10-24 yocto y

13. EH&S Nanotechnology
Scale Name Symbol
1024 yota Y
1021 zetta Z
1018 exa E
1015 peta P
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
102 hecto h
101 deka da
10-1 deci d
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro μ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f
10-18 atto a
10-21 zepto z ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 13
10-24 yocto y

14. EH&S Nanotechnology
Scale Name Symbol
1024 yota Y
1021 zetta Z
1018 exa E
1015 peta P
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
102 hecto h
101 deka da
10-1 deci d
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro μ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f
10-18 atto a
10-21 zepto z ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 14
10-24 yocto y

15. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions [001]
– Size matters 200 nm
TiO2 particles courtesy of
Millennium Chemicals, Micrograph
courtesy Shirley Turner, NIST
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 15

16. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions [001]
– Size matters 200 nm
TiO2 particles courtesy of
Millennium Chemicals, Micrograph
courtesy Shirley Turner, NIST
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 16

17. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions [001]
– Size matters 200 nm
200 nm
TiO2 particles courtesy of
Millennium Chemicals, Micrograph
courtesy Shirley Turner, NIST
Carbon Nanotubes courtesy of Richard
TiO2 particles courtesy of Millennium ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Chemicals Cavicchi and Shirley Turner, NIST Issues of Nanotechnology 17

18. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions [001]
– Shape matters 200 nm
200 nm
TiO2 particles courtesy of
Millennium Chemicals, Micrograph
courtesy Shirley Turner, NIST
Carbon Nanotubes courtesy of Richard
TiO2 particles courtesy of Millennium ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Chemicals Cavicchi and Shirley Turner, NIST Issues of Nanotechnology 18

19. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
– Chemistry matters
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 19

20. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
• Chemical Properties
• Elemental
• Phase or compound
• Purity, variation
• Chemical species distribution
• Bonding and electronic structure
• Crystallographic structure
• Surface structure
• Molecular
• Biocompatibility/activity …
• Physical Properties
• Morphology
• Magnetic
• Dielectric Constant
• Hardness
• Biocompatibility …
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 20

21. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
• Chemical Properties
• Elemental
• Phase or compound
• Purity, variation
• Chemical species distribution
• Bonding and electronic structure
• Crystallographic structure
• Surface structure
• Molecular
• Biocompatibility/activity …
• Physical Properties
• Morphology
• Magnetic
• Dielectric Constant
• Hardness
• Biocompatibility …
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 21

22. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
Intrinsically nanoscale powders
• Specialty powders
• Al2O3, Fe2O3, ZnO, Tb-Y2O3, TiO2
• pigments
• catalysts
• carbon black
• Micropowders with nanoscale coatings
• Hard coating materials (WC-TiN, WC-TiC, Cr2C2-TiN, Ni/Fe-TiC,
diamond/WC/Co, Nb-TiN)
• Specialty materials: Ag-ZnO, Cu-ZnO, SiO2-TiO2, CuCrOx
• Pharmaceuticals
• Coating tuned to custom needs
• Hard Coatings, Thermal Barrier Films, Corrosion Resistance, Stealth,
Drug Delivery, Explosives, Implants
• Nanoparticle Dispersion and Containment
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 22

23. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
Tuning Nanoparticles
• Engineering surfaces, compositions and
other properties to develop desired
product
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 23

24. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
Tuning Nanoparticles
• Engineering surfaces, compositions and
other properties to develop desired
product
• What other effects do these properties
have on people, the environment,
plants, and animals?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 24

25. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
Tuning Nanoparticles
• Engineering surfaces, compositions and
other properties to develop desired
product
• What other effects do these properties
have on people, the environment,
plants, and animals?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 25

26. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
Tuning Nanoparticles
• Engineering surfaces, compositions and
other properties to develop desired
product
• What other effects do these properties
have on people, the environment,
plants, and animals?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 26

27. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
– Size matters
– Shape matters
– Chemistry matters
– other…
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 27

28. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
– other…
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 28

29. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
– other…
 Mass
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 29

30. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
– other…
 Mass
 Surface Area
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 30

31. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
– other…
 Mass
 Surface Area
 Morphology (see also size, shape)
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 31

32. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
 Mass / Surface Area
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 32

33. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
 Mass / Surface Area
10 nm
10 nm
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 33

34. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
 Mass / Surface Area
10 nm
10 nm
Like any catalyst – increased surface area
increases reaction sites, nanoparticles are an
extreme example of this, sometimes with
unintended consequences!
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 34

35. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
 Morphology… Oops
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 35

36. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
 Morphology… Oops
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 36

37. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
 Morphology… Oops
Quartz
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 37

38. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
 Morphology… Oops
100 nm
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 38

39. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
 Morphology… Oops
100 nm
100 nm
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 39

40. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
 Morphology… Oops
100 nm
Chrysotile Asbestos
100 nm
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 40

41. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
 Morphology… Oops
• Quartz
• Size
• Crystal-Chemical form
• Surface area
• Surface composition
• Exposure measurement
• Asbestos
• Morphology
• Composition
• Exposure measurement
• Cocarcinogens
• Smoking
• Surface composition
• Latency or time delay of
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
disease onset Issues of Nanotechnology 41

42. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
 Morphology… Oops
• Quartz
• Asbestos
• Size
• Natural nanofibers
• Crystal-Chemical form
• 50 years of health
• Surface area
effect research
• Surface composition
• Shape, size, composition
• Exposure measurement
• Interactions with human body
• Asbestos
• Longevity in body
• Morphology
• 20+ year latency for cancer
• Composition
• Liability is still killing
• Exposure measurement
companies
• Cocarcinogens
• Smoking
• Surface composition
• Latency or time delay of
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
disease onset Issues of Nanotechnology 42

43. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Definitions
 What
 Why
 How
 Proposed Research
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 43

44. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Health
– Epidemiology
 Animal Studies
– Where do nanoparticles go?
– How do they interact?
– How are they changed in the living system?
 Exposure Characterization
– What concentration is important?
– What should be measured?
 Particle Characterization
– How do we measure the critical parameters?
 Standards
– Materials
– Methods ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 44

45. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Research?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 45

46. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Model? Method?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 46

47. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 47

48. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS What do we measure?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 48

49. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS • What do we measure?
• What is tested in animal studies?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 49

50. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS • What do we measure?
• What is tested in animal studies?
• What are people exposed to?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 50

51. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS • What do we measure?
• What is tested in animal studies?
• What are people exposed to?
• Are they the same?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 51

52. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS • What do we measure?
• What is tested in animal studies?
• What are people exposed to?
• Are they the same?
• What concentration matters?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 52

53. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS • What do we measure?
• What is tested in animal studies?
• What are people exposed to?
• Are they the same?
• What concentration matters?
• Measured in what units?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 53

54. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS • What do we measure?
• What is tested in animal studies?
• What are people exposed to?
• Are they the same?
• What concentration matters?
• Measured in what units?
• Mass? Particle number? Composition?
Morphology?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 54

55. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS • What do we measure?
• What is tested in animal studies?
• What are people exposed to?
• Are they the same?
• What concentration matters?
• Measured in what units?
• Mass? Particle number? Composition?
Morphology?
• WE DO NOT KNOW
UNTIL WE MEASURE
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 55

56. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS • What do we measure?
• What is tested in animal studies?
• What are people exposed to?
• Are they the same?
• What concentration matters?
• Measured in what units?
• Mass? Particle number? Composition?
Morphology?
• WE DO NOT KNOW
UNTIL WE MEASURE
• But how many and which
measurements are correct?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 56

57. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS
Currently we have insufficient knowledge to:
Predict health effect
Measure health effect
Predict which properties to measure
Develop exposure measurement methods and relationships to
health effect
Incomplete data will be misleading
It’s a good time to start measuring
Cross-disciplinary experimental design will help reduce
misleading results
•NCI, NIST, FDA Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer and
Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 57

58. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 58

59. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 59

60. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 60

61. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 61

62. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 62

63. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes in conducting
airways of the mouse lung after inhalation exposure.
CDC/NIOSH
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 63

64. EH&S Nanotechnology
 METRICS
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 64

65. EH&S Nanotechnology
ASTM E56.03
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 65

66. EH&S Nanotechnology
ASTM E56.03
ASTM D22.07
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 66

67. EH&S Nanotechnology
ASTM E56.03
ASTM D22.07
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 67

68. EH&S Nanotechnology
ASTM E56.03
ASTM D22.07
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 68

69. EH&S Nanotechnology
ASTM E56.03
ASTM D22.07
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 69

70. EH&S Nanotechnology
ASTM E56.03
ASTM D22.07
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 70

71. EH&S Nanotechnology
ASTM E56.03
ASTM D22.07
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 71

72. EH&S Nanotechnology
ASTM E56.03
ASTM D22.07
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 72

73. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Stakeholders
 Manufacturers
– countless products and applications!!!
 Worker safety
 Consumer Safety
 Generational / Humanity Concerns
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 73

74. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Stakeholders
 Consumer Safety
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 74

75. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Stakeholders
 Consumer Safety:
–CPSC: August 2008 “Given the variety of
nanoprodutcs and the wide range of
nanomaterials used to make them, it is
likely that many nanoproducts will be on
the market for years before industry even
begins to develop safety standards that
will address safety.”
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 75

76. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Stakeholders
 Consumer Safety
 CPSC: August 2008 “Given the variety of
nanoprodutcs and the wide range of
nanomaterials used to make them, it is
likely that many nanoproducts will be on the
market for years before industry even
begins to develop safety standards that will
address safety.”
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 76

77. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Stakeholders
 Consumer Safety
 CPSC: August 2008 “Given the variety of
nanoprodutcs and the wide range of
nanomaterials used to make them, it is
likely that many nanoproducts will be on the
market for years before industry even
begins to develop safety standards that will
address safety.”
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 77

78. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Stakeholders
 Trial Lawyers Association
 Insurance Companies
 etc……
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 78

79. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Coordinate efforts and learn from the past?
 Industry, Academia, Government, Medical, Industrial
Hygiene, Metrology, Environmental coordination
 Shift materials and application development to include
health effects research
 Start standards efforts for consensus
 Methods, materials, health and environmental
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 79

80. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Proactive in stopping health effects before
they happen?
 Err on the conservative side?
 Over protect
 Over characterize
 Until we understand the effects
 Be flexible and responsive … many unknowns and latency
problem
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 80

81. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Work with potential anti-nano stakeholders?
 Understand fear and skepticism and use it to help design
better nanomanufacturing and nanotechnology as well as
health and environmental studies
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 81

82. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Questions?
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 82

83. EH&S Nanotechnology
 Contact:
Frank E. Ehrenfeld III
Laboratory Director – IATL
Vice-President – nanoTEM
frankehrenfeld@iatl.com
(609) 929-4211
ASTM E56.03, Health & Safety
Issues of Nanotechnology 83