This document introduces a course on interoperability and semantic technologies. It defines interoperability and its different levels, including functional and semantic interoperability. It also discusses challenges related to standardization in healthcare like the variety of standards, the need for translation between standards, and the high costs of a lack of interoperability. Finally, it presents how semantic technologies like RDF, SPARQL and OWL can help address these challenges by providing flexible models and languages that can embrace change and translation.
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IST16-01 - Introduction to Interoperability and Semantic Technologies
1. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Interoperability and Semantic Technologies 2015-16
Introduction
Emanuele Della Valle
DEIB - Politecnico di Milano
http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
2. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
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3. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Definitions of Interoperability
• Interoperability
• the ability of information and communication technology (ICT) systems
to exchange data and to enable sharing of information and knowledge
• Functional interoperability
• Information has to be transmitted reliably between heterogeneous
applications
• Semantic interoperability
• Transmission must occur without loss of meaning, and thus without
loss of computability
• E.g., Semantic Interoperability in healthcare information systems
• It is the ability to share information without loss of computable
meaning, across multiple applications concerned with
clinical (primary use) and related administrative, financial, and
research domains (secondary uses).
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4. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Once upon a time …
4
…, in an happy organization, users
were happy of the application the IT
department prepared for them, but …
application
[…]
… the organization was not alone.
Another organization developed a
complementary application …
complementary application
[…]
… so, one day, the two organizations
decided to integrate the two
applications.
Organizational
boundaries
application
[…]
complementary application
[…]
Organizational
boundaries
application
[…]
?
Having much to gain the happy
organization decided to invest in a
bi-lateral solution
complementary application
[…]
Organizational
boundaries
application
[…]
adapter
!
5. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
… this went on for a while, but …
5
[…]
!
… the more bi-lateral integrations, the sadder the organizations
became.
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
!
!
!!
!!
!!
!?!
!!!
!
!!
!?!?!?
?!?
?!? ! OK
!! Good
!!! Very Good
!?! Very Good …
?!? Have I done the
right thing?
??? Does it make
sence?
?#@ Why am I
doying it!!!
Legend
6. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
… So, they standardized and …
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[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
standard
… and they lived happily ever after!
7. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Well, not really :-( Actually …
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[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
??? KEEP
CALM
AND
WAIT FOR
1 YEARS10100
8. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Why? The Standardization dilemma!
Comprehensive
Handles all use cases
Good
High quality
Timely
Completed quickly
Pick two!
Pick two!
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9. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
There are a variety of them
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Standards are like plumbs
11. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
And they keep changing :-(
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[Credits: Rafael Richards]
12. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Why?
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[source http://xkcd.com/927/ ]
13. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
… sometime the variety is required
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standards are like plumbs
14. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Why variety is required
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[Source: http://www.slideshare.net/HINZ/hl7-whats-hot-and-whats-not ]
15. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
One standard does not fit all
Different use cases need need different data, granularity and representations
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[source: dbooth.org/2014/yosemite/yosemite-project-slides.pdf]
16. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
… thus translation is needed
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standards are like plumbs
17. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
And counting on translation between standards is even convenient while
working on increasing the comprehensiveness of a standard over time
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Translation is unavoidable!
Comprehensive
0%
100%
Time
Translation
Standard
18. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
But be aware of the cost of ad hoc translation!
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standards are like plumbs
19. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
…in healthcare costs $30000 Million per year in USA
[source: http://www.calgaryscientific.com/blog/bid/284224/Interoperability-Could-
Reduce-U-S-Healthcare-Costs-by-Thirty-Billion]
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The luck of interoperability …
20. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
So What?!?
“It is not necessarily
the strongest of the
species that survives
nor the most intelligent,
but the one that is
most responsive to change.”
--- Charles Darwin
“The Origin of Species”
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21. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Embrace change!
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22. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Semantic Technologies embrace change
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subject objectobject
property
Proposing a simple data model: RDF
E.g.,
Flexible enough to represent:
Tables
Amoxi-
cillin
bacterial
disease
bacterial
disease
treats
Trees Graphs
23. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Providing a powerful query language: SPARQL
E.g., what does Amoxicillin treat?
?x={Bacterial disease, Urinary tract infection, Sinus infection, …}
Flexible enough to query RDF data even without knowing the schema
E.g., can you describe Amoxicillin ?
?p={treats} ?x={Bacterial disease, Urinary tract infection, Sinus infection, …}
?p={hasSideEffects} ?x={Diarrhoea}
?p={belongsTo} ?x={β-Lactam antibiotic, Penicillin-class Antibacterial}
…
Semantic Technologies embrace change
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Amoxi-
cillin
?x?x
treats
Amoxi-
cillin
?x?x
?p
24. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Providing a formal language for conceptual modelling: OWL
E.g., Heart
Heart is a muscular
organ that is part of
the circulatory system
∀x.[ Heart(x)→
MuscolarOrgan(x)∧
∃y.[isPartOf(x,y )∧
CirculatorySystem(y)]]
OWL is a modular standard that offers different trade-offs
OWL-QL OWL-RL OWL-EL
Semantic Technologies embrace change
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TermsData
Terms
Data Terms
Data
25. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Semantic Technologies embrace change
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Standard in OWL
[…]
Ontology Based Data Access as a prototypical solution to interoperability
problems
<XML><XML>
Translator Translator Translator
26. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Semantic Technologies embrace change
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Standard in OWL
[…]
SPARQL Queries
Ontology Based Data Access as a prototypical solution to interoperability
problems
RDBMS <XML><XML>
Translator Translator Translator
27. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Semantic Technologies embrace change
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Standard in OWL
Results
{ , , }
Ontology Based Data Access as a prototypical solution to interoperability
problems
[…]
RDBMS <XML><XML>
Translator Translator Translator
28. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Those ideas at work at scale
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Google for "amoxicillin"
Model: Google knowledge graph
A variety of sources:
•http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/
•http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/
•http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/
•http://micromedex.com/
29. E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Interoperability and Semantic Technologies 2015-16
Introduction
Emanuele Della Valle
DEIB - Politecnico di Milano
http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle