One of my first attempts to make a presentation. This presentation is based on a Research Article titled "A MODERN MICROWAVE LIFE DETECTION SYSTEM FOR HUMAN BEING BURIED UNDER RUBBLE" published in the International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies

1. (Autonomous Institution, approved by UGC and Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)
TECHNICAL
SEMINAR
Presented by…
D. Sai Spandana
ECE C (13311A04B5)
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3. USING MICROWAVES
LIFE DETECTION
SYSTEM
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MICROWAVES

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MICROWAVES
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves whose frequencies range from
about 300 MHz – 300 GHz (1 MHz = 106 Hz and 1 GHz = 109 Hz) or
wavelengths in air ranging from 100 cm – 1 mm.
The word microwave means very short wave, which is the shortest
wavelength region of the radio spectrum and a part of the
electromagnetic spectrum.

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Microwave is an
electromagnetic
radiation of short
wavelength.
They can reflect by
conducting surfaces
just like optical waves
since they travel in
straight line.
Microwave currents
flow through a thin
outer layer of an
ordinary cable.
Microwaves are easily
attenuated within short
distances.
They are not reflected
by ionosphere
PROPERTIES OF MICROWAVES

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THE FREQUENCY BANDS

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This REFLECTIVE and
PENETRATIVE
property of
microwaves is the
underlying principle,
which makes
DETECTION OF LIFE
possible…
Make any sense?
Yes? No? Maybe?

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The principle

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The reception of
modulated signals
shows the presence of
alive human inside the
rubble.
When the beam hits
the body, the signal
reflected with an
additional modulation
created by movement
of heart and lungs.
Microwave would
reflect back from some
objects.
Microwave is sent
through rubble to
detect vital signs of
life.

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The need for such a
system

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• Existing ways to detect the human being under the earthquake rubble and collapsed
buildings are utilization of the dogs, optical devices and acoustic life detectors and the
rescue robot.
• Dogs : Detect the dead persons as well which wastes precious time
• Optical Devices : Limited number of degrees of freedom, require expert operators.
• Acoustic Life Detectors : Such as geophones are simple to use but they require quiet
working environments, a condition difficult to reach especially in critical situations.
• Rescue Robot : Can navigate deep into the rubble to search for victim by the use of
temperature sensor but they are unable to trap once they go out of range.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM
A PROPOSED MODEL

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Microwave Circuit
Dual Antenna System
Microwave Controlled
Clutter Cancellation System
3 MAJOR COMPONENTS

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Microwa
ve Circuit
Phase
Locked
Oscillat
or
Directiona
l Couplers
Circulator
MICROWAVE CIRCUIT
• The phase locked oscillator is used to generate
a very stable EM wave of 2GHz range.
• Power dividers and directional couplers , couple
part of the transmission power in a
transmission line by a known amount out
through another port.
• In this system , 10dB coupler is used to divide
the power into 1/10th and 9/10th part while
3dB coupler divides power into two equal
parts.

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The dual antenna system has two antennas, which are energized sequentially by an
electronically controlled microwave single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switch.
The switch turns on and off at a frequency of 100 Hz which is much higher than the
frequency range of the breathing and heartbeat signals between 0.2 Hz and 3 Hz.
In this dual-antenna system, the two antenna channels are completely
independent.
DUAL ANTENNAS

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Programmable
Phase Shifters
Programmable
Attenuator
RF Amplifier
Microprocessor
Control Unit
Clutter cancellation

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If the distance between the observer and the source is increasing, the
frequency apparently decreases and apparently increases if the
distance between the observer and the source is decreasing.
By the Doppler Effect, microwave beam reflected from a moving
surface undergoes a frequency shift proportional to the surface
velocity.
If the surface is moving periodically, such as the chest surface of person
due to breathing, this can be termed as a phase shift proportional to
the surface displacement.
Detection – Doppler shift

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Result
Frequency spectrum of background noise

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result
Frequency spectrum of breathing and heartbeat

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disadvantages
• Project is expensive but once it is
implemented the expenses can be reduce
lower extend.
• The L- band frequency is unable to penetrate
more metal like structure but it can penetrate
over 10 layers of bricks.
• The involvement of clutter signal may destroy
the vital information of life signs. But if the
proper demodulation is used one can receive
the vital signs efficiently.
• Powerful tool in applications where it is
not desirable to disturb a subject’s
physiological and/or emotional state
during detection or in other situations
where access to the subject is limited.
• L-band frequency free for use by
commercial applications - so we expect a
minimum interference with other
devices.
• No need to use heart beat and the
breathing sensor.
advantages
analysis

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