2. Levels of Consciousness
We know that various
levels exists beyond
the conscious level.
• Mere-exposure
effect
• Priming
• Inattentional
blindness and
change blindness
3. Dual Processing
“WE KNOW MORE THAN WE KNOW WE KNOW”
• Provides an account of how phenomenon can
occur in two different ways, or as a result of
two different processes.
• Information is processed on separate
conscious and unconscious tracks
• Conscious memories = explicit
• Unconscious memories = implicit
4. Inattentional Blindness
and
Change Blindness
http://www.youtube.com/wat
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo
5. Levels of Consciousness
• Conscious Level-alert (Beta
waves)
• Preconscious Level-
corresponds to ordinary
memory
• Subconscious Level-outside
of conscious awareness
(everything we see, hear,
etc)
• Unconscious Level-processes
that occur automatically/not
available to introspection
• Nonconscious
6. Sleep
• Sleep is a state of
consciousness.
• Control center:
hypothalamus
• We are less aware
of our surroundings.
• Circadian Rhythm
7. ARE YOU GETTING ENOUGH
SLEEP DEPRIVATION:
SLEEP?
Decreases immunity BENEFITS OF SLEEP
Less sleep, more fat! Maximizes safety and
Road deaths protection
Hypertension Restorative
Premature aging Brain tissue is repaired
Impaired
Helps you be more
concentration/reflexes
Increases “stress” hormone - creative
cortisol
4 out of 5 teens are
seriously sleep deprived
DEATH!
9. BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS!
• INTERNAL CHEMICAL UNITS THAT CONTROL REGULAR
CYCLES IN PARTS OF THE BODY
• HYPOTHALAMUS
• FREE-RUNNING CYCLES: IGNORE THE ENVIRONMENT (EX.
KIDNEYS)
• ENTRAINMENT: OCCURS WHEN WE ALTER FREE-RUNNING
CYCLES (EX. TRAINING BABIES TO GET ONTO THEIR
PARENTS CYCLE SO THAT EVERYONE CAN SLEEP!)
• HUMAN BODY HAS A NATURAL RHYTHM THAT “FREE-
RUNS” ABOUT EVERY 25 HOURS!
• Ex. CHILEAN MINERS
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aF24ZmPwzb0
10. Body Rhythms
• Circadian rhythm: biological rhythms that
occur approximately once every 24 hrs.
Ex. sleep/wake cycles (circa=about/dies=day
• Ultradian rhythms: biological rhythms that
occur more than once a day. The most studied
is the way we cycle through various stages of
sleep each night
• Infradian rhythms: biological rhythms that
occur once a month or once a season.
Ex. Menstrual cycles or hibernation
11. Sleep Cycle
• Use an EEG
(electroencephalograph)
machine to measure stages
of sleep.
• Relaxation (alpha waves >
low beta)
• Onset of Stage 1
drowsiness
• Hallucinations, like a
feeling of falling.
• Myclonic jerks
(myclo=muscle)
• 50% reduction in activity
between wakefulness and
Stage 1 sleep
12. Stage 1
• Kind of awake and kind of
asleep. Theta waves
• NREM
• Only lasts a few minutes, and
you usually only experience it
once a night
• Your brain produces theta
waves (also found in
daydreaming – “theta state”.)
If aroused during this stage Click the couple to see Theta Waves
•
a person might feel as
though they have not slept
• May last 5-10 min
13. Stage 2
• More Theta Waves that get
progressively slower.
• NREM
• Period of light sleep
• Heart rate slows/body temp
decreases
• Body prepares to enter deep
sleep
Click image to see Stage Two of sleep. • Begin to show sleep
spindles…sudden increase in
wave frequency.
• K complexes: sudden
increase in wave amplitudes
• Lasts about 20 min.
14. Stages 3 and 4
• Slow wave sleep and our deepest
sleep.
• You produce Delta waves (slowest
and highest amplitude).
• If awakened you will be very
groggy.
• Sleep walking/talking/night
terrors
• Vital for restoring body’s growth
hormones and good overall health.
• Lasts approx. 15-30 min.
• Completed within the first two 90
min sleep cycles or within the first
3 hours of sleep
Click boys to see deep sleep.
15. REM Sleep
• Rapid Eye Movement
• Often called paradoxical sleep.
• Brain is very active.
• 20-25% of a normal nights
sleep (90-120 min)
• Vivid dreams usually occur in
REM.
• Body is essentially paralyzed.
• REM Rebound: lengthening and
increasing frequency and depth of
REM sleep which occurs after
periods of sleep deprivation.
Click boy dreaming to see REM sleep.
16. In a normal night's sleep, a sleeper begins in
stage 1, moves down through the stages, to
stage 4, then back up through the stages, with
the exception that stage 1 is replaced by REM,
then the sleeper goes back down through the
stages again. One cycle, from stage 1 to REM
takes approximately ninety minutes. This cycle is
repeated throughout the night, with the length of
REM periods increasing, and the length of delta
sleep decreasing, until during the last few cycles
there is no delta sleep at all.
20. Insomnia
• Difficulty initiating or
maintaining sleep
• Effects 30-50% of the
population
• Affects people of all
ages
• Causes: stress, caffeine,
meds, smoking, hunger,
doing work in bed,
exercising prior to
sleep, too much
light/noise
21. • Primary insomnia:
Primary insomnia is sleeplessness
that cannot be attributed to a
medical, psychiatric, or
environmental cause (such as drug
abuse or medications). It is
characterized by the following:
• Secondary insomnia is
the most common form of
• A 1-month or longer history of at insomnia, and it is estimated that
least one of the following: a) as many as 8 out of every 10 cases
difficulty initiating or maintaining of this disorder is secondary to
sleep or b) nonrestorative sleep. some other cause. The symptoms
• Sleep disturbance causing of secondary insomnia are the
significant distress or impairment same as those for primary
in social, occupational, or other insomnia, including excessive
important areas of functioning. daytime sleepiness, anxiety,
depression, and the inability to
focus or concentrate.
22. Narcolepsy
• Suffer from
sleeplessness and may
fall asleep at
unpredictable or
http://www.youtube.com/watch? inappropriate times.
v=GmXSJooA6T4&feature=relmfu
• Hereditary (lack of
neurotransmitter
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0h2nleWTwI
hypocretin)
Attacks when CNS is
aroused
Fall directly into REM
sleep
• Less than 1% of the pop.
23. Sleep Apnea
• A person stops
breathing during
their sleep.
• Wake up momentarily,
gasps for air, then
falls back asleep (up
to 400x’s a night)
• Very common,
especially in heavy
males.
• Can be fatal.
• http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?
v=4JkiWvWn2aU
24. Night Terrors
• Wake up screaming and
have no idea why.
• Occurs during NREM
• Not a nightmare.
• Most common in children
(boys) between ages 2-
8.
• Seem to be connected
with a maturing brain
• http://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=4ujSv2z3MEk
25. Somnambulism
• Sleep Walking
• Most often occurs
during the first few
hours of sleeping and
in stage 4 (deep
sleep).
• If you have had night
terrors, you are more
likely to sleep walk
when older.
• http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=ibQ3-
EwdthM
27. • Categories
– Anxiety, fulfillment, cathartic
• COMMON THEMES
– Pregnancy
– Death
– Teeth falling out
– Chased
– Falling or flying
– Naked
– Body parts
– Colors
– House
– Animals
28. CONTENT OF DREAMS
• Daytime events (50% of dreams)
• strenuous activity OR passive activity
• Occur in a realistic time scale
– Avg = 10 – 15 mins
29. • IMAGES & CHARACTERS
– You are a ‘character’ 90% of the time
– ½ of the ppl you know, ½ you don’t know
– drab color w/ blurry backgrounds
– Girls = Even mixture of gender; boys = have
more men
– Mostly visual
– 20% of dreams include auditory or body
sensations
– 1% contain tastes or smells
30. • EMOTIONS
– Mostly unpleasant/ - emotions
• Sadness, anger, anxiety, dread, failure
– Men more likely to have + emotions &
aggression
– usually the ‘victim’, not the aggressor
– * recurrent dreams* - fear or vulnerability
– More likely to have ‘bad’ dreams after an
upsetting event
– 10% - sexual in nature & usually contain body
sensations
31. • CREATIVE & BIZARRE ASPECTS
– Mix of bizarre & realistic elements
• 10% are completely bizarre
– Sudden/unrealistic changes from one setting to
another
32. MEANING OF DREAMS
• Day residue
– Process things in real life
• Stimulus Incorporation
– stimuli in the ext. environ. in the dream
• Subcon influence & symbols
– express impulses, thoughts, conflicts,
memories, issues, fears, anxieties, &
motives that are unacceptable @ the
conscious level
33. INTERPRETATION
• Meaning? Psychologists can’t agree!
• Objectivly verify accuracy of interpretation (?)
• Rich source of info. about hidden aspects of our
personalities, conflicts, emotions, etc.
• Creative insights about prob solving
– Discover a ‘solution’ to a prob. in real life
34. Freud’s Theory of Dreams
• Dreams are a
roadway into our
unconscious.
• Manifest Content
(storyline)
• Latent Content
(underlying meaning)
• Psychoanalytical
theory
***See handout
35. Activation-Synthesis Theory
Hobson & McCarley (1977)
• Our Cerebral Cortex is
trying to interpret random
electrical activity we have
while sleeping.
• Pons continues to function
and produce stimuli during
sleep
• There is nothing to interpret
• That is why dreams
sometimes make no sense.
• Biological Theory
36. Information-Processing Theory
• Dreams are a way to
deal with the
stresses of everyday
life.
• We tend to dream
more when we are
more stressed.
• May be a way to
integrate the info
processed through
the day into
memories
37. Additional info…
Carl Jung was a student of Freud who later rejected many of Freud's
theories. Jung expanded on Freud's idea that dream content relates to
the dreamer's unconscious desires. He described dreams as messages
to the dreamer and argued that dreamers should pay attention for their
own good. He came to believe that dreams present the dreamer with
revelations that can uncover and help to resolve emotional or religious
problems and fears
Fritz Perls presented his theory of dreams as part of the holistic nature of
Gestalt therapy. Dreams are seen as projections of parts of the self that
have been ignored, rejected, or suppressed
REM sleep and the ability to dream seem to be embedded in the biology
of many organisms that live on Earth. All mammals experience REM. The
range of REM can be seen across species: dolphins experience minimum
REM, while humans remain in the middle and the opossum and the
armadillo are among the most prolific dreamers
Lucid dreaming is the conscious perception of one's state while dreaming
Enuresis (bedwetting) and bruxism (teeth grinding)
Deja Vu
39. Hypnosis
• Altered state of
consciousness?
• http://www.youtube.
com/watch?
v=mLhkKx-Bv4A
• Posthypnotic
suggestions
• Posthypnotic amnesia
• Hypnotic analgesia
40. Hypnotic Theories
Social or Role Theory Altered State Theory
• Hypnosis is NOT an • Hypnosis is an altered
altered state of state of consciousness.
consciousness.
• Different people have • Dramatic health
various state of hypnotic benefits
suggestibility. • It works for pain best.
• A social phenomenon
where people want to
believe.
• Work better on people
with richer fantasy lives.
41. Dissociation Theory
• Theory by Ernest
Hilgard. (Stanford)
• We voluntarily divide our
consciousness up.
• We have a hidden
observer, a level of us
that is always aware.
• Exagerrated division of
internal consciousness
44. Drugs
• Our brain is protected
by a layer of capillaries
called the blood-brain
barrier.
• The drugs that are small
enough to pass through
are called psychoactive
drugs. These change
perceptions and moods
through actions at the
neural synapses.
45. Drugs are either….
• Agonists mimic effects
(pleasure, arousal)
• Antagonists block (analgesia)
• Reuptake inhibitors
If a drug is used often, a tolerance is
created for the drug.
Thus you need more of the drug (or a
more powerful drug) to feel the same
effect.
If you stop using a drug you can
develop withdrawal symptoms.
Dependence: physical & psychological
Meth addict 4 yrs later >>>>
46.
47. HOW DO THEY WORK?
• 1) Prevent some substances in blood stream
from entering brain tissue
• 2) Similar enough to a certain
neurotransmitter bind to the receptors &
mimic its effects
• 3) Bind to receptors and block the normal
neurotransmitter from binding to the
receptors
• 4) Increase or decrease the release of certain
neurotransmitters
48.
49. Stimulants:
Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, “E”, amphetamines and meth
• Speeds up body processes.
• Heart/breathing rates,
energy, self-confidence
increase
• Meth: 8 hrs of continued
energy/euphoria, triggers
release of dopamine – very
addictive & dangerous
(crystal meth)
• More powerful ones (like
cocaine) give people
feelings of invincibility.
50.
51. • CAFFEINE: • NICOTINE
World’s most widely Every year 5.4 million people
consumed psychoactive die from using tobacco
Teen-to-grave smokers: 50%
substance
chance of dying from the
Impairs sleep habit
Withdrawal symptoms Tobacco products are as
including fatigue and powerful & addictive as
heroin and cocaine
headache
Releases epinephrine and
norepinephrine
52. HALLUCINOGENS
• Loss of contact w/ reality & alter emotions,
sensory perceptions, & thoughts, affects memory
• Distortions in body image; loss of identity;
hallucinations; dream-like fantasies
• Unpredictable behavior, emotional instability;
violent behavior; focus on detail
• Low potential for physical dependence
• High potential for psych. dependence (coping)
53. • Psychedelics
• Causes changes in
perceptions of reality
• LSD, peyote,
psilocybin mushrooms
and marijuana.
• Reverse tolerance or
synergistic effect
54. • Marijuana
• euphoria,
calmness/relaxation,
exaggerated emotions
• More pronounced body
sensations
• Anxiety, paranoia, panic
attacks, depression
• Probs w/ learning,
memory, & social skills
• 33% Americans
55. • LSD (acid)
• vivid hallucinations; time
& space is distorted;
sensory distortions (i.e.
smell colors & see
sounds)
• ‘bad trip’ = unpleasant
hallucinations &
delusions, flashbacks,
violent outbursts, panic
attacks, suicide
• 7% Americans
59. DEPRESSANTS:
Barbiturates and Opiates
• BARBITURATES • OPIATES
Tranquilizers Depress neural functioning
Mimic effects of alcohol Pupils constrict, breathing
Depress nervous system slows, lethargy
Induce sleep or reduce No pain/anxiety
anxiety Highly addictive:the more
Can lead to impaired you take reduces natural
memory/judgement endorphins
Nembutal, Seconal Morphine, heroin, Vicodin
Can be lethal due to Used for medical
overdose analgesia/anesthesia
60. Alcohol
• More than 86 billion
dollars are spent
annually on alcoholic
beverages.
• Alcohol is involved in
60% of ALL crimes.
• Alcohol is involved in
over 70% of sexually
related crimes.
• Is it worth the cost?
