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Lektion 13 Dagens emne og det sidste:   Elektromagnetiske bølger og  felternes grænsebetingelser ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],RLE F2011
Integralform Differentialform Gauss’ lov for elektriske felter Gauss’ lov for magnetiske felter Faraday’s lov Ampère-Maxwell’s lov Maxwell’s ligninger Ligningerne er opskrevet for vakuum (luft)
Fysikken i Maxwells ligninger Det var matematikken. Lad os nu se på fysikken i, hvorledes felterne i en plan bølge kobler med hinanden, og hvorledes bølgerne udbreder sig. Udgangspunkt: Faradays lov og Ampère-Maxwells   lov på integralform (uden kilder). Strømleder med stigende strøm, I: FL FL AML AML   (med kilde) AML
En LC oscillator skaber sinus-strømme, der producerer oscillerende elektriske og magnetiske felter ,der efterfølgende udbreder sig i rummet som EM bølger Den Elektromagnetiske (EM) bølge kvalitativt Oscillations Frekvens Next slide
EM feltet ved  P,  når man ’kigger’ bagud mod en LC oscillator Den Elektromagnetiske (EM) bølge kvalitativt
EM Bølge Kvalitativt Varierende magnetisk  B -felt genererer elektriske  E- felt : Benyt Faraday’s lov på en infinitesimal lukket kurve i  y-z  planet – mod uret rundt: (1)
EM Bølge kvantitativt Varierende elektrisk  E- felt genererer magnetisk  B- felt: Benyt Ampére-Maxwell’s lov på en infinitesimal lukket  kurve i y-z planet – mod uret rundt: (2)
Bølgeligningen for E-feltet Kobling af lign. (1) og lign. (2) (1) (2) Bølgelign.  Lysudbredelseshast. I vacuum)
Bølgeligningen fortsat Antag følgende tidsharmoniske felter Indsæt disse i (1) fås: Samt indsættes disse felter også i (2) fås: Elektrisk Felt Magnetisk Felt
Bølgeligningen fortsat Bølge animation Electric Field: Magnetic Field: Wave Speed: Wavenumber: Angular frequency: Vacuum Permittivity: Vacuum Permeability: Amplitude Ratio:
Bølgeligninger  ud fra differentialformen 1  Kombinere de to ligninger Desuden haves at:
Bølgeligninger ud fra differentialformen  2 En tilsvarende ligning kan findes for B-feltet, så vi har de 2 bølgeligninger: Ser vi på en lineært polariseret plan bølge: Indsættes de 2 felter i de 2 generelle bølge- ligninger fås: Som er 1-dimensionelle  bølgeligninger, hvor  bølgernes udbredelseshastighed er: (lysets hastighed i vakuum)
Elektromagnetisk spektrum 1
Elektromagnetisk spektrum 2 Øjets følsomhed Whirlpool galaxy Messier 51
Grænsebetingelser for B-felter Gauss’ lov: Normalkomposanten af B feltet er bevaret henover grænsefladen Medium 1 S 1 S 2 S 3 Grænseflade Medium 2 μ r1 μ r2 B 1t B 1n B 2t B 2n h
Grænsebetingelser for H-felter Ampères lov: Tangentkomposanten af H feltet er bevaret henover grænsefladen Medium 1 l Grænseflade Medium 2 μ r1 μ r2 H 1t H 1n H 2t H 2n h h
Grænsebetingelser for isotrope og homogene magnetiske medier Grænseflade Medium 1 Medium 2 μ r1 μ r2 θ 2 θ 1
Grænsebetingelser for D-felter Gauss’ lov: ε r1 D 1n Medium 1 S 1 S 2 S 3 Grænseflade Medium 2 D 1t D 2t D 2n h ε r2 σ
Grænsebetingelser for E-felter Faradays lov: (Intet varierende B-felt) Medium 1 l Grænseflade Medium 2 E 1t E 1n E 2t E 2n h h ε r1 ε r2
Grænsebetingelser for isotrope og homogene dielektriske medier ε r1 Grænseflade Medium 1 Medium 2 θ 2 θ 1 ε r2
Eksamensspørgsmål ,[object Object],2.  Redegør for begrebet elektrisk potentiel energi samt elektrisk potentiale. 4.  Definer begrebet magnetisk fluxtæthed  B  og redegør for, hvorledes man kan beregne magnetiske felter fra stationære strømme. Diskuter konsekvenser af magnetisk flux, der varierer i tiden og redegør for indholdet i Faraday’s induktionslov. 3.  Diskuter modelsystemet: en elektrisk dipol. Redegør for det elektriske felt omkring dipolen samt for, hvorledes dipolen opfører sig i et ydre elektrisk felt. Sammenlign med det tilsvarende modelsystem: en magnetisk dipol i et ydre magnetisk felt. Alle spørgsmål-besvarelser skal afsluttes med en samlet diskussion af alle de fire Maxwell ligninger. Der benyttes KUN tavle – ingen Powerpoint. Et par overheads må evt. benyttes.

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Lektion13 rle

  • 1.
  • 2. Integralform Differentialform Gauss’ lov for elektriske felter Gauss’ lov for magnetiske felter Faraday’s lov Ampère-Maxwell’s lov Maxwell’s ligninger Ligningerne er opskrevet for vakuum (luft)
  • 3. Fysikken i Maxwells ligninger Det var matematikken. Lad os nu se på fysikken i, hvorledes felterne i en plan bølge kobler med hinanden, og hvorledes bølgerne udbreder sig. Udgangspunkt: Faradays lov og Ampère-Maxwells lov på integralform (uden kilder). Strømleder med stigende strøm, I: FL FL AML AML (med kilde) AML
  • 4. En LC oscillator skaber sinus-strømme, der producerer oscillerende elektriske og magnetiske felter ,der efterfølgende udbreder sig i rummet som EM bølger Den Elektromagnetiske (EM) bølge kvalitativt Oscillations Frekvens Next slide
  • 5. EM feltet ved P, når man ’kigger’ bagud mod en LC oscillator Den Elektromagnetiske (EM) bølge kvalitativt
  • 6. EM Bølge Kvalitativt Varierende magnetisk B -felt genererer elektriske E- felt : Benyt Faraday’s lov på en infinitesimal lukket kurve i y-z planet – mod uret rundt: (1)
  • 7. EM Bølge kvantitativt Varierende elektrisk E- felt genererer magnetisk B- felt: Benyt Ampére-Maxwell’s lov på en infinitesimal lukket kurve i y-z planet – mod uret rundt: (2)
  • 8. Bølgeligningen for E-feltet Kobling af lign. (1) og lign. (2) (1) (2) Bølgelign. Lysudbredelseshast. I vacuum)
  • 9. Bølgeligningen fortsat Antag følgende tidsharmoniske felter Indsæt disse i (1) fås: Samt indsættes disse felter også i (2) fås: Elektrisk Felt Magnetisk Felt
  • 10. Bølgeligningen fortsat Bølge animation Electric Field: Magnetic Field: Wave Speed: Wavenumber: Angular frequency: Vacuum Permittivity: Vacuum Permeability: Amplitude Ratio:
  • 11. Bølgeligninger ud fra differentialformen 1 Kombinere de to ligninger Desuden haves at:
  • 12. Bølgeligninger ud fra differentialformen 2 En tilsvarende ligning kan findes for B-feltet, så vi har de 2 bølgeligninger: Ser vi på en lineært polariseret plan bølge: Indsættes de 2 felter i de 2 generelle bølge- ligninger fås: Som er 1-dimensionelle bølgeligninger, hvor bølgernes udbredelseshastighed er: (lysets hastighed i vakuum)
  • 14. Elektromagnetisk spektrum 2 Øjets følsomhed Whirlpool galaxy Messier 51
  • 15. Grænsebetingelser for B-felter Gauss’ lov: Normalkomposanten af B feltet er bevaret henover grænsefladen Medium 1 S 1 S 2 S 3 Grænseflade Medium 2 μ r1 μ r2 B 1t B 1n B 2t B 2n h
  • 16. Grænsebetingelser for H-felter Ampères lov: Tangentkomposanten af H feltet er bevaret henover grænsefladen Medium 1 l Grænseflade Medium 2 μ r1 μ r2 H 1t H 1n H 2t H 2n h h
  • 17. Grænsebetingelser for isotrope og homogene magnetiske medier Grænseflade Medium 1 Medium 2 μ r1 μ r2 θ 2 θ 1
  • 18. Grænsebetingelser for D-felter Gauss’ lov: ε r1 D 1n Medium 1 S 1 S 2 S 3 Grænseflade Medium 2 D 1t D 2t D 2n h ε r2 σ
  • 19. Grænsebetingelser for E-felter Faradays lov: (Intet varierende B-felt) Medium 1 l Grænseflade Medium 2 E 1t E 1n E 2t E 2n h h ε r1 ε r2
  • 20. Grænsebetingelser for isotrope og homogene dielektriske medier ε r1 Grænseflade Medium 1 Medium 2 θ 2 θ 1 ε r2
  • 21.

Editor's Notes

  1. Bølgelængde findes som: k*lambda=2*pi (her har bølge gentaget sig selv!)