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1. 18 Arabic Grammar
APPENDIX B: A BRIEF JOURNEY
THROUGH ARABIC GRAMMAR
You will cover the basics of the following topics in this Part.
1. Subject and Predicate………………………… 19
2. Masculine and Feminine Genders…………… 20
3. Numbers: Singular, Dual, and Plural……… 22
4. Adjective and its Noun………………………… 23
5. The Possessive Case or Genitive………………24
6. Interrogatives ………………………… ……… 26
7. Pronouns………………………………………… 26
8. The Prepositions…………………………………29
9. Subject, Verb, and Object………………………30
10. The Tense…………………………………………31
10a. Past Tense ………………………………… 31
10b. Imperfect Tense ………………… ……… 34
10c. Imperative and Negative Imperative…… 37
10d. Derived Forms of the verb ……………… 42
18

2. 19 Arabic Grammar
1. Subject and Predicate  ¦ ¬¦
¦» ¾ ÷
Allah is creator.
Muhammad (peace be upon him, pbuh) is prophet.
Tariq is Mujahid (one who struggles)
The sentences like these are composed of a subject and a predicate which are called ¦ ¬¦ and Â
¾ ÷ ¦»
in Arabic. To translate such sentences into Arabic, just put Tanveen ( Æ ) on each of these
words (in case they are singular masculine). Tanveen ( Æ ) is also known as double pesh or
double dhammah.
Allah is creator. êó » ¦
¢ É …È
Muhammad (pbuh) is Prophet. Ž
¦û ¾ø¸÷
Tariq is a Mujahid. ¢´ Æ Ê ¢Š
¾ÿ ÷ ¼° ×
************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 1 ************************
creator êó »
¢ big Zï
Ž¦Š religion ú®
Ê
prophet ¦û
Ž mg. slave ¾ß
¦ one ¾
·¦ÈÂ
one who ¾ ¢
ÿ ´÷ pious ¶ó Ï
¢ scholar öó ß
¢
struggles
truthful ¼® Ï
Æ Ê ¢
house ª ¥
======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 1 =======================
Using the words and their meanings given above, translate the following sentences into English.
The translation is also provided to help you check your answers.
The house is big. Z¦ï ª ¦ ¦
ŽŠ ’óÈ Islam is a religion. ú® ¿ô ¢¦
Ê É ¢Š Ç ’óÈ
The slave is pious. ¶ó Ï ¾ à
¢ ¦ ’ó¦ Allah is one. ¦È É È
¾· Â …¦
The Muslim is truthful. ¼® Ï ö ø ¦
Æ Ê ¢ ôÈ ’óÈ Javeed is a scholar öó ß ¾ Â ³
¢ Ê ¢
19

3. 20 Arabic Grammar
2. Masculine and Feminine Genders ® È ÂM À
ûš÷ Â ïŠ ÷
You must have heard the Arabic names, for e.g., ò ø³
ˆ for a boy and ˆ¨Š for a girl.
ô ø³ There
lies the rule. Just put ¨ at the end of a masculine (singular) word to make it feminine (singular).
For example,
ˆ È È
¨ï¯ ï¯ ¨¸ó Ï ¶ó Ï ¨¾Ë ° ¾Ë °
ˆ ¢ ¢ Æ ¦È ¦È
ˆ ü÷š
¨ ÷ š Æ Ž¢
ú÷ ÷ ¨¾¥ ß Ž¢
¾¥ ß ¨ ¢
¾ó » ¢
¾ó »
Notes:
1. Arabic has two genders, i.e., masculine gender and feminine gender. There is no common
gender in Arabic.
2. A common sign of a feminine word is ¨ (in general) as the last letter of the word.
3. To make a specific reference, we put Ì¾È in front of a common noun in Arabic just as we put
¦
the in front of a common noun in English. When Ì È is attached to an Arabic word, we
¾¦
remove one of É (dhamma or pesh) from the two Æ (Tanveen or double pesh). For
example,
É óÈ Æ È É ŠÈû ’óÈ Æ ¢ ûÊ
¾ Ç ¦ ¾ Ç° À¢ ¢ ¦ À È ¦  ø ’óÈ
¾ ¸¦ ø
¾·
4. Occasionally, the prefix ̾È
¦ is used to imply generality also. For e.g., À¢ ’ È (the human
Èû¢ó¦
being).
5. If the ¦ º¦
¾ ¬÷ (subject) is feminine, then its º
¦ » (predicate) will also be feminine.
For example, ¢ É Š’óÈ
¶ó Ï §¢ ¦ ˆ ¢ N Œ’óÈ
¨¸ó Ï ¿¢ ¦
Additional rules for making feminine gender of dual and plural nouns are given in the following
lesson.
20

4. 21 Arabic Grammar
************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 2 ************************
mg. small ZäÏ
uncle (mother's brother) ¾»
Æ ¢ mg. beautiful ò ø³
ˆ
fg. small ¨ZäÏ
Æ aunt (mother's sister) ¨ó »
ˆ Š¢ fg. beautiful ¨ô ø³
ˆ Š
mg. big Z¦ï
ŽŠ mg. truthful ¼® Ï
Æ Ê ¢ son ú¦
¥Ê
fg. big ¨Z¦ï
Æ ŽŠ brother ­¦
ÆÈ daughter ª¥
üŽ
mg. intelligent ï¯
È mg. worshipper ¾¥ ß
Ž¢ father §¦
Æ È
uncle (father's brother) ö
ß fg. worshipper ¨¾¥ ß
Æ Ž¢ mother ¿¦
KÉ
aunt (father's sister) ¨øß
ˆ sister ª ¦
ȃ
======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 2 =======================
Find out the masculine and feminine words in the following sentences and translate them into
English. The translation is also provided to help you check your answers.
The son is beautiful. ò ø³ ú ¢ ¦
ˆ ¥ ’óÈ The brother is intelligent. ï ­¢ ¦
¯É Š’óÈ
The daughter is beautiful.ˆ Š Ž’ È
¨ô ø³ ªü¦ó¦ The sister is intelligent. ¨ï¯ ª ¢ ¦
ˆ È »Œ’óÈ
The father is pious. ¶ó Ï §¢ ¦
¢ É Š’óÈ The uncle is truthful. ¼® Ï ¾ ¼ ¦
Æ Ê ¢ É ¢ ’óÈ
The mother is pious. ¨¸ó Ï ¿¢ ¦
ˆ ¢ N Œ’óÈ The aunt is truthful. ¨ë® Ï ¨ ¼ ¦
ˆ Š Ê ¢ Œ óŠ¢ ’óÈ
The uncle is big. Z¦ï öà ¦
ŽŠ

5. ’óÈ The son is small. ZäÏ ú œ ¦
¥Ž’óÈ
The aunt is big. ¨Z¦ï ¨ø ¦
Æ ŽŠ Œ à’óÈ The daughter is small. ¨ZäÏ ª ¦ ¦
Æ üŽ’óÈ
21

6. 22 Arabic Grammar
3. Numbers: Singular, Dual and Plural Þø ¨ü’°¾ ¦È
³ Ž « · Â
There are specific rules in Arabic for making singular, dual, and plural forms of a word. (Yes,
dual is a separate and distinct Number in Arabic). There are two types of plurals in Arabic.
Solid Plural (ö ¢ Þf ) and Broken Plural ( ZÊ ’ Þf ). The plural form depends upon the
óºÇ Èð«
context in which it is used, as shown below (for the Solid Plural case only):
'Aaraab forms ↓ Plural Dual Singular Gender
¸Œ Â÷
ç with Dhamma ( É- ); È ôÈ
À ø ÷ Ê ¢ È
À øô ÷ öô ÷
È mg.
when used as subject
Ç©¢øôÈ÷
À¢¬øôÈ÷
Ê ¨øôÈ÷
ˆ fg.
§ ü÷
Ð with Fatha (È- ); [øôÈ
Ž ÷ úøôÈ
Ž ÷ öôÈ
÷ mg.
when used as object
Ç©¢øôÈ÷
ú¬øôÈ÷
Ž ¨øôÈ÷
† fg.
°ÌÂ ´÷
 with Kasra ( Ê- ); [øôÈ
Ž ÷ úøôÈ
Ž ÷ öôÈ
‰ ÷ mg.
when the noun is
used with preposition
©¢øôÈ÷
Ç ú¬øôÈ÷
Ž ¨øôÈ÷
fg.
******************* Vocabulary Exercises for Lesson No. 3 *******************
Try to practice the rules of making dual and plural by reproducing the above table for the
following words (both for masculine and feminine case):
hypocrite êç ü÷
¢ believer ú÷ ÷
š disbeliever Âç ï
¢Š
patient Â¥ Ï
Ž¢ helper ÂÏ û
¢ worshipper ¾¥ ß
Ž¢
scholar öó ß
¢ one who struggles ¾ÿ ´÷
¢ one who Âï ¯
¦È
remembers
pious ¶ó Ï
¢ killer ò« ë
ˆ ¢Š truthful ¼® Ï
Æ Ê ¢
protector Úç ·
ˆ ¢ one who prostrates ¾³ Ç
Ž ¢ prophet ¦û
Ž
22

7. 23 Arabic Grammar
4. Adjective and its Noun» ¨Š Ï
Ï ÷ è
Look at the following phrases and their translations:
a true Muslim
¼® Ï öô ÷
Æ Ê ¢ È a pious person
¶ó Ï ò³°
¢ ˆ È
a small book
ZäÏ § ¬ï
Æ ¢ a trustworthy uncle
[÷¦ ¾ »
ÈÆ ¢
a big mosque
Z¦ï ¾´ ÷
ŽŠ Ž È a beautiful house
ò ø³ ª ¥
ˆ
These phrases are said to be composed of ¨º è (adjective) and » (the noun of the
ºŠ Ï Ï ÷
adjective). To translate these into Arabic, just reverse the order of the words (Muslim ö È
ô ÷ and
then true ¼Ê ¢º ) and put tanveen ( Æ ) on each of them.
® ºÏ The tanveen could be Å or Ç or Æ
depending upon the context in which this phrase is used.
The rules are similar to those of  ¦ ¬¦
¦» ¾ ÷ (subject and predicate) except that in case of ¨Š
èÏ
» Â :
Ï÷
1: The order of the words is reversed; and
2: If the first word is attached with ¾¦È , then the second will also have ¾¦È
Ì Ì attached to it.
For e.g., using the same phrases given above, we will have:
the true Muslim
É ®¢ ’ó¦ ôÈ ’óÈ
¼Ê Ð ö ø ¦ the pious person
ó ¢ ’ó¦Œ ’óÈ
¶ Ð ò³Â ¦
the small book
ä ’ó¦É ¢ ’óÈ
Z Ð § ¬ð ¦ the trustworthy uncle
÷¢’ó¦É ¢ ’óÈ
[ Š ¾ ¼ ¦
the big mosque
¦ð’ó¦ ´Èø’óÈ
ZŽŠ ¾Ž ¦ the beautiful house
Œ ’ó¦ ’óÈ
ò ø´ ª ¦ ¦
And remember, as in case of  ¦ ¬¦
¦» ¾ ÷ (subject and predicate), if the first word is feminine,
the second should also be feminine. Further, if the first word is dual or plural, the second should
also be dual or plural in number, i.e, the two words should agree in gender and number with
respect to each other. For example:
the true Muslim
man
É ®¢ ’ó¦ ôÈ ’óÈ
¼Ê Ð ö ø ¦ the true Muslim
woman
Œ ëÊ ¢ ’ó¦Œ øôÈ ’óÈ
¨Š ® Ð ¨ ø ¦
the true
Muslim men
È Œ Ê ¢ ’ó¦È ôÈ ’óÈ
À ë® Ð À ø ø ¦ the true
Muslim
É ¢Š Ê ¢ ’ó¦É ¢ È ’óÈ
© ë® Ð © øô ø ¦
women
23

8. 24 Arabic Grammar
==================== Exercises for Lesson No. 4 ====================
Try to translate the following sentences and phrases. Notice the difference in Arabic construction
for a simple sentence ( ¦»È¦¾¬¦÷
) and for adjective and its
noun ( »Ï÷ȨŠèÏ
).
The house is big.
ZŽ Š ª
¦ï ¦’ó¦È the big house
Z¦ð’ó¦ ¦’ó¦È
ŽŠ ª
The slave is
pious.
¶ ¾
ó ¢Ï ¦à’ó¦È the pious slave
¶ó ¢ ó¦ ¦à’ó¦È
Ð ¾
The Muslim is
truthful.
¼Ê ö ø
Æ ®¢Ï ôÈ ’ó¦È the truthful
Muslim
ɼ®¢ ó¦ ôÈ ’ó¦È
Ê Ð ö ø
The path is
straight.
ö ¶ Ð
ì¬È÷É ¦Â óȦ the straight path
ö ì¬Èø’ó¦É ¦Â óȦ
¶ Ð
The uncle is
pious.
¶ ö
ó ¢Ï

9. à’ó¦È the pious uncle
¶ó ¢ ó¦

10. àóȦ
Ð ö
The aunt is pious.
¨
ˆ ¸ó ¢ÏŒ¨óŠ¢¼’ó¦È the pious aunt
Œ¨¸ó ¢ 󦌨󊢼’ó¦È
Ð
5. The Possessive Case or Genitive þŠ¤»¢ »¢
ó Ô÷ Ô÷
Look at the following phrases and their translations:
the creation of Allah
… ê
Ê ¦ ’ô» the house of Allah
… ª ¥
Ê ¦
the nation of Hud
Ç É Š
® ÿ¿ ë the call of the prophet
Ê ó¦É ßÈ
¾ ÇÂ ¨ ®
the command of the
Qur'an
Ê ¡ÂŒ ’ó¦ ’ð
À ì ö · the creation of Allah
… ê
Ê ¦ ’ô»
Notes:
1. To convey the meanings of of, we place Dhammah or pesh ( É- ) on the first word and
double kasra ( Ç- ) on the second word.
2. As usual, if the second word has ¾È¢ attached with it, then instead of double kasra
( Ç- ), we will have single kasra ( Ê- ) on the second word.
3. The first noun º’ô in the sentence Ê ¦ ’ô» is called »¢Ô÷.
ê » … ê The second noun Ê ¦ is
…
called þ󤻢Ô÷ , which should always be a proper noun.
24

11. 25 Arabic Grammar
4. In Arabic the construction of »¢Ô÷ and þ󤻢Ô÷ automatically takes care of the 's
or of (Allah's creation OR the creation of Allah) as shown in the above examples.
5. The construction of »¢ººÔ÷ and þ󤻢Ô÷ automatically implies specific person or
thing. Therefore, 'the' is always added in English translation of this phrase.
*********************** Vocabulary for Lesson No. 5 ***********************
grance ò Š
ˆ Ôç day ¿
Æ words ¿ ôï
Æ ¢Š Š
rebellion À ×
Æ ¢äŒ judgement ú®
Ê way, system ¨üÇ
ˆ
the people É ¢óÈ
²ü¦ to establish ¨÷ ë¤
ˆ ¢Š Ê messenger ¾ Ç°
Æ È
house °®
Æ ¦È the prayer É ¢Š óÈ
¨ ôÐ ¦ doubt ¤°
È
hereafter ¨Â»
Æ ¡ to obey ¨ß פ
ˆ ¢Š Ê human being Æ ¢ Ê
À Èû¦
food ¿ à×
Æ ¢ Š parents Ž ¦Ê
ú ¾ó  remembrance  ¯
’ïÊ
sinner ö ¯¦
È earth µ¦
Æ Ì°È the most úø·È
°
beneficent
======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 5 =======================
Translate the following into English. The translation is also provided to help you check your
answers.
the establishment of
prayer
Ê ¢Š ó¦Œ ÷¢Š Ê the words of Allah
¨ ôÐ ¨ ë¤ … ¿ ôï
Ê ¦É ¢Š Š
the obedience to
parents
Ž ¦ ’ó¦Œ ß¢Š Ê the book of Allah
ú ¾ó ¨ פ … §¢ ï
Ê ¦É Š¬
the earth of Allah
… µ¢
Ê ¦É Ì°È the way of the
messenger
Ê ó¦Œ
¾ Ç ¨üÇ
the rebellion of the
people
Ê ¢ó¦É ¢äŒ the doubt of the
² ü À × human being Ê ¢ ûŽ’ó¦ È
ÀÈœ ¤°
the house of the
hereafter
Ê –’ó¦É ¦È the remembrance of úø· ó¦ ’ïÊ
¨Â» ° ® the most Beneficent.   ¯
the food of the
sinner
Ž Š’ó¦É ¢ Š
ö ¯˜ ¿ à× the grace of Allah … ò Š
Ê ¦Œ Ôç
the house of Hamid
¢
¾÷ · ª ¥ the day of judgement
Ž ó¦É
ú¾ ¿
25

12. 26 Arabic Grammar
6. Interrogatives ¿¢ è¬Ç¦©¦Â®¢
When
¦
U
÷ Who ú
÷
Where È
ú¦ What ¢ ¦È ¢
÷ ¯÷
Why ¦È ¢
¯ øó Which (masculine) Ħ
N È
How much, How many öŠ
ï Which (feminine) ¨¦
ˆ È
Is? Am? Are? Do? ȝò
¢ ÿ How Š
æ ï
Have?
7. Pronouns Ÿ ¢øÓ
7a. Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronoun Demonstrative Pronoun Num- Gen-
¾ øó’¦ Ç¦Ê
Ï ö ¨È°¢Ë¢ó’¦ ǦÊ
ö ber der
(The one)
who Ä óM¦È
À That îó ¯
¦
This ¦Àÿ sr.
À¦Š óM¦È
Ê À îûŽ ¯
À¦Š ÿ
Ê À
(The two) Those ¦ These dl. mg.
who (two) (two)
ú óM¦È
À î óÂÉ
¦ šÿ
(Those) Those These pl.
who (more (more
than two) than two)
(The one)
who óM¦È
¬ That îô«
’ This ÁÀÿ
Ê sr.
À¢óM¦È
Ê ¬ îûŽ¢
« À¢¢
Ê «ÿ
(The two) Those These dl. fg.
who (two) (two)
¢M¦È
«ó î óÂÉ
¦ šÿ
(Those) Those These pl.
who (more (more
than two) than two)
26

13. 27 Arabic Grammar
7b. Personal and Possessive Pronouns
Examples Possessive Personal No. Gen- Per-
on pronouns Pronouns Pronouns der son
his
book

þ¢ï
¥ ¬Š his Á he ÿ
sr.
their
house ¢ ¬¥
ø their
(of ¢ ÿ
ø they
two ¢ ÿ
ø dl. mg.
two)
their
belief ö û¢ ¦Ê
{ their öÿ
they öÿ
pl.
3rd
her
mother ¢ ÷¦É

14. her ¢
ÿ she ÿ
sr. person
their
house ¢ ¬¥
ø their
(of ¢ ÿ
ø they
two ¢ ÿ
ø dl. fg.
two)
their
house ú ¬¥
their úÿ
they úÿ
pl.
your
book î¢ï
¥ ¬ your ½
È you ªû¦È
sr.
your
house ¢ ð¬¥
øŒ your
(of ¢ ï
øŒ you ¢ ¬û¦È
ø dl. mg.
two
two)
your
me- öðóŒÇ°
Œ È you öï
Œ you all ö¬û¦È
pl 2nd
ssenger
your
house î¥
¬ your ½
Ê you ªû¦È
sr. person
your
book ¢ ð¥¢ï
øŒ ¬ your
(of ¢ ï
øŒ you ¢ ¬û¦È
ø dl. fg.
two
two)
your
house úð¬¥
Œ your úï
Œ you all ú¬û¦È
pl.
my
Ž¢ï
¥ ¬ my Ä
book I
¢¦È
û sr.
mg.
fg.
gave me
rizq
Žë±È
üŠ ° Ž
û 1st
me
our
book ¢¥¢ï
ü ¬ our ¢
û we ¸û
ú dl.,
pl.
mg.,
fg.
person
NOTE: Memorize these pronouns thoroughly because they occur quite often in the Qur'an.
27

15. 28 Arabic Grammar
************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 7 ************************
Companions §¸ ¦
Æ ¢ ÏÈ hearing ÞÇ
ø and È
Â
Shop À ï®
Æ ¢M É relatives ò¦
ˆ ÿÈ for ¾Ê¾
È
from ú
÷ I helped É Â
© Ðû Verily À¦
MÊ
son ú
¥¦ Sustainer, Lord §°
K È tongue À¢
Èó
======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 7 =======================
He is a Muslim.
öô ÷ ÿ
È You are a scholar.
öó ß ª ¦
¢ ûÈ
I am a believer.
ú÷ ÷ û¦
š ¢È She is righteous.
¨¸ó Ï ÿ
ˆ ¢
your tongue
öŒ ¢
ðû Èó for him 
þŠ
ó
my son
Ž¥Ê
ü¦ towards me
ó¦
ŠÊ
I helped him 
þÂ
« Ðû towards them
(females)
ú ó¦
Ž ŠÊ
from you
ü
î÷ for us
¢Š
üó
towards us
¢óÊ
ü ¦ verily you (males)
öŒ Ê
ðû¦
towards them
(males)
öŽ ŠÊ
ó¦ your hearing
öŒ øÇ
ðà
from you
ü
î÷ verily we
¢Ê
üû¦
our Lord
¢

16. È
ü¥° my house
¬ ¥
your Lord
öŒ

17. È
𥠰 for them
¢ Š
øó
our messenger
¢Œ È
üó Ç° my relatives
ÿÈ
ô ¦
28

18. 29 Arabic Grammar
8. The Preposition »Â·
³
Prepositions Examples of Prepositions / usage
in
ç in a house ª
¥ ç
from ú
÷ We read from the Qur'an. Ê ¡ÂŒ ’ó¦ ¢Ì¢ Š
À ì ú÷ û Âë
on Š
¦
ôß on a mountain ‰ Š
ò¦³ ôß
like È
½ like a man ò Âï
‰ ³ Š
about ú
ß I heard Ž È ’ó¦ Ê Š ó¦Ž àøÇ
¾´ ø ç ¨ ôÐ úß ª
about Prayer in the Masjid
with Ê
§ I enetered with security ¿ ôÈ¥ ª ®
Ç ¢Š Ž ’ô»È
for Ê
¾ for people Ê ¢ô
²üó
towards ŠÊ
¦
ó¦ towards a city
Š ŠÊ
¾ô¥ ó¦
until
¦
¬· until the day-break Ž ´Š ’ó¦Ž Š ’Ø
 è Þô ÷ ¬·
by (of oath) È
 By Allah …Â
Ê ¦È
Rules of using Prepositions:
1. These words are used as connectors.
2. When these words are used with a proper noun, then a double kasrah ( -Ç ), is placed on the
last letter of word (or a single kasra, -Ê in case ¾È is attached with it).
¦
29

19. 30 Arabic Grammar
9. Subject ’òߢŠ , Verb òàç , and Object ¾ ’è÷
ç Š à
In general, in an Arabic sentence, the verb comes first, followed by the subject and the object. A
Double Dhammah or tanveen ( -Æ ) is placed on the subject and double fathah ( -Å ) is placed on
the object. Look at the following examples:
Hameed read the Qur'an. ¢ ¢ÂŒ È Š
û ë ¾ ø· ¢Âë
¦
Iqbal wrote a book. ¢¢ Æ ¢’ëÊ Š
¥ ¬ï ¾ ¦ ¦ ¤¬ï
In the first sentence, read is the verb, Hameed is the subject, and the Qur'an is the object. In the
second one, wrote is the verb, Iqbal is the subject, and a book is the object.
************************* Vocabulary for Lesson No. 9 *************************
read È Š
¢ Âë made Š
òà³ created Š
êô»
wrote Š
¤¬ï separated È Š
¼Âç collected Þ
ø³
cheated È
¸¾» water ÷
Æ ¢ wealth, means ¾÷
Æ ¢
======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 9 =======================
Translate the following into English. The translation is also provided to help you check your
answers.
Allah made Muhammad
(pbuh) a messenger.
¢† M ¦ ¸ É ¦Š
ó Ç° ¾ø ÷ … òà³
Allah created the people.
È ¢ó¦É ¦ Š
² ü … êô»
Allah revealed the book.
¢¢ É ¦È ûÈ
¥ ¬ï … ¾Ä ¦
The Satan cheacter the
man.
È ¢ û ’ó¦É ¢Š ó¦È
À È ¢ À Ø Ì ¸¾»
We parted the sea.
¸’ó¦¢’ë Š
 ¦ ü Âç
Note: When a word is attached with ¾¢È then one of two fathah ( -È ) , kasrah ( -Ê ) or dhammah (
Ì
-É ) in a tanveen ( -Å -Ç or -Æ ) are dropped. For example, as shown in the above sentences,
¼°ºŠ×
Æ Ê¢ has double dhammah, whereas À¢Š ÌóÈ has one dhammah since ¾¦ is attached with À¢Š Ë
É Ø ¦ ÌÈ Æ Ø
. Similarly, ¢†ó °
ÇÈ has double fathah, whereas ¸¦ó¦ has only one fathah.
’È
30

20. 31 Arabic Grammar
10. Tense
10a. The Past Tense ¢ òàç
Ó÷
Past Tense
Ó¢÷ Possessive
Pronouns
Personal
Pronouns
No. Gen-
der
Per-
son
he did Š Š
òàç 
Á ÿ
sr.
they two
did àç
Š Š ¢
øÿ ¢
øÿ dl. mg.
they all
did ¦Œ àç
ô Š ö
ÿ ö
ÿ pl.
3rd
ªŠ Š
ôàç ¢
ÿ
ÿ
person
she did
sr.
they two
did ¢Š Š
¬ôàç ¢
øÿ ¢
øÿ dl. fg.
they all
did ’ô Š
ú àç
úÿ
úÿ pl.
you did ª’ôàŠç Ƚ ªûȦ sr.
you two
did ¢ø’ôàŠç
¬ ¢øŒ
ï ¢øûȦ
¬ dl. mg.
you all
did ö’ôàŠç
¬ öŒ
ï öûȦ
¬ pl 2nd
ª’ôàŠç ʽ ªûȦ
person
you did
sr.
you two
did ¢ø’ôàŠç
¬ ¢øŒ
ï ¢øûȦ
¬ dl. fg.
you all
did ¬’ôàŠç
ú ï
úŒ ¬ûȦ
ú pl.
I did ’ô Š
ª àç Ä ¢È
û¦ sr. mg. 1st
fg.
We did ¢’ô Š
ü àç ¢
û ¸
ú û dl., mg., person
pl. fg.
Gender: mg.: Masculine gender; fg.: Feminine gender
Number: sr.: Singular; dl..: Dual; pl.: Plural (n)
31

21. 32 Arabic Grammar
Try to practice the pronouns and past tense by repeating the conjugation table using the following
words. This will greatly help you in getting yourself familiarized with the verb forms. Is it not
worth repeating it 10 to 15 times so that you can remember it for the rest of your life? It certainly
is! Learning and practicing them for the sake of understanding Qur'an is one of the best worship
for which you will be abundantly rewarded by Allah, inshaAllah.
************************* Vocabulary for Lesson No. 10a *************************
he did Š Š
òàç he went È
¤ÿ¯ he found È
¾³Â
he wrote Š
¤¬ï he killed Š Š
ò¬ë he refused ŠŠ
Âèï
he read È Š
¢ Âë he made Š
òà³ he joined Š È
òÏÂ
he helped
ÂÐû he opened Š
¶¬ç he created Š
êô»
he hit, È
§ÂÓ he entered ŠÈ
ò»® he sent Š
®à¥
gave example
he drank È Ž
§ÂË he provided rizq È ÈÈ
¼±°
he demanded ŠŠ
¤ô×
====================== Exercises for Lesson No. 10a =======================
Try to translate the Arabic words given below. The English translation is provided for you to check your
answers.
mg. dl. they opened ¢ Š
¸¬ç mg. pl. they wrote ¦Š
¦¬ï
mg. pl. you did ö’ô Š
¬ àç mg. you helped È Â
© Ðû
mg. pl. they did ¦Œ àç
ô Š mg./fg. dl. you two opened
¢ ¸Š
ø¬ ¬ç
mg./fg. dl. you two did ¢ ’ô Š
ø¬ àç
mg. pl. you demanded ö¦Š Š
¬ ô×
mg. dl. they two did ¢Š Š
ôàç
mg. dl. they two wrote ¢Š
¦¬ï
mg. you did ’ô Š
ª àç
mg. pl. they demanded ¦Š Š
¦ô×
fg. she did ªŠ Š
ôàç
mg. you went ¦ È
ª ÿ¯
fg. pl. they did ’ô Š
ú àç
mg./fg. dl. they two ¢ ¦Š Š
ø¬ ô×
mg. pl. you went ö¦ È
¬ ÿ¯ demanded
mg./fg. dl. you two helped ¢
ø«ÂÐû mg. pl. you wrote ö¦Š
 •
32

22. 33 Arabic Grammar
mg. you demanded ¦Š Š
ª ô× fg. dl. they two hit ¢
¬¥ÂÓ
fg. dl. they two helped ¢
«ÂÐû mg. pl. they went ¦ È
¦ÿ¯
mg./fg. dl. you two went ¢ ¦ È
ø¬ ÿ¯ mg. you opened ¸Š
ª ¬ç
mg. pl. you helped öÂ
« Ðû mg./fg. dl. you two wrote
¢ ¦Š
ø¬ ¬ï
fg. you wrote ¦Š
ª ¬ï
mg. pl. they opened ¦ Š
¸¬ç
mg. he wrote Š
¤¬ï
mg. you demanded ¦Š Š
ª ô×
mg. pl. you opened ö¸Š
 
mg. dl. they two went ¢ È
¦ÿ¯
mg. pl. they hit ¦
¥ÂÓ
Active and Passive Voices ¾ ´÷» à÷
Â
You already know that Š Š
òàç means (he) did. To make passive voice of this, you have to write it
as òàŒ
Š ç which means (it) is done. Further examples are given below.
mg. pl. you created ö’ìŠ
¬ ô» mg. pl. you were created ö’ì
¬ ô»
mg. he killed Š Š
ò¬ë mg. he was killed ò¬Œ
Š ë
Mg. pl. they demanded ¦Š Š
¦ô× mg. pl. they were demanded ¦ Œ
¦ô×
mg. he sent Š
®à¥ mg. he was sent ®à
Š ¥
I sent ’°
ª ॠI was sent ’°
ª à¥
we provided ¢’ëÈ È
ü ±° we were provided ¢’ë±É
ü Ê°
mg. pl. they provided ¦Œ È È
ë±° mg. pl. they were provided ¦Œ ±É
ëÊ °
Important Note: Always be careful in placing A'araab (fathah, kasrah, or dhammah) on different
parts of a sentence. A little change in these A'araab may lead to a completely different message.
The tense may change from active to passive or the object may be changed to subject. In some
cases, the sentence may not make any sense at all.
33

23. 34 Arabic Grammar
10b. The Present (and Future) Tense ̸°¢ ÷òàç
Ê Ô
Present Tense ¸°¢Ô
÷ Possessive
Pronouns
Personal
Pronouns
No. Gen-
der
Per-
son
he does
Œ à’è
ò 
Á ÿ
sr.
they do.
Ê Š ’è
Àà ¢
øÿ ¢
øÿ dl. mg.
they do
È Œ à’è
À ô ö
ÿ ö
ÿ pl.
3rd
Œ à’è«
ò ¢
ÿ
ÿ
she does. person
sr.
they do.
Ê Š ’è
Àà « ¢
øÿ ¢
øÿ dl. fg.
they do.
’ô ’è
úà
úÿ
úÿ pl.
you do
òàè«
Œ ’ Ƚ ªûȦ sr.
you do
ÀŠàè«
Ê ’ ¢øŒ
ï ¢øûȦ
¬ dl. mg.
you do
ÀŒàè«
È ô ’ öŒ
ï öûȦ
¬ pl 2nd
[ô àè«
’ ʽ ªûȦ
you do person
sr.
you do
ÀŠàè«
Ê ’ ¢øŒ
ï ¢øûȦ
¬ dl. fg.
you do
úôàè«
’ ’ ï
úŒ ¬ûȦ
ú pl.
I do
Œ à’çÈ
ò ¦ Ä ¢È
û¦ sr. mg. 1st
fg.
We do
Œ à’èû
ò ¢
û ¸
ú û dl., mg., person
pl. fg.
Gender: mg: Masculine gender; fg: Feminine gender
Number: sr.: Singular; dl.: Dual; pl: Plural (n)
34

24. 35 Arabic Grammar
IMPORTANT NOTE: ¸°¢Ô÷ actually is the Imperfect Tense and refers to an action which
is incomplete at the time to which reference is being made. It refers to the present tense in
general. It becomes Future tense by addition of the prefix È or the particle È before the
² »Ç
¸°¢Ô÷ forms.
****************** Vocabulary Exercises for Lesson No. 10b ******************
Try to translate the Arabic words given below. The translation is provided for you to check yourself.
mg. dl. they two drink Ê ¢ Ì
À ¥Â fg. pl. you make ’ô ´
úà «
mg. he collects ´
Þø mg. dl. you two drink Ê ¢ Ì
À ¥Â «
I know Š ßÈ
öô ¦ fg. dl. they two drink Ê ¢ Ì
À ¥Â «
I open ’çÈ
¶¬ ¦ mg. dl. you two make Ê ¢Š ´
À ôà «
fg. sr. you collect ´
Þø « fg. dl. they two make Ê ¢Š à´
Àô «
mg. pl. they thank È Â Œ Ì
À Âð pl. we worship à
¾¦ û
mg. pl. they disbelieve È Â Œ ’ð
À Âè mg. pl. they recite È Œ ¬
À ô
I worship ßÈ
¾¦ ¦ mg. pl. you recite È Œ ¬«
À ô
mg. you know Š à
öô « mg. they don't know È Š ࢊ
À øô ó
we don't hear È¢Š
Þø û ó I don't disbelieve ÂŒ ’ïÈ¢Š
è ¦ ó
And they will not grieve.
È ¸ö ¢ŠÈ
À ûÄ ÿ óÂ
They hear the words of Allah.
… ¿ ôï À àø
Ê ¦È ¢Š Š È È
I do not worhsip what you worship.
È Â à¢ ßÈ¢Š
À ¾¦ « ÷ ¾¦ ¦ ó
We do not worship except Allah.
… ó¦ ¾¦ û ó
È ¦¢MÊ à¢Š
þ È È Ê ¢È š
ó Ç° Â … ¥ À ü÷
They believe in Allah and His
messenger. ¦
35

25. 36 Arabic Grammar
Active and Passive Voice:
As you have seen earlier, Š Š
òàç is made passive by writing òàŒ
Š ç for verbs in past tense. However,
in case of present tense, Œ à’è
ò is made passive by writing it as Œ à’è
ò , i.e., first letter will have
dhammah / pesh ( É- ) and the third letter will have fathah ( È- ). The remaining letters will have
the same A'araab as in the case of active voice.
Concentrate on the following examples:
he drinks É Ì
§Â he is made / given to drinkÉ
§ÂÌ
they (all, mg) help È Â ü
À ÂÐ they (all, mg) are helped È Â
À ÂÐü
you (mg) ask É ŠÈ
¾˜ « you (mg) are asked É ˜È
¾Š «
************************* Vocabulary Exercises ****************************
Try to translate the Arabic words given below. The translation is provided for you to check yourself.
they understand
È Š ’è
À ì they cut
È Š ’ì
À àØ
they (women) are
asked
’ôŠÈ
ú they will not
asked
È Œ˜ È¢Š
À óŠ « ó
they do not fear
È Œ¢ ¢Š
À ç¼ ó they
È Œ ´
À ô
(it) is opened.
’è
¶¬ they are killed
È Œ ¬’ì
À ô
they do not cut
È Š ’좊
À àØ ó you understand
’è
ö «
you are provided.
È Œ È Â
À ë± « you are helped
È Â ü
À ÂÐ «
you are provided.
È Œ È Â
À ë± « you are helped
È Â ü
À ÂÐ «
36

26. 37 Arabic Grammar
10c. Imperative and Negative Imperative ûÂÂ÷¢
È
You can order only to the person in front of you (2nd person). Therefore, the imperative and
negative forms for only the 2nd person are provided below.
Negative
Imperative û Imperative
Â÷È
¦
Poss.
Prns.
Pers.
Prns.
No. Gen- Per-
der son
Don't
do (it). òàè«¢Š
’ ’ ó Do (it). òàç¦Ê È ûÈ
’ ’ ½ ª ¦ sr.
Don't do
(it). ¢Šàè«¢Š
ô ’ ó (you two)
Do (it). Šàç¦Ê ¢ Œ ¢ ûÈ
’ øï ø ¬ ¦ dl. mg.
Don't
do (it). ¦Œàè«¢Š
ô ’ ó (you all)
Do (it). ¦Œàç¦Ê öŒ öûÈ
ô ’ ï ¬ ¦ pl 2nd
àè«¢Š
ô ’ ó àç¦Ê Ê ûÈ
ô ’ ½ ª ¦
Don't do person
(it). Do (it).
sr.
Don't do
(it). ¢Šàè«¢Š
ô ’ ó (you two)
Do (it). Šàç¦Ê ¢ Œ ¢ ûÈ
’ øï ø ¬ ¦ dl. fg.
Don't do
(it). úôàè«¢Š
’ ’ ó (you all)
Do (it). úôàç¦Ê ï ¬ûÈ
’ ’ úŒ ú ¦ pl.
************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 10a ************************
to act, work òøß
ˆ asked Š Š
ò Ç
to know öß
’ô drank È Ž
§ÂË
to open, expand ¬Ë
Æ Â rode È
¤ï°
(he) separated, divided È Š
¼Âç went È
¤ÿ¯
came near È Š
§Âë
37

27. 38 Arabic Grammar
======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 10c =======================
im. mg. sr. (you) Go
¤ ̯Ê
ÿ¦ im. mg. pl. Know.
¦ Š ßÊ
øô ¦
ni. mg./fg. dl. (You two)
Do not go near (it).
¢ ’좊
¥Â « ó ni. mg. sr. Do not
do (it).
’ò ’袊
à« ó
ni. fg. sr. Do not fear (it).
¢ ¢Š
ç ¼« ó ni. mg. sr. Do not
go.
¤ ’À¢Š
ÿ « ó
im. mg. sr. Open.
̬ ËÊ
 ¦ ni. mg. sr. Do not
make.
’ò ´¢Š
à « ó
im. mg. sr. (you) Say
’òŒ
ë ni. mg. pl. Do not
say.
¦ŒŒ «¢Š
óì ó
open up for me
̬ ËÊ
ó Â ¦ (you two) don't
come near
¢ ’좊
¥Â « ó
(you all) drink
¦Ž ËÊ
¥Â ¦ don't ask me
Ž’óŠÈ¢Š
ü˜ « ó
(you all) ride
¦Š Ì°Ê
¦ï ¦ and (you all)
listen
¦ ǦÈ
àø Â
im. mg. sr. (you all) Say
¦ŒŒ
óë ni. mg. pl. Do not
be divided.
¦Œ è«¢Š
ëŠ ó
im. mg. sr. Be.
úŒ
ï ni. mg. pl. Do not
be.
¦Œ «¢Š
ûð ó
IMPORTANT NOTE
All the verb forms of Š º Š that were taught in the previous lessons along with personal and
ò àç
possessive pronouns are given in the table on the next page. Try to reproduce this table a couple
of times for different verbs such as:Š ¬ë ÿ¯ ¬çÈ ÂËÈ Âӝ èû èï ôߝŠ øß
òŠ ¤ È ¶Š §Ž § êŠ ÂŠ Š ö ò
¤ôםŠò»®¤¬ïŠòà³.
ŠŠ È Š
38

28. 39 Arabic Grammar
Conjugation table for the verb òàç
Š Š
û Â÷È
¦ ¸°¢Ô
÷ ¢
Ó÷ Poss. Pers. No. Gen- Per-
Prns. Prns. der son
Œ à’è
ò Š Š
òàç 
Á ÿ
sr.
Ê Š ’è
Àà àç
Š Š ¢
øÿ ¢
øÿ dl. mg.
È Œ à’è
À ô ¦Œ àç
ô Š ö
ÿ ö
ÿ pl.
3rd
ΠՏ
òà « ªŠ Š
ôàç ¢
ÿ
ÿ
person
sr.
Ê Š ’è
Àà « ¢Š Š
¬ôàç ¢
øÿ ¢
øÿ dl. fg.
’ô ’è
úà ’ô Š
ú àç
úÿ
úÿ pl.
òà’è«¢Š
’ ó òàç¦Ê
’ ’ òàè«
Œ ’ ª’ôàŠç Ƚ ªûȦ sr.
¢Šàè«¢Š
ô ’ ó àç¦Ê
Š ’ ÀŠàè«
Ê ’ ¢ø’ôàŠç
¬ ¢øŒ
ï ¢øûȦ
¬ dl. mg.
¦Œàè«¢Š ¦Œàç¦Ê ÀŒàè«
ô ’ ó ô ’ È ô ’ ö’ôàŠç
¬ öŒ
ï öûȦ
¬ pl 2nd
àè«¢Š àç¦Ê
ô ’ ó ô ’ [ô àè«
’ ª’ôàŠç ʽ ªûȦ
person
sr.
¢Šàè«¢Š
ô ’ ó àç¦Ê
Š ’ ÀŠàè«
Ê ’ ¢ø’ôàŠç
¬ ¢øŒ
ï ¢øûȦ
¬ dl. fg.
úôàè«¢Š úôàç¦Ê
’ ’ ó ’ ’ úôàè«
’ ’ ¬’ôàŠç
ú ï
úŒ ¬ûȦ
ú pl.
Œ à’çÈ
ò ¦ ’ô Š
ª àç Ä ¢È
û¦ sr. mg. 1st
fg.
Œ à’èû
ò ¢’ô Š
ü àç ¢
û ¸
ú û dl. mg. person
pl. fg.
39