1. Thesis Presentation
Developing a policy and regulatory
framework to develop public transport
access to Indian airports
Bhuvaneshwaran Kalimuthu
3rd September 2009
2. Aim of the thesis
• Analyse the PT policies applied around the world.
• Understanding of the different methods of PT policy
implementation.
• Understanding the Indian aviation market and
• Exploring the possibility of adoption of some of these
policies in India.
3. The two main tasks of
the thesis
Developing a policy and regulatory framework to develop
Public transport access to Indian airports
Task 1 Task 2
•Factors affecting PT policies (in •Growth in the Indian market
General) •Traffic distribution in the country
•Comparative analysis of PT •Present public transport provisions
policies in other Countries* •Capacity and service of PT
•Effect of Regulations • Future Proposals &
• recommendations on the
method of implementation
*UK, USA, Germany, Austria, Switzerland
4. How is it the thesis
different?
The process of analysing public transport policy-
Factors affecting Comparative analysis
public transport of policies adopted by Effect of regulation
policies different countries*
Method of
implementation
The structure of the
policy
Base of the policy
*UK, USA, Germany, Austria, Switzerland
5. Methodology of
analysis
Country based analysis & Category based analysis
Criteria: Annual Pax Name of the Country
Category
In 2008 (in million) UK Austria Germany Switzerland USA Total
Category 1 1-3 million 5 2 5 1 27 40
Category 2 3-5 million 2 2 12 16
Category 3 5-10 million 8 3 1 24 36
Category 4 10-15 million 1 3 7 11
Category 5 15-20 million 1 1 5 7
Category 6 Above 20 million 4 2 1 24 31
Total Number Of Airport In Each 20 3 16 3 99 141
Country
6. Factors affecting public
transport policies
1)Ownership structure of airport and PT service provider
2)Rate of growth of airport
3)Motive of regulation (PT based or environmental)
4)Level of regulation (local , regional & national)
5)Method of regulation (self regulation or regulated by a body)
6)When it is regulated
7. Factors affecting public
transport policies
1)Ownership structure of airport
and PT service provider
The Type Of Ownership Of Airport
100%
90%
80%
Public Private Partnership
70%
60%
Private Company or Airport
50% Group
40%
Public Company or Airport
30% Authority
20%
10%
0%
Austria Germany Switzerland UK USA
(Source: Author)
8. Factors affecting public
transport policies
30
The Country Based And The Category Based Ownership Of The Airport
25
20
Public Private Partnership
15
10
Private Company or Airport
Group
5
0
Public Company or Airport
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
Austria
Austria
Austria
Austria
Austria
Austria
Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Authority
1-3 MILLION PAX 3-5 MILLION PAX 5-10 MILLION 10-15 MILLION 15-20 MILLION 20 MILLION PAX
PER ANNUM PER ANNUM PAX PER ANNUM PAX PER ANNUM PAX PER ANNUM PER ANNUM and
above
category 1 category 2 category 3 category 4 category 5 category 6
(Source: Author)
9. Factors affecting public
transport policies
1)Ownership structure of airport
and PT service provider
The Type Of Ownership Of Public Transport Operators
100%
Private and Airport Operator(Joint
90% Venture)
80%
Public and Airport Operator(Joint
Venture)
70%
60% Public and Private Operator(Joint
Venture)
50%
Airport Operator
40%
30%
Private Operator
20%
10% Public Operator
0%
Austria Germany Swizerland United Kingdom USA
(Source: Author)
10. Factors affecting public
transport policies
2)Rate of Growth of Airport
120.00%
Country Based Growth of airports (2003-2008)
category 1
100.00%
category 2
80.00%
category 3
60.00% category 4
category 5
40.00%
category 6
20.00%
0.00%
UK Austria Germany Switzerland USA
-20.00%
(Source: Author)
11. Factors affecting public
transport policies
3)Motive of regulation
To improve PT Environmental
UK, Austria, Switzerland USA*, Germany**
4) Level of Regulation
a)Local body/ Council - UK
b)Regional / State government –Germany, USA
c)National government-Austria, Switzerland
* Local , ** National
12. Factors affecting public
transport policies
5)Method of regulation •Government body
•Independent body
Self regulation Regulated by a body*
Non binding targets binding targets
6)When it is regulated
Approval Continued Expansion
Stage operation stage
Continuous process of regulation
*ACI Europe Carbon Accreditation Programme
13. Comparative analysis
of PT policies in different
countries
Funding for PT projects – Government
Level of Funding Countries
Regional Level UK , Germany
National Level Austria , Switzerland
Both Regional & National USA. (AIP)
Level
Criteria for measuring PT performance outcome
Performance Indicator Countries Body
Modal split- pax based UK , Germany Self, Regional body
Modal split – quality of Austria , Switzerland National body
service based
Modal split- capacity of USA. (AIP) Regional body
service based
14. Important findings
7
The Typical Number of Bus and Rail Service Providers in Different Categories of
Airport
6
5
4
rail
3 bus
2
1
0
category 1 category 2 category 3 category 4 category 5 category 6
15. Effect of regulation
160
Types Of Public Transport Services Provided At The Global Airports
140
120
100
80
Express Rail Services
60 National Rail Services
Regional Rail Services
40 Metro Services
Coaches
20 Feeder Bus
Local Bus
0
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
USA
Germany
United Kingdom
Germany
Germany
United Kingdom
Germany
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Germany
United Kingdom
Germany
United Kingdom
Austria
Austria
Austria
Austria
Austria
Austria
Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland
1-3 mppa 3-5 mppa 5-10 mppa 10 -15 mppa 15-20 mppa 20 mppa and above
category 1 category 2 category 3 category 4 category 5 category 6
16. Effect of regulation
The analysis of the transition of PT strategy from
category 1 – category 6 airports in the UK
Category 1: Category 2:
• Improving road • Employee and pax based PT
service approach
• Bus and coach based • Bus and coach based service
approach and frequency improvement
• Service based subsidy provided
by the council and airport
ASAS targets have not be achieved, due to fluctuation in pax traffic (LCC)
Source: ASAS , UK. CAA Pax survey (2005-2007)
The process adopted from Ian Humphreys
17. Effect of regulation
The analysis of the transition of PT strategy from
category 1 – category 6 airports in the UK
Category 3: Category 4: (LUTON)
• Branding of PT services by the • Distorted parking charges
airport • Short term and long term targets
• Cap on parking lot (expansion)
• Service level in tandem with pax
origin geographies
Cap on parking lot expansion and discriminatory pricing leads to the
development of unauthorised parking lot in the vicinity
Source: ASAS , UK. CAA Pax survey (2005-2007)
The process adopted from Ian Humphreys
18. Effect of regulation
The analysis of the transition of PT strategy from
category 1 – category 6 airports in the UK
Category 6:
• Share of PT is around 35% of total pax .
• Rail – 23% (premium service 10%)
• Investment on inter-change connections and spatial
based bus service planning
• Targets – PT information
Source: ASAS , UK. CAA Pax survey (2005-2007)
The process adopted from Ian Humphreys
19. The analysis of the
Indian market The Rate of Growth of Passengers at Indian Airports
140000 100%
Thousands
total number of passengers at
8 important airports
90%
120000
80%
total number of passengers
100000
70%
60%
80000
rate of growth of total number
50% of passengers
60000
40%
30% rate of growth of total number
40000 of passengers in the important
airports
20%
20000
10% market share of the important
8 airports of india
0 0%
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Source: DGCA, India
20. Case study based
Delhi International Airport
approach- Indian
airports Comparison of Curb Side Hourly Departing Passenger Demand to Public Transport Capacity at IGI
700 4000
Public Transport Passenger Capacity ----->
600 3500
3000
Passenger Number ---->
500
2500
400
2000
300
1500
200
1000
100 500
0 0
1100-1200
1600-1700
0000-0100
0100-0200
0200-0300
0300-0400
0400-0500
0500-0600
0600-0700
0700-0800
0800-0900
0900-1000
1000-1100
1200-1300
1300-1400
1400-1500
1500-1600
1700-1800
1800-1900
1900-2000
2000-2100
2100-2200
2200-2300
2300-0000
Time of the Day----->
international pax (departing) domestic pax (departing) bus capacity (all routes)*
total metro capacity* Total Public Transport Capacity
Source: OAG, DGCA, Delhi Metro , DMRTC
21. Case study based
Delhi International Airport
approach- Indian
airports Comparison of Curb Side Hourly Arriving Passenger Demand to Public Transport Capacity at IGI
900 4000
Public Transport Passenger Capacity ----->
800 3500
700
3000
Passenger Number ---->
600
2500
500
2000
400
1500
300
1000
200
100 500
0 0
0500-0600
2200-2300
0000-0100
0100-0200
0200-0300
0300-0400
0400-0500
0600-0700
0700-0800
0800-0900
0900-1000
1000-1100
1100-1200
1200-1300
1300-1400
1400-1500
1500-1600
1600-1700
1700-1800
1800-1900
1900-2000
2000-2100
2100-2200
2300-0000
Time of the Day----->
international pax (arriving) domestic pax (arriving) bus capacity (total)*
total metro capacity* Total Public Transport Capacity
Source: OAG, DGCA, Delhi Metro , DMRTC
22. Problems in the Indian
market
• Information on various segments of passengers (not available)
• Airport not allowed to provide PT services*
• State Govt. – (does not agree to) PT service quality agreement
• PT not part of airport service level assessment
• No incentive to airport
• No forum to share information among the airport and PT
service provider
23. Recommendations
(factors affecting PT policy in
India)
•Ownership structure – airport (private), PT (public ,
concession operated)
•Motive of regulation- improvement in PT
•Level of regulation – national progressively towards regional
•Method of regulation – regulated by an independent body
•Targets – binding targets & non –binding targets
(incentives)
•Continuous regulation is to be followed monitored by
independent body
24. Recommendation
(method of implementation)
Method of
implementation
Category based implementation
Category 6- information & PT service level targets
Category 5- (no airport in this category)
Category 4- PT service level agreement with MTC The structure
Category 3 & 2 – modest targets of the policy
Base of the policy
System of monitoring – modal share
and capacity based progressively moving to service based
