Links between Integration and Transnational Mobility
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This presentation makes use of survey data collected in Italy, Spain, UK and Austria by the ITHACA project, to study he links between migrants’ integration and their transnational engagement. ITHACA (Integration, Transnational Mobility and Human, Social and Economic Capital Transfers) is an EU funded project led by the European University Institute.
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Links between Integration and Transnational Mobility
- 1. 1 Links between integration and transnational mobility: some quantitative insights from ITHACA Laura Bartolini ITHACA Final Conference 21-22 October 2015 – Villa La Fonte, EUI
- 2. • I & T: concepts and measures • ITHACA focuses on TM rather than T – Data scarcity and the purposes of the ITHACA Survey – Fieldwork and sampling (strengths and weaknesses) • Some quantitative insights from the Survey – TM Index: a synthetic measure of TM – Correlations between I and TM Index 2 Outline of the presentation Overall purpose is to complement qualitative analyses
- 3. • It encompasses economic, social, cultural, political and institutional dimensions: multi-faceted and multi- dimensional • Multi-layered (from individuals to macro perspectives) • Capacity & desire to be ‘integrated’ / to integrate Challenges • Assessing (micro/macro) • Comparing across time & space • Measuring integration (aggregate level) – Administrative and Survey data – Zaragoza list and Eurostat extended list of indicators (EUI/MPC expertise on I) 3 On I & T concepts and measures • TN migrant links different contexts • Multi-faceted and multi-dimensional • Fascinating conceptual innovations (TN social spaces/ networks/ communities), new ways of understanding identity, belonging, participation, integration… • Capacity & desire to be TN Challenges • Overemployed transnational practices • Concerns only a minority of migrants • How do you capture it? What data do we have/ need to measure this phenomenon? • How can we compare across time & space?
- 4. 4 The ITHACA Project Aim of the study To study the LINK between TM and the integration condition of migrants and returnees Transnational (economic) practices Physical Mobility Mobility through transfers Civic / virtual mobility Transnationalmobility Means Investments
- 5. 5 The ITHACA Survey Detailed interview: qualitative & quantitative evidence Multi-sited, cross- country fieldwork Migrants in EU and returnees
- 6. • Entry criteria – To be (economically) active in both localities (CoD / CoO) – To be quite regular in terms of (physical) TM • Challenges – Long and dispersed fieldwork over 9 countries – Difficult to find migrants with the desired characteristics – In some cases, difficult to find success stories / willingness to share • Final sample 6 Fieldwork and challenges
- 7. 7 Integration at destination 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% BIH IND MOR PHI UKR Ret CoO only CoD only Both Elsewhere too 54% females 16% under 30 yrs 59% between 31-50 yrs 74% urban place of birth 29% post-graduate education 39% graduate education 61% married / cohabiting 57% has children 324 interviews 0 20 40 60 80 100 Before First at destination Current Entrepreneur High Medium Unskilled Not Emp. * Occupation Place of education 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 BIH IND UKR Ret IND MOR PHI UKR Ret IND MO PHI UKR Ret BIH IND PHI UKR Ret AT ES IT UK Length of stay
- 8. 8 Means of T/ 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 1 2-3 4+ BIH IND MOR PHI UKR Ret 0 20 40 60 80 100 BIH IND MOR PHI UKR Ret Family Property & Bus. Finding Job Settling Bureaucracy Activism/Health How many times have you travelled between CoD and CoO over the past 2 years? (%) Why? Family & Future Physical mobility
- 9. 9 Means of T / 2 24 21 21 44 37 47 0 20 40 60 80 100 BIH IND MOR PHI UKR Ret 33 46 36 14 0 20 40 60 80 100 AT ES IT UK Never Sometimes Regularly Mobility through transfers Do you send remittances? (%) 50 21 24 4 1 24 9 0 10 20 30 40 50 Subsistence Education Investment Debt repayment Mortgage Family events Donations Why? (%)
- 10. 10 Means of T / 3 Civic mobility Membership and participation in NGOs & associations (transnational connotation)
- 11. They convey different types of information Single multidimensional measure (index) • Aggregation method • Varies between 1 (low TM) and 4 (high TM) 11 A multidimensional measure of TM Means of transnationalism Transnational mobility index Physical mobility Mobility through transfers Civic Mobility Demography, education, family +/- +/- +/- +/- Socio-cultural integration +/- +/- +/- +/- Structural Integration +/- +/- +/- +/- Transnational economic activities +/- +/- +/- +/- Low correlation between the 3 dimensions TMI-1 TMI-2 Physical mobility + Mob. through transfers TMI-1 + Civic mobility
- 12. TMI-1 TMI-2 Corr. Corr. Demography, education & family Age (classes) ↘↗ ↗ Child ↗ ↗ Tertiary educated ↘↗ Educated also abroad ↘ Child in CoD ↗ Child in CoO ↗ Dependent in CoO ↗ ↗ Social and structural integration in CoD Dual citizenship ↘↗ Prevalent status - permanent ↗ Self-employed ↗ Prof. / Trade U. member in CoD ↗ Income prevalently in CoD ↗ ↗ Investment in CoD (business) ↗ Intention to settle in COO ↗ ↘↗ TN economic activities Investment in CoO ↗ ↗ Employ others in CoO ↘↗ ↘↗ Travels for taking care of property/bus. ↗ ↗ 12 Sketchy results / 1 Link between TMI and selected I & T variables • TM migrants are working- age adults with some family dependents in another country • Self employment • Legal status • Investment at origin • No stable association with sex, cultural integration, structural integration in the L mkt (purposive sample, self selection)
- 13. 13 Sketchy results / 2 By origin By destination Low TM High TM Link between TMI-1 and the country of origin and of destination
Editor's Notes
- , the nature of our data does not allow for something more solid/independent
- The processes of integration involve both migrants and the receiving society, and in many cases also the sending country. Integration involves the real economy and the cultural space, it involves the political realm, the social sphere and everyday public life Challenging: because of the diverse normative understandings of what integration actually entails, what it presupposes, and how it is ‘achieved’ Measuring Integration Eurostat follows the Zaragoza declaration (2010) to set a list of integration indicators and related sources: Administrative data (permits, citizenship etc.) Survey data (employment, education, social inclusion) Change/comparability of definitions and laws across country Validity/comparability of survey data: indicators are calculated from micro-data produced by each EU member through surveys primarily designed to represent the overall population under/mis-representation of TCNs, especially for smaller groups/communities TN measures No data collection and systematic info on many transnational behaviours (visits, investments, etc.) Virtually only REMITTANCE data are available Bilateral data (from country A to country B) collected only recently from the World Bank (2010-2012) Recent interest in single corridors (beyond the BoP approach of National Banks), no historical trends Despite harmonisation, definitions can still vary across countries Only formal transactions recorded
- Multi-sited research to observe flows, impact and transformations from both sides; Looking at the wider context at both ends as both conditions/ changes in CoO and CoD facilitate/ hinder/ encourage migrants’ TN activities Comparative study of different migration corridors
- only 8% of surveyed migrants and returnees did not travel in the last 2 years for contingency reasons
- High education level Self-assessed number of languages spoken high (more than 2 after migration), colonial language even at origin + English also for those outside UK Legal status consistently improved since arrival: many citizenship acquisitions and permanent permits, even among those who entered without visa or with a tourist visa at the beginning Dual citizenship quite high, if we consider those who declared to have it but are still in the process or had to renounce to that of origin
- What aggregate flows can tell… Macro-economic relevance Flows usually counter-cyclical: Inflows generally increase after shocks in the country of origin (tsunami, typhoons, wars etc.) Outflows tend to resist also during economic crisis at destination … And what they can not Use of flows (daily expenditures, investments, properties etc.) Individual share of income devoted to remittances (remittance burden) Balance between remittances, other economic transfers and the economic participation here and there (balancing acts)
- It is worth noticing that, due to sample size and quality of data (categorical, with some re-codification from qualitative responses) and the purposive (non-random) character of our sample, caution should be used when interpreting our results. Table 9 presents the list of integration and economic activity variables for which the correlation with the two indexes was found significant : linear sum of normalized indicators, equal weighting
- (incomplete reunification)