how to write a scientific paper

1. Supervised by : Prof. Farouk Shakhatreh
Presented by: Tasneem & Aya
Faculty Of Medicine
Family And Community Medicine
Department Methodology

2.  What is scientific paper .
 Origins the scientific paper.
 What is critique.
 How to critique scientific paper.

3. A scientific paper is a written
and published report describing
original research results.

4. To assess observations.
To be available to scientific community.
Available for regular screening by one or
more of the data bases .

5. Clear.
Simple.
Transmit new scientific findings.
must use proper English .
Must have an impact.

7. 1. Title
2. Abstract
3. Background/literature
review
4. Research
question/hypothesis
5. Methodology
6. Budget
7. Ethics
8. Outcomes
9. Appendices
10. References
1. Title.
2. Abstract.
3. Introduction.
4. Methods.
5. Results.
6. Discussion.
7. Acknowledgments
8. References.

8. Title
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
IMRAD
I Introduction
M Methods
R Results
A and
D Discussion

9. Introduction: What was the question?
Methods: How did you try to answer it?
Results : What did you find?
Discussion : What does it mean?

10.  Fewest possible words that adequately
describe the contents of the paper.
 It is just the first step in attracting a
potential reader so it must be chosen
with great care.
 An improperly titled paper will get lost
and will never be read.

11.  Neither too short nor too long (good title for a research
paper is typically around 10 to 12 words long)
 Have no abbreviations or jargon.
 concise, specific and informative.
 Title contains:
 Research problem
 Research variables
 Target population
 Place and time
 contain the keywords.

12. Majority of readers will find your
research via electronic data base
searches and those search engine rely
on keywords that found in title.

13. The title

14. An Investigation of Hormone
Secretion and Weight

15. The Relationship of fast
food to Obesity in the
kids

16. Example

17. Research problem
Place and time
Target population
Research variables
Dental Fluorosis
Intelligence quotient
school children
Bagalkot district
in 2011

18.  Ensure recognitions of the writers.
 ONLY include those who have made an
intellectual contribution to the research.
 OR those who have approved the final
version .

19. The author

20. It is a summary of the information
in a document to give reader
overview of experiment without
having to read the whole
scientific paper

21. The Abstract

22.  short , powerful , complete , concise .
 contain the keywords.
 provide a brief summary of each of the main sections
of the paper:
o State the research objective(question)
o scope of the investigation
o Describe the methods used
o Summarize the results
o State the principal conclusions

23.  If your study was about :
randomized trial that investigates
whether X therapy improved
cognitive function in 40 dementia
patients from 6 cities in Japan; it
reports improved cognitive function.
What key word you can use?

24. You can use:
randomized trial that investigates
whether X therapy improved
cognitive function in 40 dementia
patients from 6 cities in Japan; it
reports improved cognitive function.

25. Problem statement
Motivation
Methods
Results
Conclusion

27. Is the statement of
the problem that
you investigated

28.  Aim of the study
 Identify the questions you are answering
 Related studies.
 State how your work differs from published work.
 Briefly describe the experiment, hypothesis, research
question; general experimental design or method

29. This section explains how,
where , and when the
experiment was done.

30.  How did you study the problem?
 What did you use?
 How did you proceed?
Method
Material
Procedure

31.  The source of subjects studied :
 number of individuals in each group used
 their gender, age, and weight .
 The protocol for collecting data:
 how the experimental procedures were carried
out.
 How the data were analyzed.
 Methods section should be written in the past
tense

32. Example of methods

33.  It is the core or heart of the paper.
 It needs to be clearly and simply stated.
 It describe what was discovered.
 It summarize the findings in an orderly
and logical sequence, without
interpretation.

34.  The text should guide the reader through the
findings, stressing the major points.
 Any table or figure must be sufficiently described by
its title and caption to be understandable without
reading the main text of the results section.
 Should not have both a table and a figure showing the
same information.
 Don`t evaluate the result in this section.
 Methods section should be written in the past tense

37. It is interpretation of the results in
light of what was already known
about the subject of the
investigation, and to explain the new
understanding of the problem after
taking the new results into
consideration.

38.  Describe what your results mean in context of
what was already known about the subject .
 Often should begin with a brief summary of the
main findings
 Indicate how the results relate to expectations.
 Show how your results and interpretations agree
or don`t agree with previously published work.

39.  Discuss the theoretical implications of your
work, and any possible practical
applications.
 State your conclusions as clearly as possible.
 Summarize your evidence for each
conclusion.

40. 1. If hypothesis testing was done.
was/were the hypotheses supported or not supported?
2. Are the results interpreted in the context of the
problem/purpose, hypothesis, and theoretical
framework/literature reviewed?
3. What generalizations are made? is it with the scope of
findings?
5. What recommendations for future research are stated
or implied?

41. 6. Are there other studies with similar findings?
7. What risks/benefits are involved for patients
if the research findings would be used in
practice?
8. Is direct application of the research findings
feasible in terms of time, effort, money, and
legal/ethical risks?
9. Would it be possible to replicate this study
in another clinical practice setting?

42.  Any significant technical help that
Researcher have received from any
individual in lab or elsewhere.
 The source of special equipment, cultures,
or any other material
 Any outside financial assistance, such as
grants, contracts or fellowships.

43. The Acknowledgement

44.  It is a standardized way of acknowledging the
sources of information and ideas that you
have used in your document.
 Functions:
 To give credit
 To add credibility
 To help readers find further information
 Importance of accuracy

45.  Components of references :
 Authors
 Title
 Edition number
 Place of publication and publisher
 Year of publication
 A reference list contains only the books,
articles, and web pages etc that are cited
in the text of the document.

46.  Adams, A.B. (1983a) Article title: subtitle.
Journal Title 46 (Suppl. 2), 617-619
 Adams, A.B. (1988b) Book Title. Publisher, New
York.
 Bennett, W.P., Hoskins, M.A., Brady, F.P. et al.
(1993) Article title. Journal Title 334 , 31-35.

49. Title
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
5
4
1
2
3
6

50. Section purpose
Title describe the contents of the paper
Authors Ensure recognitions of the writers
Abstract Describe what was done in few words
Introduction Explain the problem
Methods explains how data were collected
Results It describe what was discovered
Discussion Discuss the implications of findings
Acknowledgments Ensures those who helped in the
research are recognized
References Ensure previously published work is
recognized