TYPHOID FEVER

1. PRESENTED BY: Anjali.c
I year M.Pharm, Department
of Pharmacy Practice
Grace college of pharmacy

2. Typhoid fever — also known simply as typhoid
 An acute, highly infectious disease caused by a
bacillus (Salmonella typhi)

4.  AGENT FACTORS
 AGENT

5.  RESERVOIR OF INFECTION
 CASES
 CARRIERS
Convalescent carriers
Chronic carriers
 SOURCE OF INFECTION
 Primary sources -faeces and urine of cases or
carriers.
 Secondary sources-contaminated water,
food,fingers and flies.

6.  HOST FACTORS
o AGE:Highest incidence of this disease occurs in the
5-19 years of age groups.
o SEX:More case are reported among males
o IMMUNITY
 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS

7.  Usually 10-14 day, But it may be as short as 3
days or as long as 3 weeks depending upon
the dose of the bacilli ingested.

8. Typhoid fever is transmitted via
 Faecal-oral route
 Urine-oral route

9.  Constipation, then diarrhea ,Fevers up to 103° or 104°
 Weakness
 Headaches
 Poor appetite
 Generalized aches and pains
 Diarrhea
 Occasionally a rash of flat, rose-colored spots
 Discomfort
 Abdominal Tenderness

10.  Bloody Stools
 Nosebleed
 Chills
 Delirium
 Confusion
 Agitation
 Fluctuating moods
 Hallucinations

12.  MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES
 Diagnosis is made by isolation of S.typhi
from bood,bone marrow and stool.
SEROLOGICAL PROCEDURES
 The Widal test is commonly used to
diagnose Typhoid.

13.  NEW DIAGNOSTIC TEST
 IDL Tubex test:which detect IgM09 antibodies
from patient within a few minutes.
 Typhidot:is another rapid serological test
takes three hours to perform,it detect
specific IgM and IgG antibodies against a 50
KD antigen of S.typhi
 Typhidot M: a new version of typhidot test
detect specific IgM antibodies only.

14. There are generally three lines of defence
against typhoid fever
 Control of reservoir
 Control of sanitation
 Immunization

15.  In most cases typhoid fever is not fatal.
 Antibiotics such as ampicillin,
chloramphenicol, trimethethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxican.
 These antibiotics have been used in most
developed countries.
 Chloramphenicol was the original
prescribed drug to patients with Typhoid
Fever.

16. There are two types of
vaccinations available:
Inactive (killed) vaccine in a shot
(Vi capsular polysaccharide
vaccine)
Live, attenuated (weakened)
vaccine taken orally (Ty21a)

18.  Avoid risky foods or drinks
 Get vaccinated
 Use only clean water
 Ask for drinks without ice unless you know
where it’s coming from
 Only eat foods that have been thoroughly
cooked
 Avoid raw fruits and vegetables
 Avoid food and drinks from street vendors