5-Fetal face ultrasound Dr Ahmed Esawy
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5 fetal face ultrasound dr ahmed esawy Fetal face Skin tag EAR AND FACE APPENDIX Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome HYPOTELERISM HYPERTELERISM Facial anomalies with holoprosencephaly Lacrimal duct cysts. Macroglossia Lymphangioma of the tongue Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip Cleft lip and palate Microphthalmia Micrognathia Micrognathia associated with a Dandy-Walker variant.
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2 fetal echo part 1 Dr Ahmed Esawy
2 fetal echo part 1 dr ahmed esawy
Ultrasound Markers
soft ultrasound markers
Minor markers
Nuchal fold
Echogenic bowel
Ventriculomegaly
Echogenic cardiac focus
Choroid plexus cyst
Single umbilical artery
Enlarged cisterna magna
Renal pyelectasis
Trisomy 21: Down’s Syndrome
Trisomy 18 Edward Syndrome
Trisomy 13
Molar Tooth Sign
Fetal Echocardiography
1st Step: Check the heart is beating
2nd Step: M-mode heart rate - should be between 120 and 180 beats per minute
3rd step : Situs-
4th step four chamber view.
5th and 6th Step Outflow Tracts
5th step : LVOT
6TH step : RVOT
7th step : 3 Vessel View
8th step: Interventricular Septum
IVS (a false positive for septal defect).
It should be assessed in both B-mode and Colour Doppler.
9th step : Aortic Arch
The 'arches' are best assessed when the foetus is prone.
10th step : Ductal Arch
This is the ductus arteriosus:
Fetal bradycardia
• Fetal sinus bradycardia
• Fetal bradyarrythmias
Fetal Tachyarrhythmia
Fetal premature atrial contraction (PAC)
Fetal Complete Atrioventricular block
Supraventricular tachycardia
Communications between systemic and pulm. Circuits LT RT. shunt.
• Inter-atrial communications. Patent F. oval , ost. 1 defect, sinus venosus, ost.2 defect, endocarial cushin defect.
• Inter-ventricular communications.
-simple VSD.
-VSD with AI
-Single ventricle
-Gerbode defect
-Endocar. Cushion
• Aorto-pulmonary communications:
a. Persistent ductus arteriosus (P.D.A.)
b. Aorto-pulmonary window.
c. Truncus arteriosus.
d. Ruptured sinus of valsalva.
e. Coronary arterio-venous fistula.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Endocardial Cushion Defect
Complete atrioventricular canal
Truncus arteriosus
ductus Arteriosus
Valvular and Obstructive lesions
Coarctation of aorta
Vascular rings
Aortic stenosis.
AI, MS, hypopalstic heart.
Cotriatrium
Fallot (F5,F4, F3.)
Pulmonary. Atresia
PULMONARY STENOSIS
Ebestien anomaly
Transposition of great vessels
Tetralogy of fallot
Double outlet right ventricle
Pulmonary atresia with a VSD
Common arterial trunk
Absent pulmonary valve syndrome
Tricusped atresia
Tricuspid dysplasia
Tetralogy of Fallot
Normal Fetal HEAD
SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM
Choriod plexus cyst
Agenesis of the corpus callosum
Fetal Anomaly Scan - Chest,GIT,GUT
Overview of the common congenital anomalies of the three systems which can be detected at 18-22weeks interval ultrasound obstetric assessment scan
6 Fetal skull Dr Ahmed Esawy
6 fetal skull dr ahmed esawy
FETAL SKULL
Microcephaly
Teratogens Associated with Microcephaly
Drugs (Alcohol, amniopterin, hydantoin)
Maternal PKU
Radiation exposure
Infections ( Rubella, CMV, toxoplasmosis)
congenital microcephalus
and megalencephally
lemon sign
Lemon sign and
Ventriculomegaly
Binder syndrome
Apert syndrome
Trigonocephaly
fetal craniosynostosis
dolicocephaly-fetal
Pfeiffer syndrome
Saethre–Chotzen
Syndrome
Anencephaly
Acrania
Cephalocele
Types:
– 1. Meningoceles: only CSF
– 2. Encephaloceles: Brain
• Locations:
– Occipital (75 %)
– Frontoethmoidal (13 %)
– Parietal (12 %)
cephalic index
Fetal Neurosonogram
This document discusses fetal neurosonography and the sonographic appearance of fetal brain structures throughout gestation. It begins with an overview of embryonic brain development and the division of the brain into sections. It then examines how the appearance of specific structures changes with gestational age, including the posterior fossa, lateral ventricles, and cerebellum. Serial images demonstrate the maturation and relationships between structures over time. The role of 3D imaging in examining the posterior fossa is also mentioned.
Antenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Heart Disease
The document discusses several congenital heart defects including atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, atrioventricular septal defects, Ebstein's anomaly, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, tetralogy of Fallot, double outlet right ventricle, transposition of the great arteries, and coarctation of the aorta. It provides details on the incidence, types, sonographic criteria for diagnosis, and prognosis for each condition.
4-fetal spine Dr Ahmed Esawy
FETAL SPINE
Prenatal classification of Spine abnormalities
Neural Tube Defects
Open NTDs :
• Spina bifida
• Anencephaly
• Encephalocele
closed NTDs (Rarer type ):
• lipomyelomeningocel
• lipomeningocele
• tethered spinal cord.
Vertebral abnormalities
Block vertebrae
Hemivertebra
MIXED,COMPLEX
ABNORMALITIES
Sacral agenesis
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
fetal caudal regression syndrome
syringomyelia
Fetal spinal anomalies in
Fetal anomaly scan
The document provides guidance on performing and interpreting a fetal anomaly scan in the second trimester. It outlines key structures to examine in the brain, head, face, thorax, heart, abdomen and gastrointestinal system. Normal anatomy is described along with variants and common anomalies. For the brain, it details the standard thalamic, ventricular and cerebellar views and structures to assess such as ventricle size and cavum septi pellucidi. Common cranial anomalies like holoprosencephaly and Dandy-Walker malformation are also outlined.
Fetal face and necK
This document discusses ultrasound evaluation of the fetal face and neck. It outlines normal sonographic anatomy and various craniofacial anomalies that can be detected prenatally, including facial clefts, orbital defects, micrognathia, macroglossia, tumors, and ear abnormalities. It also mentions craniosynostosis and neck anomalies like nuchal cystic hygroma that can be identified. The conclusion emphasizes that identifying facial or neck anomalies indicates the need for a full fetal exam to check for associated conditions, and that prognosis depends on severity and presence of syndromes or neurological defects. Advanced ultrasound is improving detection and preparation for neonatal care.
Recommended
2 fetal echo part 1 Dr Ahmed Esawy
2 fetal echo part 1 dr ahmed esawy
Ultrasound Markers
soft ultrasound markers
Minor markers
Nuchal fold
Echogenic bowel
Ventriculomegaly
Echogenic cardiac focus
Choroid plexus cyst
Single umbilical artery
Enlarged cisterna magna
Renal pyelectasis
Trisomy 21: Down’s Syndrome
Trisomy 18 Edward Syndrome
Trisomy 13
Molar Tooth Sign
Fetal Echocardiography
1st Step: Check the heart is beating
2nd Step: M-mode heart rate - should be between 120 and 180 beats per minute
3rd step : Situs-
4th step four chamber view.
5th and 6th Step Outflow Tracts
5th step : LVOT
6TH step : RVOT
7th step : 3 Vessel View
8th step: Interventricular Septum
IVS (a false positive for septal defect).
It should be assessed in both B-mode and Colour Doppler.
9th step : Aortic Arch
The 'arches' are best assessed when the foetus is prone.
10th step : Ductal Arch
This is the ductus arteriosus:
Fetal bradycardia
• Fetal sinus bradycardia
• Fetal bradyarrythmias
Fetal Tachyarrhythmia
Fetal premature atrial contraction (PAC)
Fetal Complete Atrioventricular block
Supraventricular tachycardia
Communications between systemic and pulm. Circuits LT RT. shunt.
• Inter-atrial communications. Patent F. oval , ost. 1 defect, sinus venosus, ost.2 defect, endocarial cushin defect.
• Inter-ventricular communications.
-simple VSD.
-VSD with AI
-Single ventricle
-Gerbode defect
-Endocar. Cushion
• Aorto-pulmonary communications:
a. Persistent ductus arteriosus (P.D.A.)
b. Aorto-pulmonary window.
c. Truncus arteriosus.
d. Ruptured sinus of valsalva.
e. Coronary arterio-venous fistula.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Endocardial Cushion Defect
Complete atrioventricular canal
Truncus arteriosus
ductus Arteriosus
Valvular and Obstructive lesions
Coarctation of aorta
Vascular rings
Aortic stenosis.
AI, MS, hypopalstic heart.
Cotriatrium
Fallot (F5,F4, F3.)
Pulmonary. Atresia
PULMONARY STENOSIS
Ebestien anomaly
Transposition of great vessels
Tetralogy of fallot
Double outlet right ventricle
Pulmonary atresia with a VSD
Common arterial trunk
Absent pulmonary valve syndrome
Tricusped atresia
Tricuspid dysplasia
Tetralogy of Fallot
Normal Fetal HEAD
SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM
Choriod plexus cyst
Agenesis of the corpus callosum
Fetal Anomaly Scan - Chest,GIT,GUT
Overview of the common congenital anomalies of the three systems which can be detected at 18-22weeks interval ultrasound obstetric assessment scan
6 Fetal skull Dr Ahmed Esawy
6 fetal skull dr ahmed esawy
FETAL SKULL
Microcephaly
Teratogens Associated with Microcephaly
Drugs (Alcohol, amniopterin, hydantoin)
Maternal PKU
Radiation exposure
Infections ( Rubella, CMV, toxoplasmosis)
congenital microcephalus
and megalencephally
lemon sign
Lemon sign and
Ventriculomegaly
Binder syndrome
Apert syndrome
Trigonocephaly
fetal craniosynostosis
dolicocephaly-fetal
Pfeiffer syndrome
Saethre–Chotzen
Syndrome
Anencephaly
Acrania
Cephalocele
Types:
– 1. Meningoceles: only CSF
– 2. Encephaloceles: Brain
• Locations:
– Occipital (75 %)
– Frontoethmoidal (13 %)
– Parietal (12 %)
cephalic index
Fetal Neurosonogram
This document discusses fetal neurosonography and the sonographic appearance of fetal brain structures throughout gestation. It begins with an overview of embryonic brain development and the division of the brain into sections. It then examines how the appearance of specific structures changes with gestational age, including the posterior fossa, lateral ventricles, and cerebellum. Serial images demonstrate the maturation and relationships between structures over time. The role of 3D imaging in examining the posterior fossa is also mentioned.
Antenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Heart Disease
The document discusses several congenital heart defects including atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, atrioventricular septal defects, Ebstein's anomaly, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, tetralogy of Fallot, double outlet right ventricle, transposition of the great arteries, and coarctation of the aorta. It provides details on the incidence, types, sonographic criteria for diagnosis, and prognosis for each condition.
4-fetal spine Dr Ahmed Esawy
FETAL SPINE
Prenatal classification of Spine abnormalities
Neural Tube Defects
Open NTDs :
• Spina bifida
• Anencephaly
• Encephalocele
closed NTDs (Rarer type ):
• lipomyelomeningocel
• lipomeningocele
• tethered spinal cord.
Vertebral abnormalities
Block vertebrae
Hemivertebra
MIXED,COMPLEX
ABNORMALITIES
Sacral agenesis
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
fetal caudal regression syndrome
syringomyelia
Fetal spinal anomalies in
Fetal anomaly scan
The document provides guidance on performing and interpreting a fetal anomaly scan in the second trimester. It outlines key structures to examine in the brain, head, face, thorax, heart, abdomen and gastrointestinal system. Normal anatomy is described along with variants and common anomalies. For the brain, it details the standard thalamic, ventricular and cerebellar views and structures to assess such as ventricle size and cavum septi pellucidi. Common cranial anomalies like holoprosencephaly and Dandy-Walker malformation are also outlined.
Fetal face and necK
This document discusses ultrasound evaluation of the fetal face and neck. It outlines normal sonographic anatomy and various craniofacial anomalies that can be detected prenatally, including facial clefts, orbital defects, micrognathia, macroglossia, tumors, and ear abnormalities. It also mentions craniosynostosis and neck anomalies like nuchal cystic hygroma that can be identified. The conclusion emphasizes that identifying facial or neck anomalies indicates the need for a full fetal exam to check for associated conditions, and that prognosis depends on severity and presence of syndromes or neurological defects. Advanced ultrasound is improving detection and preparation for neonatal care.
Fetal brain usg 1
Embryonic development of the CNS
in relation to sonographic findings
Standard Sonographic Examination of the CNS
Antenatal doppler
This document discusses color Doppler ultrasound techniques for fetal surveillance. It describes the anatomy of fetal and placental circulation and examines the uterine, umbilical and middle cerebral arteries. Waveform analysis using indices like S/D ratio, resistance index and pulsatility index is discussed. Normal and abnormal Doppler findings are presented along with their clinical significance and management. Precise techniques for imaging and interpreting various fetal blood vessels are provided.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the neonatal head.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound examination protocols for evaluating the neonatal head. It describes common indications for neonatal head ultrasound such as prematurity, increased head circumference, craniosynostosis, trauma, hypoxia, and suspected intracranial pathology. The document outlines scanning techniques and normal ultrasound appearances. It also describes various pathologies that may be identified on neonatal head ultrasound such as germinal matrix hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, hydrocephalus, holoprosencephaly, encephaloceles, intracranial hemorrhages, and others. Detailed ultrasound images are provided to illustrate normal and abnormal findings.
Isuog fetal cns usg guidelines
- Ultrasound is the main prenatal imaging modality used to diagnose fetal central nervous system (CNS) anomalies.
- The document provides guidelines for performing both a basic CNS exam and a more detailed fetal neurosonogram.
- The basic exam involves evaluating the fetal head and spine using 2-3 planes to assess brain structures like the ventricles and cerebellum.
- A fetal neurosonogram requires more expertise and provides a more detailed multi-planar evaluation of the brain and spine, useful for high-risk pregnancies.
- Both exams should include standard biometric measurements and qualitative assessments of normal anatomy.
UOG Journal Club: Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetal posterior fossa flu...
UOG Journal Club: Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetal posterior fossa flu...International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG)
This Journal Club presentation provides a summary and discussion of the following free access articles published in UOG:
Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetal posterior fossa fluid collections
G. Gandolfi Colleoni, E. Contro, A. Carletti, T. Ghi, G. Campobasso, G. Rembouskos, G. Volpe, G. Pilu, P. Volpe.
Volume 39, Issue 6, Date: June 2012, pages 625–631
Brainstem–vermis and brainstem–tentorium angles allow accurate categorization of fetal upward rotation of cerebellar vermis
P. Volpe, E. Contro, F. De Musso, T. Ghi, A. Farina, A. Tempesta, G. Volpe, N. Rizzo, G. Pilu
Volume 39, Issue 6, Date: June 2012, 632–635
They can be accessed here:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1469-0705/homepage/journal_club_2012.htm8 fetal chest Dr Ahmed Esawy
8 fetal chest dr ahmed esawy
Fetal Chest Biometry
Lungs – Sonographic Appearance
Diaphragm – Sonographic
Appearance
Thymus – Sonographic
Appearance
Fetal cardio-thoracic (C/T) circumference ratio
CYSTIC THORACIC MASSES
• Diaphragmatic hernia (stomach adj
• CCAM, type 1,2
• Cysts: bronchogenic, enteric duplica
• cystic hygroma
SOLID (ECHOGENIC) MASSES
• Diaphragmatic hernia
• CCAM, type 3
• Pulmonary sequestration
• Tumors
• Teratoma
• Rhabdomyoma of the heart
• Pulmonary hypoplasia
1-Diaphragmatic hernia
• 2-Congenital cystic adenomatous malformations
• 3-Broncho-pulmonary sequastration
• 4-Pleural effusions
• 5-Pulmonary hypoplasia
• 6-Congenital hydro/chylo thorax
• 7-Pulmonary lymphangiectasia
• 8-Chondrodysplasia
• 9-Bronchogenic cysts and other tumours
Fetal hydrops
11-Fetal skeletal system part 2 Dr Ahmed Esawy
11 fetal skeletal system part 2 dr ahmed esawy
FETAL SKELETAL SYSTEM .
normal,basic paramters
and algorithms
fetal Skeletal Dysplasia
Thanatophoric Dwarfism
• Achondroplastic Dysplasia
• Osteogenesis Imperfecta
• Trisomy 18
• Meckel- Gruber Syndrome
• Down Syndrome
Fetal foot length
clavicular aplasia, hypoplasia
Hypoplastic thorax
•thanatophoric dysplasia,
•achondrogenesis,
•hypophosphotasia,
•camptomelic dysplasia,
•chondroectodermal dysplasia,
•osteogenesis imperfecta,
•short-rib polydactyly
•lead to pulmonary hypoplasia,.
Hypoplastic scapula
Platyspondyly
Jarcho-Levin syndrome
Hemivertebra and block vertebra
OI fetus
Chest hypoplasia
micrognathia,
•short upper lip,
•abnormally shaped ears,
•frontal bossing,
•cloverleaf skull.
•brachycephaly (anteroposterior shortening of the head),
•scapocephaly (lateral flattening of the head), and
craniosynostoses (premature fusion of the sutures),
hypertelorism
micropathia
Clover leaf skull
Thanatophoric Dysplasia
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Chondrodysplasia Punctata
Diastrophic Dysplasia
Achondrogenesis
Achondroplastic Dysplasia
Achondroplasia
Acrocephalopolysyndactyly
Amyoplasia
Atelosteogenesis
micrognathia
ASPHYXIATING THORACIC DYSTROPHY
Campomelic dysplasia
Seckel Syndrome
Cleidocranial dysostosls
ARTHROGRYPOSIS
Clubfoot
Straight knee joints
FETAL AKINESIA DEFORMATION
SEQUENCE (FADS)
• Hypophosphatasia
Short-Rib Polydactyly Syndrome
Mimics of Skeletal Dysplasias
Chronic Intervillous Histiocytosis
Focal anomalies upper limb
Shortened fetal humerus
Aneuopliody syndromic
• Down syndrome:
• Non-aneuopliody syndromic
• Fetal skeletal dysplasia
• non syndromic
• IUGR
Clinodactyly
Syndactyly
Clenched Hand
A fetal akinesia sequence (FAS)
Camptodactyly
•
Fetal club hand deformity
pre-axial polydactyly:
post-axial polydactyly:
central polydactyly
Ectrodactyly
Ectrodactyly (split hands or feet).
Lobster claw
Congenital constriction band
Sequence
Isolated limb deficiency.
SHORT fetal FEMUR
The Hitchhiker's Thumb
Mesomelia
rockerbottom foot
Amputations
Early amnion rupture sequence
Hypoplasia of the foot
11-Fetal skeletal system part 1 Dr Ahmed Esawy
11 fetal skeletal system part 1 dr ahmed esawy
FETAL SKELETAL SYSTEM .
normal,basic paramters
and algorithms
fetal Skeletal Dysplasia
Thanatophoric Dwarfism
• Achondroplastic Dysplasia
• Osteogenesis Imperfecta
• Trisomy 18
• Meckel- Gruber Syndrome
• Down Syndrome
Fetal foot length
clavicular aplasia, hypoplasia
Hypoplastic thorax
•thanatophoric dysplasia,
•achondrogenesis,
•hypophosphotasia,
•camptomelic dysplasia,
•chondroectodermal dysplasia,
•osteogenesis imperfecta,
•short-rib polydactyly
•lead to pulmonary hypoplasia,.
Hypoplastic scapula
Platyspondyly
Jarcho-Levin syndrome
Hemivertebra and block vertebra
OI fetus
Chest hypoplasia
micrognathia,
•short upper lip,
•abnormally shaped ears,
•frontal bossing,
•cloverleaf skull.
•brachycephaly (anteroposterior shortening of the head),
•scapocephaly (lateral flattening of the head), and
craniosynostoses (premature fusion of the sutures),
hypertelorism
micropathia
Clover leaf skull
Thanatophoric Dysplasia
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Chondrodysplasia Punctata
Diastrophic Dysplasia
Achondrogenesis
Achondroplastic Dysplasia
Achondroplasia
Acrocephalopolysyndactyly
Amyoplasia
Atelosteogenesis
micrognathia
ASPHYXIATING THORACIC DYSTROPHY
Campomelic dysplasia
Seckel Syndrome
Cleidocranial dysostosls
ARTHROGRYPOSIS
Clubfoot
Straight knee joints
FETAL AKINESIA DEFORMATION
SEQUENCE (FADS)
• Hypophosphatasia
Short-Rib Polydactyly Syndrome
Mimics of Skeletal Dysplasias
Chronic Intervillous Histiocytosis
Focal anomalies upper limb
Shortened fetal humerus
Aneuopliody syndromic
• Down syndrome:
• Non-aneuopliody syndromic
• Fetal skeletal dysplasia
• non syndromic
• IUGR
Clinodactyly
Syndactyly
Clenched Hand
A fetal akinesia sequence (FAS)
Camptodactyly
•
Fetal club hand deformity
pre-axial polydactyly:
post-axial polydactyly:
central polydactyly
Ectrodactyly
Ectrodactyly (split hands or feet).
Lobster claw
Congenital constriction band
Sequence
Isolated limb deficiency.
SHORT fetal FEMUR
The Hitchhiker's Thumb
Mesomelia
rockerbottom foot
Amputations
Early amnion rupture sequence
Hypoplasia of the foot
IMAGING OF FETAL CVS AND ITS ANOMALIES
- An ultrasound scan of the fetal heart at 19 weeks' gestation revealed a ventricular septal defect on the four-chamber view, with right to left flow seen on Doppler.
- While VSD was initially suspected, further evaluation of the left ventricular outflow tract was needed as VSD can be associated with other conditions like transposition of the great arteries or tetralogy of Fallot.
- Examination of the left ventricular outflow tract showed the VSD leading into a great vessel that straddled the interventricular septum, confirming the diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot. Additional views beyond the four-chamber view are needed to identify associated cardiovascular anomalies when a VSD is present.
The fetal heart
Generally occurs secondary to pulmonary atresia with intact IVS .
Pathophysiology- it develops because of a reduction in the blood flow secondary to inflow impedence from tricuspid atresia or outflow impedence from pulmonary arterial atresia .
Typical findings- a small , hypertrophic RV and a small or absent pulmonary artery
1 ultrasound diagnosis of fetal anomalies
1. This document presents 34 ultrasound images demonstrating various fetal anomalies, including anencephaly, spina bifida, myelomeningocele, Dandy-Walker malformation, agenesis of the corpus callosum, holoprosencephaly, hydrocephalus, porencephaly, cyclopia, cleft lip, cystic hygroma, gastroschisis, omphalocele, body stalk anomaly, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, esophageal atresia, duodenal atresia, small bowel atresia, meconium peritonitis, ovarian cyst, renal agenesis, multicystic dysplastic kidney, ureteropelvic
The fetal musculoskeletal system
In many fetal skeletal dysplasias ,the skin and s/c tissue continues to grow at a rate proportionately greater than the long bones resulting in relatively thickened skin folds (on occasion mistaken for hydrops fetalis ) .
Polyhydraminos –common .cause –variable combination of the following –oesophageal compression by the small chest ,GI abnormalities ,micrognathia ,or hypotonia .
Fetal Echocardiography: Basics and Advanced
This presentation is for those radiologists and residents who have an interest to perform advanced fetal echocardiography. Simply started and gradually covers the advanced part of it. It includes normal findings only.
Fetal Cardiac Examination
The document discusses examination of the fetal heart. It describes basic screening using the four chamber view as part of routine mid-trimester scans, noting it can identify around 40% of congenital heart defects. Extended basic screening adding views of the outflow tracts increases detection rates. Detailed fetal echocardiography provides comprehensive anatomical and morphological assessment of the heart and is recommended when risk of defects is above average.
Ultrasonography of Congenital fetal Defects
This document discusses the use of ultrasonography to diagnose congenital fetal defects. It notes that around 2.5% of total births involve some type of defect, with neural tube defects, congenital heart defects, and other anomalies each making up around one third of cases. Ultrasound is important for diagnosing defects to determine whether to terminate a pregnancy or provide fetal therapy. The document outlines indications for targeted ultrasound exams and details what is assessed during mid-trimester and first trimester ultrasound exams. It emphasizes the importance of visualization of defects, markers for chromosomal abnormalities, and use of ultrasound to guide invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques.
2nd trimester scan
The document discusses the key aspects of a 2nd trimester fetal anatomy scan, including using biometric measurements like BPD, HC, FL to determine gestational age and assess growth. It describes evaluating the placenta's location, amniotic fluid volume, fetal anatomy of the brain, heart, abdomen, and sex. Specific abnormalities that can be detected on the scan are outlined. The purpose is to confirm dating, check for fetal abnormalities, and locate the placenta.
Fetal neurosonogram jucog feb 2013
This document discusses fetal neurosonography and the development of the central nervous system. It begins with an overview of common central nervous system anomalies seen on ultrasound and their imaging findings. It then outlines the learning objectives which are to discuss embryonic development of the CNS in relation to sonographic findings, describe a standard sonographic examination of the CNS, and explain the role of 3D ultrasound in examining the posterior fossa. The rest of the document focuses on the embryology of the CNS and how the sonographic appearance changes throughout gestation, particularly in the posterior fossa. It provides images demonstrating normal development and how the structures seen can be misinterpreted if the evaluator is unfamiliar with the expected changes over time.
2nd trimester ultrasound..
The document provides details about performing and interpreting a fetal anatomy scan between 18-20 weeks of gestation. It describes assessing various fetal anatomical structures including the brain, skull, abdomen, lungs, heart, spine, and limbs. Key measurements and normal ranges are outlined. Common congenital anomalies that may be detected on the scan are also described for various structures. The purpose of the anatomy scan is to evaluate fetal anatomy and screen for potential fetal anomalies.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the 2nd & 3rd trimester pregnancy.
This document provides guidance on performing an ultrasound examination of the fetus in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. It details the standard views and measurements that should be obtained, including images of the head, heart, abdomen, limbs and other structures. Potential abnormalities are also listed for each structure. Fetal echocardiography is important for detecting congenital cardiac defects, which occur in 2-6.5% of live births and can have serious consequences if not identified prenatally.
Fetal brain anomalies
Fetal brain anomalies were discussed including ventriculomegaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and Dandy-Walker malformations. Ventriculomegaly is enlargement of the lateral ventricles and can be mild (10-15mm) or severe (>15mm). It requires ruling out associated anomalies, infections, and chromosomal abnormalities. Agenesis of the corpus callosum is the absence of the connecting structure between hemispheres and may be isolated or complex with other anomalies. Dandy-Walker malformation involves cystic dilation of the 4th ventricle and cerebellar vermis abnormalities. Prognosis depends on associated anomalies and degree of hydrocephalus.
17-three D 4D fetal ultrasound Dr Ahmed Esawy
17 3 d,4d fetal ultrasound dr ahmed esawy
THREE D FOUR D Principle “Physical Basics
image quality in
3D,4D image
Chewing
Sleepy
First whinge
Smiling
TWINS
triplets
CLEFT LIP
Cleft lip and palate
Lateral cleft of the fetal face
Micrognathia
Binder syndrome
Skin tag
Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome
hypotelorism
hypertelorism
Otocephaly
Apert syndrome
Spina Bifida
ANENCEPHALLY
ACRANIA
Trigonocephaly
Polydactyly
Bilateral club hand
1-fetal genetic ultrasound Dr Ahmed Esawy
Ultrasound Markers
soft ultrasound markers
Minor markers
Nuchal fold
Echogenic bowel
Ventriculomegaly
Echogenic cardiac focus
Choroid plexus cyst
Single umbilical artery
Enlarged cisterna magna
Renal pyelectasis
Trisomy 21: Down’s Syndrome
Trisomy 18 Edward Syndrome
Trisomy 13
Molar Tooth Sign
Fetal Echocardiography
1st Step: Check the heart is beating
2nd Step: M-mode heart rate - should be between 120 and 180 beats per minute
3rd step : Situs-
4th step four chamber view.
5th and 6th Step Outflow Tracts
5th step : LVOT
6TH step : RVOT
7th step : 3 Vessel View
8th step: Interventricular Septum
IVS (a false positive for septal defect).
It should be assessed in both B-mode and Colour Doppler.
9th step : Aortic Arch
The 'arches' are best assessed when the foetus is prone.
10th step : Ductal Arch
This is the ductus arteriosus:
Fetal bradycardia
• Fetal sinus bradycardia
• Fetal bradyarrythmias
Fetal Tachyarrhythmia
Fetal premature atrial contraction (PAC)
Fetal Complete Atrioventricular block
Supraventricular tachycardia
Communications between systemic and pulm. Circuits LT RT. shunt.
• Inter-atrial communications. Patent F. oval , ost. 1 defect, sinus venosus, ost.2 defect, endocarial cushin defect.
• Inter-ventricular communications.
-simple VSD.
-VSD with AI
-Single ventricle
-Gerbode defect
-Endocar. Cushion
• Aorto-pulmonary communications:
a. Persistent ductus arteriosus (P.D.A.)
b. Aorto-pulmonary window.
c. Truncus arteriosus.
d. Ruptured sinus of valsalva.
e. Coronary arterio-venous fistula.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Endocardial Cushion Defect
Complete atrioventricular canal
Truncus arteriosus
ductus Arteriosus
Valvular and Obstructive lesions
Coarctation of aorta
Vascular rings
Aortic stenosis.
AI, MS, hypopalstic heart.
Cotriatrium
Fallot (F5,F4, F3.)
Pulmonary. Atresia
PULMONARY STENOSIS
Ebestien anomaly
Transposition of great vessels
Tetralogy of fallot
Double outlet right ventricle
Pulmonary atresia with a VSD
Common arterial trunk
Absent pulmonary valve syndrome
Tricuspid atresia
Tricuspid dysplasia
Tetralogy of Fallot
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Fetal brain usg 1
Embryonic development of the CNS
in relation to sonographic findings
Standard Sonographic Examination of the CNS
Antenatal doppler
This document discusses color Doppler ultrasound techniques for fetal surveillance. It describes the anatomy of fetal and placental circulation and examines the uterine, umbilical and middle cerebral arteries. Waveform analysis using indices like S/D ratio, resistance index and pulsatility index is discussed. Normal and abnormal Doppler findings are presented along with their clinical significance and management. Precise techniques for imaging and interpreting various fetal blood vessels are provided.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the neonatal head.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound examination protocols for evaluating the neonatal head. It describes common indications for neonatal head ultrasound such as prematurity, increased head circumference, craniosynostosis, trauma, hypoxia, and suspected intracranial pathology. The document outlines scanning techniques and normal ultrasound appearances. It also describes various pathologies that may be identified on neonatal head ultrasound such as germinal matrix hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, hydrocephalus, holoprosencephaly, encephaloceles, intracranial hemorrhages, and others. Detailed ultrasound images are provided to illustrate normal and abnormal findings.
Isuog fetal cns usg guidelines
- Ultrasound is the main prenatal imaging modality used to diagnose fetal central nervous system (CNS) anomalies.
- The document provides guidelines for performing both a basic CNS exam and a more detailed fetal neurosonogram.
- The basic exam involves evaluating the fetal head and spine using 2-3 planes to assess brain structures like the ventricles and cerebellum.
- A fetal neurosonogram requires more expertise and provides a more detailed multi-planar evaluation of the brain and spine, useful for high-risk pregnancies.
- Both exams should include standard biometric measurements and qualitative assessments of normal anatomy.
UOG Journal Club: Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetal posterior fossa flu...
UOG Journal Club: Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetal posterior fossa flu...International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG)
This Journal Club presentation provides a summary and discussion of the following free access articles published in UOG:
Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetal posterior fossa fluid collections
G. Gandolfi Colleoni, E. Contro, A. Carletti, T. Ghi, G. Campobasso, G. Rembouskos, G. Volpe, G. Pilu, P. Volpe.
Volume 39, Issue 6, Date: June 2012, pages 625–631
Brainstem–vermis and brainstem–tentorium angles allow accurate categorization of fetal upward rotation of cerebellar vermis
P. Volpe, E. Contro, F. De Musso, T. Ghi, A. Farina, A. Tempesta, G. Volpe, N. Rizzo, G. Pilu
Volume 39, Issue 6, Date: June 2012, 632–635
They can be accessed here:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1469-0705/homepage/journal_club_2012.htm8 fetal chest Dr Ahmed Esawy
8 fetal chest dr ahmed esawy
Fetal Chest Biometry
Lungs – Sonographic Appearance
Diaphragm – Sonographic
Appearance
Thymus – Sonographic
Appearance
Fetal cardio-thoracic (C/T) circumference ratio
CYSTIC THORACIC MASSES
• Diaphragmatic hernia (stomach adj
• CCAM, type 1,2
• Cysts: bronchogenic, enteric duplica
• cystic hygroma
SOLID (ECHOGENIC) MASSES
• Diaphragmatic hernia
• CCAM, type 3
• Pulmonary sequestration
• Tumors
• Teratoma
• Rhabdomyoma of the heart
• Pulmonary hypoplasia
1-Diaphragmatic hernia
• 2-Congenital cystic adenomatous malformations
• 3-Broncho-pulmonary sequastration
• 4-Pleural effusions
• 5-Pulmonary hypoplasia
• 6-Congenital hydro/chylo thorax
• 7-Pulmonary lymphangiectasia
• 8-Chondrodysplasia
• 9-Bronchogenic cysts and other tumours
Fetal hydrops
11-Fetal skeletal system part 2 Dr Ahmed Esawy
11 fetal skeletal system part 2 dr ahmed esawy
FETAL SKELETAL SYSTEM .
normal,basic paramters
and algorithms
fetal Skeletal Dysplasia
Thanatophoric Dwarfism
• Achondroplastic Dysplasia
• Osteogenesis Imperfecta
• Trisomy 18
• Meckel- Gruber Syndrome
• Down Syndrome
Fetal foot length
clavicular aplasia, hypoplasia
Hypoplastic thorax
•thanatophoric dysplasia,
•achondrogenesis,
•hypophosphotasia,
•camptomelic dysplasia,
•chondroectodermal dysplasia,
•osteogenesis imperfecta,
•short-rib polydactyly
•lead to pulmonary hypoplasia,.
Hypoplastic scapula
Platyspondyly
Jarcho-Levin syndrome
Hemivertebra and block vertebra
OI fetus
Chest hypoplasia
micrognathia,
•short upper lip,
•abnormally shaped ears,
•frontal bossing,
•cloverleaf skull.
•brachycephaly (anteroposterior shortening of the head),
•scapocephaly (lateral flattening of the head), and
craniosynostoses (premature fusion of the sutures),
hypertelorism
micropathia
Clover leaf skull
Thanatophoric Dysplasia
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Chondrodysplasia Punctata
Diastrophic Dysplasia
Achondrogenesis
Achondroplastic Dysplasia
Achondroplasia
Acrocephalopolysyndactyly
Amyoplasia
Atelosteogenesis
micrognathia
ASPHYXIATING THORACIC DYSTROPHY
Campomelic dysplasia
Seckel Syndrome
Cleidocranial dysostosls
ARTHROGRYPOSIS
Clubfoot
Straight knee joints
FETAL AKINESIA DEFORMATION
SEQUENCE (FADS)
• Hypophosphatasia
Short-Rib Polydactyly Syndrome
Mimics of Skeletal Dysplasias
Chronic Intervillous Histiocytosis
Focal anomalies upper limb
Shortened fetal humerus
Aneuopliody syndromic
• Down syndrome:
• Non-aneuopliody syndromic
• Fetal skeletal dysplasia
• non syndromic
• IUGR
Clinodactyly
Syndactyly
Clenched Hand
A fetal akinesia sequence (FAS)
Camptodactyly
•
Fetal club hand deformity
pre-axial polydactyly:
post-axial polydactyly:
central polydactyly
Ectrodactyly
Ectrodactyly (split hands or feet).
Lobster claw
Congenital constriction band
Sequence
Isolated limb deficiency.
SHORT fetal FEMUR
The Hitchhiker's Thumb
Mesomelia
rockerbottom foot
Amputations
Early amnion rupture sequence
Hypoplasia of the foot
11-Fetal skeletal system part 1 Dr Ahmed Esawy
11 fetal skeletal system part 1 dr ahmed esawy
FETAL SKELETAL SYSTEM .
normal,basic paramters
and algorithms
fetal Skeletal Dysplasia
Thanatophoric Dwarfism
• Achondroplastic Dysplasia
• Osteogenesis Imperfecta
• Trisomy 18
• Meckel- Gruber Syndrome
• Down Syndrome
Fetal foot length
clavicular aplasia, hypoplasia
Hypoplastic thorax
•thanatophoric dysplasia,
•achondrogenesis,
•hypophosphotasia,
•camptomelic dysplasia,
•chondroectodermal dysplasia,
•osteogenesis imperfecta,
•short-rib polydactyly
•lead to pulmonary hypoplasia,.
Hypoplastic scapula
Platyspondyly
Jarcho-Levin syndrome
Hemivertebra and block vertebra
OI fetus
Chest hypoplasia
micrognathia,
•short upper lip,
•abnormally shaped ears,
•frontal bossing,
•cloverleaf skull.
•brachycephaly (anteroposterior shortening of the head),
•scapocephaly (lateral flattening of the head), and
craniosynostoses (premature fusion of the sutures),
hypertelorism
micropathia
Clover leaf skull
Thanatophoric Dysplasia
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Chondrodysplasia Punctata
Diastrophic Dysplasia
Achondrogenesis
Achondroplastic Dysplasia
Achondroplasia
Acrocephalopolysyndactyly
Amyoplasia
Atelosteogenesis
micrognathia
ASPHYXIATING THORACIC DYSTROPHY
Campomelic dysplasia
Seckel Syndrome
Cleidocranial dysostosls
ARTHROGRYPOSIS
Clubfoot
Straight knee joints
FETAL AKINESIA DEFORMATION
SEQUENCE (FADS)
• Hypophosphatasia
Short-Rib Polydactyly Syndrome
Mimics of Skeletal Dysplasias
Chronic Intervillous Histiocytosis
Focal anomalies upper limb
Shortened fetal humerus
Aneuopliody syndromic
• Down syndrome:
• Non-aneuopliody syndromic
• Fetal skeletal dysplasia
• non syndromic
• IUGR
Clinodactyly
Syndactyly
Clenched Hand
A fetal akinesia sequence (FAS)
Camptodactyly
•
Fetal club hand deformity
pre-axial polydactyly:
post-axial polydactyly:
central polydactyly
Ectrodactyly
Ectrodactyly (split hands or feet).
Lobster claw
Congenital constriction band
Sequence
Isolated limb deficiency.
SHORT fetal FEMUR
The Hitchhiker's Thumb
Mesomelia
rockerbottom foot
Amputations
Early amnion rupture sequence
Hypoplasia of the foot
IMAGING OF FETAL CVS AND ITS ANOMALIES
- An ultrasound scan of the fetal heart at 19 weeks' gestation revealed a ventricular septal defect on the four-chamber view, with right to left flow seen on Doppler.
- While VSD was initially suspected, further evaluation of the left ventricular outflow tract was needed as VSD can be associated with other conditions like transposition of the great arteries or tetralogy of Fallot.
- Examination of the left ventricular outflow tract showed the VSD leading into a great vessel that straddled the interventricular septum, confirming the diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot. Additional views beyond the four-chamber view are needed to identify associated cardiovascular anomalies when a VSD is present.
The fetal heart
Generally occurs secondary to pulmonary atresia with intact IVS .
Pathophysiology- it develops because of a reduction in the blood flow secondary to inflow impedence from tricuspid atresia or outflow impedence from pulmonary arterial atresia .
Typical findings- a small , hypertrophic RV and a small or absent pulmonary artery
1 ultrasound diagnosis of fetal anomalies
1. This document presents 34 ultrasound images demonstrating various fetal anomalies, including anencephaly, spina bifida, myelomeningocele, Dandy-Walker malformation, agenesis of the corpus callosum, holoprosencephaly, hydrocephalus, porencephaly, cyclopia, cleft lip, cystic hygroma, gastroschisis, omphalocele, body stalk anomaly, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, esophageal atresia, duodenal atresia, small bowel atresia, meconium peritonitis, ovarian cyst, renal agenesis, multicystic dysplastic kidney, ureteropelvic
The fetal musculoskeletal system
In many fetal skeletal dysplasias ,the skin and s/c tissue continues to grow at a rate proportionately greater than the long bones resulting in relatively thickened skin folds (on occasion mistaken for hydrops fetalis ) .
Polyhydraminos –common .cause –variable combination of the following –oesophageal compression by the small chest ,GI abnormalities ,micrognathia ,or hypotonia .
Fetal Echocardiography: Basics and Advanced
This presentation is for those radiologists and residents who have an interest to perform advanced fetal echocardiography. Simply started and gradually covers the advanced part of it. It includes normal findings only.
Fetal Cardiac Examination
The document discusses examination of the fetal heart. It describes basic screening using the four chamber view as part of routine mid-trimester scans, noting it can identify around 40% of congenital heart defects. Extended basic screening adding views of the outflow tracts increases detection rates. Detailed fetal echocardiography provides comprehensive anatomical and morphological assessment of the heart and is recommended when risk of defects is above average.
Ultrasonography of Congenital fetal Defects
This document discusses the use of ultrasonography to diagnose congenital fetal defects. It notes that around 2.5% of total births involve some type of defect, with neural tube defects, congenital heart defects, and other anomalies each making up around one third of cases. Ultrasound is important for diagnosing defects to determine whether to terminate a pregnancy or provide fetal therapy. The document outlines indications for targeted ultrasound exams and details what is assessed during mid-trimester and first trimester ultrasound exams. It emphasizes the importance of visualization of defects, markers for chromosomal abnormalities, and use of ultrasound to guide invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques.
2nd trimester scan
The document discusses the key aspects of a 2nd trimester fetal anatomy scan, including using biometric measurements like BPD, HC, FL to determine gestational age and assess growth. It describes evaluating the placenta's location, amniotic fluid volume, fetal anatomy of the brain, heart, abdomen, and sex. Specific abnormalities that can be detected on the scan are outlined. The purpose is to confirm dating, check for fetal abnormalities, and locate the placenta.
Fetal neurosonogram jucog feb 2013
This document discusses fetal neurosonography and the development of the central nervous system. It begins with an overview of common central nervous system anomalies seen on ultrasound and their imaging findings. It then outlines the learning objectives which are to discuss embryonic development of the CNS in relation to sonographic findings, describe a standard sonographic examination of the CNS, and explain the role of 3D ultrasound in examining the posterior fossa. The rest of the document focuses on the embryology of the CNS and how the sonographic appearance changes throughout gestation, particularly in the posterior fossa. It provides images demonstrating normal development and how the structures seen can be misinterpreted if the evaluator is unfamiliar with the expected changes over time.
2nd trimester ultrasound..
The document provides details about performing and interpreting a fetal anatomy scan between 18-20 weeks of gestation. It describes assessing various fetal anatomical structures including the brain, skull, abdomen, lungs, heart, spine, and limbs. Key measurements and normal ranges are outlined. Common congenital anomalies that may be detected on the scan are also described for various structures. The purpose of the anatomy scan is to evaluate fetal anatomy and screen for potential fetal anomalies.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the 2nd & 3rd trimester pregnancy.
This document provides guidance on performing an ultrasound examination of the fetus in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. It details the standard views and measurements that should be obtained, including images of the head, heart, abdomen, limbs and other structures. Potential abnormalities are also listed for each structure. Fetal echocardiography is important for detecting congenital cardiac defects, which occur in 2-6.5% of live births and can have serious consequences if not identified prenatally.
Fetal brain anomalies
Fetal brain anomalies were discussed including ventriculomegaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and Dandy-Walker malformations. Ventriculomegaly is enlargement of the lateral ventricles and can be mild (10-15mm) or severe (>15mm). It requires ruling out associated anomalies, infections, and chromosomal abnormalities. Agenesis of the corpus callosum is the absence of the connecting structure between hemispheres and may be isolated or complex with other anomalies. Dandy-Walker malformation involves cystic dilation of the 4th ventricle and cerebellar vermis abnormalities. Prognosis depends on associated anomalies and degree of hydrocephalus.
What's hot (20)
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the neonatal head.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the neonatal head.
UOG Journal Club: Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetal posterior fossa flu...
UOG Journal Club: Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetal posterior fossa flu...
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the 2nd & 3rd trimester pregnancy.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the 2nd & 3rd trimester pregnancy.
Similar to 5-Fetal face ultrasound Dr Ahmed Esawy
17-three D 4D fetal ultrasound Dr Ahmed Esawy
17 3 d,4d fetal ultrasound dr ahmed esawy
THREE D FOUR D Principle “Physical Basics
image quality in
3D,4D image
Chewing
Sleepy
First whinge
Smiling
TWINS
triplets
CLEFT LIP
Cleft lip and palate
Lateral cleft of the fetal face
Micrognathia
Binder syndrome
Skin tag
Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome
hypotelorism
hypertelorism
Otocephaly
Apert syndrome
Spina Bifida
ANENCEPHALLY
ACRANIA
Trigonocephaly
Polydactyly
Bilateral club hand
1-fetal genetic ultrasound Dr Ahmed Esawy
Ultrasound Markers
soft ultrasound markers
Minor markers
Nuchal fold
Echogenic bowel
Ventriculomegaly
Echogenic cardiac focus
Choroid plexus cyst
Single umbilical artery
Enlarged cisterna magna
Renal pyelectasis
Trisomy 21: Down’s Syndrome
Trisomy 18 Edward Syndrome
Trisomy 13
Molar Tooth Sign
Fetal Echocardiography
1st Step: Check the heart is beating
2nd Step: M-mode heart rate - should be between 120 and 180 beats per minute
3rd step : Situs-
4th step four chamber view.
5th and 6th Step Outflow Tracts
5th step : LVOT
6TH step : RVOT
7th step : 3 Vessel View
8th step: Interventricular Septum
IVS (a false positive for septal defect).
It should be assessed in both B-mode and Colour Doppler.
9th step : Aortic Arch
The 'arches' are best assessed when the foetus is prone.
10th step : Ductal Arch
This is the ductus arteriosus:
Fetal bradycardia
• Fetal sinus bradycardia
• Fetal bradyarrythmias
Fetal Tachyarrhythmia
Fetal premature atrial contraction (PAC)
Fetal Complete Atrioventricular block
Supraventricular tachycardia
Communications between systemic and pulm. Circuits LT RT. shunt.
• Inter-atrial communications. Patent F. oval , ost. 1 defect, sinus venosus, ost.2 defect, endocarial cushin defect.
• Inter-ventricular communications.
-simple VSD.
-VSD with AI
-Single ventricle
-Gerbode defect
-Endocar. Cushion
• Aorto-pulmonary communications:
a. Persistent ductus arteriosus (P.D.A.)
b. Aorto-pulmonary window.
c. Truncus arteriosus.
d. Ruptured sinus of valsalva.
e. Coronary arterio-venous fistula.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Endocardial Cushion Defect
Complete atrioventricular canal
Truncus arteriosus
ductus Arteriosus
Valvular and Obstructive lesions
Coarctation of aorta
Vascular rings
Aortic stenosis.
AI, MS, hypopalstic heart.
Cotriatrium
Fallot (F5,F4, F3.)
Pulmonary. Atresia
PULMONARY STENOSIS
Ebestien anomaly
Transposition of great vessels
Tetralogy of fallot
Double outlet right ventricle
Pulmonary atresia with a VSD
Common arterial trunk
Absent pulmonary valve syndrome
Tricuspid atresia
Tricuspid dysplasia
Tetralogy of Fallot
7-Fetal growth restriction part 1 Dr Ahmed Esawy
Intrauterine Growth Retardation /Restriction IUGR
TYPE 1/ SYMMETRICAL /INTRINSIC IUGR
TYPE 2/ aSYMMETRICAL /extrinsic
TYPE 3/ intermediate iugr
SGA - small for gestational
age infants
Genetics
Low Birth Weight
Small for Gestational Age
Antenatal Period:
• Oligohydraminos
• Fetal Distress
• IUD
During labour:
• Still birth
• Meconium aspiration
• Fetal distress
fetal hypoxia
Placental Insufficiency
MATERNAL SIDE
Uterine artery
• PLACENTAL SIDE
Umbilical artery
• FETAL SIDE
Arterial:middle cereberal artery
,Venous:ductus,hepatic,umbilical
Fetal echocardiography
Fetal AORTA
Hypoxemia
14-amniotic fluid imaging Dr Ahmed Esawy
14 amniotic fluid imaging dr ahmed esawy
Amniotic Fluid Sources
Free floating particles
Single pcket volume SPV
Polyhydramnios
AFI amniotic fluid index
OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS
Preterm premature rupture of
membranes (PPROM)
Chorioamnionitis
Ultrasound scanning
The document discusses ultrasound scanning. It begins by defining screening tests and describing an ultrasound scan. There are two main types of ultrasounds: pregnancy ultrasounds to examine the baby and diagnostic ultrasounds for other body parts. Ultrasound tools include transducers, gel, and monitors. The best time for pregnancy ultrasounds is around 19-20 weeks. Preparation may involve wearing loose clothes or a gown. Ultrasound can detect genetic disorders and be used to examine various organs and symptoms. Potential treatments for birth defects include gene therapy and enzyme replacement therapy.
Milk Nasendoscopy
The VPI Clinic addresses resonance problems in children through three appointments: a speech assessment, videofluoroscopy, and possibly nasendoscopy. The speech assessment evaluates nasal tone and articulation. Videofluoroscopy uses x-rays to observe soft palate and throat muscle movement during speech. Nasendoscopy employs a camera through the nose to directly view these areas, aiding recommendations for treatment which may include surgery or speech therapy. The clinic aims to determine the cause of a child's resonance problems and suggest options to address it.
Medical-Genetics-lecture-1.pptx
This document provides information on medical genetics and genetic diseases. It discusses what medical genetics is, including the study of inheritance of diseases and mapping disease genes. It also discusses why medical genetics is important, covering topics like genetic diseases making up a large percentage of pediatric diseases. The document then discusses principles of dysmorphology, including definitions of anomalies, syndromes, sequences, and factors that can affect the expression of disease-causing genes. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of key concepts in medical genetics.
ACHONDROPLASIA -CASE REPORT & REVIEW OF LITERATURE/ dental implant courses
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Cleft lip and palate
Cleft lip and cleft palate are birth defects where the tissues of the lip and roof of the mouth do not fully fuse during development in the womb. They occur in approximately 1 in 700 births. Cleft lip involves a split in the upper lip while cleft palate involves an opening in the roof of the mouth. Treatment involves surgery to repair the cleft, with cleft lip surgery typically occurring in the first few months of life and cleft palate surgery between 6-12 months. Long term care is multidisciplinary and aims to address issues with feeding, speech, hearing and socialization that can arise.
cleftlipandpalate-180613165327.pdf
Cleft lip and cleft palate are birth defects where the tissues of the lip and roof of the mouth do not fully fuse during development in the womb. They occur in approximately 1 in 700 births. Cleft lip involves a split in the upper lip while cleft palate involves an opening in the roof of the mouth. Treatment involves surgery to repair the cleft, with lip surgery typically within the first few months and palate surgery between 6-12 months. Ongoing care from a multidisciplinary team is often required and may include management of feeding issues, speech therapy, dental care and psychological support.
cleftlipandpalate-180613165327.pdf
Cleft lip and cleft palate are birth defects where the tissues of the lip and roof of the mouth do not fully fuse during development in the womb. They occur in approximately 1 in 700 births. Cleft lip involves a split in the upper lip while cleft palate involves an opening in the roof of the mouth. Treatment involves surgery to repair the cleft, with lip surgery typically within the first few months and palate surgery between 6-12 months. Ongoing care from a multidisciplinary team is often required and may include management of feeding issues, speech therapy, dental care and psychological support.
Cleft lip & palate.ppt
Cleft lip and palate beliefs vary globally and are often tied to cultural and religious beliefs about causation. In many areas, clefts are believed to be acts of God, punishment for ancestral sins, or caused by spirits or witchcraft. These beliefs can influence treatment decisions and cause feelings of shame. Understanding local beliefs is important for providing culturally-sensitive care.
Abruzzo Ericson Syndrome
Abruzzo-Erickson syndrome is an extremely rare genetic disorder characterized by cleft palate, coloboma of the eye, hypospadias, deafness, short stature, and radioulnar synostosis. It is caused by a mutation in the TBX22 gene. Diagnosis involves clinical observation of symptoms, radiological exams like X-rays, and genetic testing to identify mutations in the TBX22 gene. While life expectancy is normal, the genetic disorder cannot be prevented and treatment focuses on managing dental and other symptoms.
Hearing Screening in Newborns.. Dr.Padmesh
Universal newborn hearing screening is ideal, and high-risk screening is mandatory. Two common screening methods are otoacoustic emissions testing and auditory brainstem response testing. Any infant who does not pass an initial screening should receive a follow-up screening before one month of age. For infants in the neonatal intensive care unit or those with certain risk factors, auditory brainstem response is the preferred screening method to detect neural hearing loss. The goal of newborn hearing screening is to identify hearing impairment before six months of age so that intervention like hearing aids or cochlear implants can begin as early as possible.
Beckwith wiedemann syndrome for orthodontist by almuzian
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by macrosomia, macroglossia, abdominal wall defects, neonatal hypoglycemia, ear creases/pits, and an increased risk of childhood tumors. BWS is diagnosed based on clinical features and molecular testing. Management includes monitoring for complications like hypoglycemia, surgical treatment for issues like abdominal hernias, and screening for cancer risk. Children with BWS require lifelong follow-up from specialists.
Habits continued/cosmetic dentistry courses
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Binder1
This research proposal aims to study hearing loss among children aged 5-16 years with sickle cell anemia at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital in Zaria, Nigeria. The researcher provides background on sickle cell disease and reviews literature showing the prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss among children with sickle cell anemia ranges from 3.8-29% in different parts of Nigeria and other countries. Justification is given for the study as routine hearing screening is not part of care for children with sickle cell anemia in Zaria, and the magnitude of hearing loss among this population is unknown. The proposal describes the methodology to be used including audiological tests and statistical analysis to determine prevalence and risk factors of hearing loss
Disorders of gastrointestinal system peds
This document discusses cleft lip and cleft palate. It begins by defining cleft lip and cleft palate as facial malformations that occur during early fetal development due to failed fusion of tissues. It notes the incidence of each condition and potential risk factors like medications and environmental exposures. The document outlines the types of cleft lip and palate and describes the multi-stage surgical and non-surgical treatments required from infancy through adolescence to correct the conditions.
Cleft management _pedo_
This document outlines the management of cleft lip and palate from a multi-disciplinary perspective. It discusses the roles of pediatric dentistry, plastic surgery, orthodontics, speech pathology and other specialties in treating clefts from infancy through adolescence. Treatment involves a staged approach including lip and palate repair, orthodontic alignment, bone grafting and other procedures to correct anatomical abnormalities and maximize functional outcomes. Close long-term monitoring by multiple specialists is important for comprehensive cleft care.
Management of Orofacial Cleft Dr. Sunil (2).pptx Management of Orofacial Clef...
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ACHONDROPLASIA -CASE REPORT & REVIEW OF LITERATURE/ dental implant courses
ACHONDROPLASIA -CASE REPORT & REVIEW OF LITERATURE/ dental implant courses
Beckwith wiedemann syndrome for orthodontist by almuzian
Beckwith wiedemann syndrome for orthodontist by almuzian
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Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma, oil cyst, galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhous carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rodlike rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenomas Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD
Breast duct ectasia us mammogram mri
Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma, oil cyst, galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhous carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rodlike rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenomas Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD
Comparison between ct mri in ischemic stroke
Comparison between ct MRI in ischemic stroke .1-Definition
2-Pathology
3-Vascular territory
4-Staging
5-hemorrhagic transformation of the infarct
Difference between simple hemorrhage and hemorrhagic neoplasm
difference between Hemorrhagic infarct and primary intracerebral hemorrhage
6-Comparison between CT/MRI
7-CTA, MRA
8-Fogging
9-Pseudonormalization
10-Protocol
11-Differential diagnosis
12-home message
Duplex peripheral veins
Duplex peripheral veins cephalic vein basilic vein subclavian vein axillary vein brachial vein inferior vena cava external iliac vein common femoral vein superficial femoral vein profunda femoral vein popliteal vein anterior tibial vein posterior tibial vein peroneal vein medial and lateral circumflex vein gastrocnemius vein soleal vein great saphenous vein anterior accessory great saphenous posterior accessory great saphenous lateral subdermal venous plexus superficial external pudendal deep external pudendal superficial and deep epigastric superficial circumflex iliac thigh extension (te) of the ssv Giacomini vein perforating veins Boyd's perforators dodd's perforators Hunterian perforators recanalization hypoplastic lsv duplex us primary varicose tortuous dilated varicose veins varicosities of the vein of Giacomini recurrent varicose vein superficial phlebitis deep venous thrombosis acute deep venous thrombosis subacute deep venous thrombosis acute occlusive deep venous thrombosis partial thrombosis acute deep venous thrombosis leg calf veins thrombosis superficial venous system thrombosis thrombophlebitis compression ultrasound venous thrombosis segmental iliac vein thrombus venous stasis popliteal cysts haematoma superficial thrombophlebitis arteriovenous fistula lymphoedema hyperperfusion syndrome muscle tears
Duplex Ultrasound waveform changes
Duplex Ultrasound Doppler waveform changes.peripheral arterial triplex ultrasound Aorta innominate subclavian vein axillary artery brachial artery radial/ulnar veins palmar arch Common iliac artery External iliac artery Common femoral artery Profunda femoris artery Superficial femoral artery Popliteal artery Tibio-peroneal trunk Posterior tibial artery Anterior tibial artery Peroneal artery Dorsalis pedis artery Angle Color Gain Doppler gain PRF BOX(size,direction) steering Sample volume Gate size,Site of sample Base line Velocity scale Depth Wall filter Settings appropriate for specific examinations assigned by set-up/application keys Focus triphasic waveform Systolic Acceleration time spectral window laminar flow Color Doppler peripheral arterial disease Causes of leg pain ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE CAUSES Classification of vasculitis Biphasic waveform flow monophasic waveform flow bidirectional flow Loss of third and then second phase of the wave¬form Increased acceleration time (rapid rise of systolic deflection) Widening of the ystolic complex (5-Spectral broadening) Damping of the waveform Spectral broadening fill in spectral windowe Loss of sharpness of spectrum(irregular) Turbulance aliasing Rounding of PSV tip Absent flow in occlusion rising of PSV reverse flow opposite systole rapid fall of systolic deflection rising of end diastolic velocity Active Hyperemia postoperative vasospasm limb ischemia peripheral arterial triplex ultrasound waveform change peripheral arterial triplex ultrasound arterial stenosis ,occlusion peripheral arterial triplex ultrasound vasculitis inflamed arteries (arteritis) macaroni sign Takayasu’s arteritis Giant cell arteritis Temporal artery Giant cell arteritis polyarteritis nodosa Kawasaki progressive systemic sclerosis Buerger disease Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease) Ormond's Disease peripheral arterial triplex ultrasound hand,foot Triplex Raynaud Phenomenon secondary raynaud's phenomenon BAKER CYST Blind ended channels bypass graft surveillance lerich arterial steal syndrome Complex Regional Pain Syndrome dialysis arteriovenous fistula Cystic Adventitial Disease
Patent foramen ovale vs atrial septal defect
Patent foramen ovale
atrial septal defect
Septum primum
septum secundum
ostium secundum
right ventricle
heart shunt
ostium primum
Duplex carotid vertebral jaguar extra cranial vessel
Duplex carotid vertebral jagular extracranial vessel Ultrasound assessment of the extracranial cerebral circulation Intima media complex IMC Superior thyroid branch Dicrotic notch internal carotid artery External carotid artery Common Carotid artery Atherosclerotic disease (stenosis) Non-Atherosclerotic disease fibromuscular dysplasia dissection vasospasm aneurysm pseudoaneurysm AVF arteritis carotid body tumour idiopathic carotidynia carotid stenosis signs Plaque surface Smooth Irregular ulcerated Intraplaque haemorrhage.Surface ulcerations Intraluminal thrombus formation vertebral artery Subclavian steal syndrome stenosis occlusion Dissection Kinking Short neck decrease size or contour of the neck Internalization of flow externalization of flow Color “Bleed” Disturbed Flow ALIASING INTERNAL JUGULAR VEINS Assymetry with ectatic diltation Jugular vein thrombosis Abnormal waveform Internal Jugular Vein Impingement Cardiac disease manifestation
Thoracic imaging in corona virus دور الاشعة فى تشخيص فبروس كورونا
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All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 3
All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 3
Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma ,oil cyst ,galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhuc carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rod like rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenosis Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ ,invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD
All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 2
Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma ,oil cyst ,galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhuc carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rod like rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenosis Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ ,invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD
All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 1
All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 1
Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma ,oil cyst ,galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhuc carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rod like rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenosis Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ ,invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD
Telangiectasia ,reticular ,varicose communicating vein
Telangiectasia ,reticular ,varicose communicating vein
All things adnexal ovarian mass iota algorithm .acr 0 rads
Endometrioma,Benign cystic teratoma – dermoid,Simple cyst or cystadenoma,Functional cyst haemorrhagic cyst,Malignant tumour with ascites,Most follicular cyst,hemorrhagic corpus luteal cyst,benign serous tumor,Endometrioma,cystic teratoma,Most serous cystadenocarcinoma endometrioid adenocarcinoma,clear cell carcinoma,serous borderline malignancies,cystadenofibroma Most mucinous cystadenoma Endometrioma theca lutein cyst mature cystic teratoma tubo-ovarian abscess polycystic ovarian syndrome ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome mucinous borderline malignancies Most mucinous cystadenocarcinoma mucinous borderline malignancies cystadenofibroma, struma ovarii granulosa cell tumor Most sex cord-stromal tumor such as fibroma fibrothecoma,granulosa cell tumor sclerosing stromal tumor surface epithelial tumor such as Brenner tumor serous papillary carcinoma Malignant germ cell tumor such as dysgerminoma endodermal sinus tumor Lymphoma metastatic tumor
Ultrasound diffuse liver disease all things fibrosis,cirrhosis,us scoring,ce ...
Ultrasound Normal liver Ultrasound Liver parenchymal patterns Ultrasound Liver fibrosis
Ultrasound Liver cirrhosis Ultrasound liver cirrhotic nodules Ultrasound Viral hepatitis
ultrasound scoring criteria for liver fibrosis /cirrhosis Ultrasound duplex Portal hypertension
contrast enhanced CEU-LIRDS Liver elastography Fibroscan Ultrasound radiologic Mimics of
Cirrhosis Ultrasound Congestive hepatopathy Ultrasound Primary biliary cirrhosis
Ultrasound Primary Sclerosing cholangitis Ultrasound Wilson disease ultrasound
Ultrasound autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) Ultrasound liver sarciodosis Ultrasound liver
cystic fibrosis Ultrasound liver haemochromatosis Ultrasound Fulminant hepatic failure
Ultrasound Gilbert’s syndrome ultrasound liver sarciodosis Ultrasound liver differential
diagnosis . Ultrasound diffuse liver disease all things fibrosis,cirrhosis,us scoring,ce lrad,fibroscan,hepatitis,psc,aih,pbc
Update secrets in plain x ray abdomen gases ,air fluid level .
plain x-ray abdomen gas normal air fluid level in-the-abdomen gasless abdomen small bowel obstruction large intestinal obstruction ileus gastric dilatation extraluminal abdomen gas (pneumonpperitoneum) extraluminal abdomen gas(retropneumonpperitoneum gas in specific organs (hepatobiliary ,genitourinary) gasless abdomen ‘step-ladder apperance stretch/slit sign string of pearls sign coiled spring sign small-bowel feces sign disproportionate dilatation of sb gallstone ileus intussusception caecal volvulus sigmoid volvulus colonic pseudo obstruction ogilvie syndrome acute colitis toxic megacolon ischemic colitis sentinel loops intestinal pseudo-obstruction syndromes gastric volvulus organoaxial gastric volvulus mesenterico-axial right upper quadrant gas crescent sign: air beneath the diaphragm peri hepatic sub hepatic morrison’s pouch fissure for ligament teres doges cap sign rigler’s (double wall sign) ( both the serosal and the related mucosal walls of the bowel are delineated it means free air is at that serosal surface ) ligament visualization falciform ligament sign: air delineating the falciform ligament umbilical inverted ‘v’ sign triangular air cupola sign football sign or air dome (a large air collection beneath that does not confirm to any bowel loop) continous diaphragm sign scrotal air in children decubitus abdomen sign double bubble sign lesser sac sign peritonitis postoperative pelvic and spinal fractures
Ultasound in dyspnea & intensive care unit
Chest ultrasound Anterior lung : sliding sign B-line pneumothorax Lung bases effusion consolidation pulmonary edema Diaphraamatic paralysis Pneumothorax Effusion Pneumonia ARDS Fibrosis COPD asthma Pneumothorax Absent sliding sign (unilateral) + Lung point barcode or stratosphere sign sign on M-mode =pneumothorax Cardiac ultrasound : normal (not in tension pneumo) B-line B3 interstitial edema B7 alveolar edema Pleural effusion Anechioc fluid in pleura quad sign sinusoid sign spine sign consolidation (Pneumonia) Tissue pattern /hepatization shred sign Air bronchograms Fluid bronchograms Dynamic air and fluid bronchogram .Diaphragmatic paralysis Diaphragmatic movement (excursion) reduced movement Paradoxical movement Thickness of diaphragm M-mode study IVC normal (dilated in tension pneumo) cardiac Acute coronary syndrome Global function(CHF) Valvular heart disease Right ventricle Strain Tamponade pulmonary embolism aneurysm ascending aorta Global cardaic dysfunction sliding B-lines (anterior &bilateral) pleural effusion poor cardaic function systolic dysfunction diastolic dysfunction Tamponed Severe pericardial effusion diastolic collapse of right ventricle water bed sign Tampoline sign Pulmonary embolism (PE) RV mid free wall hypokinesis with apical sparing (a.k.a. McConnell’s sign) free-floating right-heart thrombus ,PA Dilated right ventricle D shape RV .Abnormal interventricular septal motion (Septal bowing) TR ,raised PASP PA dilatation Lack of inspiratory collapse of IVC , Dilated uncollapsed IVC Underfilled left ventricle with normal function lung sliding : Normal bilaterally Right ventricle Strain Right ventricle dysfunction PE ,PH Focal wall injury (infraction) Dilatation (RV dilation IVC dilatation and loss of respiratory variations respiratory increase of inter-ventricular dependence Inferior vena cava IVC : respiratory Collapse dilatation Deep venous thrombosis No Compression By ultrasound Absent or abnormal flow on spectral or color Doppler venous distention Intraluminal material free floating thrombus Abdominal liver cirrhosis renal failure
Case review ct mri brain part 7 dr ahmed esawy
Lymphoma Glioma Meningioma en plaque Metastases .Intracrainal infections Ventriculitis Encephalitis Septic meningitis toxoplasmosis Cytomegalovirus ACUTE DEMELINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Para sagittal subdural empyema Cerebritis brain Abscess Tuberculous meningitis Cysticercosis periventricular calcifications .Intracranial hemorrhage Calverial bones epidural Subdural Subarachnoid Intra-cerebral Intra-ventricular Infarction Hemorrhagic infarction Lacunar infarction Sub cortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy Hydrocephalus Aquiductal stenosis Brain stem glioma .Pineal body germinoma Atresia of the outlet foramina Obstructive communicating hydrocephalus Basal meningitis Subarachroid hemorrhage Meningeal carcinomatosis Dural sinus thrombosis Holoprosencephaly Semi lobar Holoprosencephaly Dandy-Walker malformation Hydrancephaly Mega cisterna magna Agenesis of corpus callosum Corpus Callosum anomalies Agenesis of corpus callosum Intraventricular lesions Choriod plexus papilloma Intraventricular Meningioma Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Vascular malformation Bilateral internal carotid aneurysms Arteriovenous malformation Cavernous hemangiomas Venous angioma Sturge webber syndrome Ependymoma Medulloblastoma
Primitive Neuroepithelial tumors [PNET] Medulloblastoma Acoustic neuroma Epidermiod cyst Cerebellar Hemorrhage Cerebellar Infarction Pontine infarction Pilocytic Astrocytoma Hemangioblastoma Multiple sclerosis Brain stem hematoma Brain stem glioma Osmotic demyelination syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Colloid cyst Intra-ventricular dermoid cyst Anaplastic astrocytoma Falcine meningioma with cystic component Tuberous sclerosis with Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma ARACHNOID CYSTcorpus callosum lipoma corpus callosum marchiafava CORPUS CALLOSUM MS CNS Herniations descending trasnstentorial herniation cholesterol granuloma endolymphatic sac tumor glomus tympanicum .malignent otitis externa, osteomyelitis base skull chordoma germinoma neuroenteric cyst schizencephaly septic cavernous sinus thrombosis superficial siderosis epidermoid pineal diffusion LEFORT fracture tripod fracture adrenoleukodystrophy leigh disease AIDS PML progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy karappe disease , dysmyelinition , thalamic involvement leukodystrophy alexander metachromatic leuckodystrophy melas meerf ...leukodystrophy zellweger subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis jugular schwannoma .Neuroblastoma metastasis TRIGEMINAL SCHWANNOMA Neurofibroma Tuberous Sclerosis
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease cerberallar haemangioblastoma basal ganglia calcifications .karappe disease LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASES metachromatic leukodystrophy krabbe
mucopolysaccharidosis PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS .adrenoleukodystrophy zellweger syndrome MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION MELAS syndrome Leigh's disease Ke
Case review ct mri brain part 6 dr ahmed esawy
Convexity Meningioma Lymphoma Glioma Meningioma en plaque Metastases Intracrainal infections Ventriculitis Encephalitis Septic meningitis toxoplasmosis Cytomegalovirus ACUTE DEMELINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Para sagittal subdural empyema Cerebritis brain Abscess Tuberculous meningitis Cysticercosis periventricular calcifications Intracranial hemorrhage Calverial bones epidural Subdural Subarachnoid Intra-cerebral Intra-ventricular Infarction Hemorrhagic infarction Lacunar infarction Sub cortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy Hydrocephalus Aquiductal stenosis Brain stem glioma Pineal body germinoma Atresia of the outlet foramina Obstructive communicating hydrocephalus Basal meningitis thrombosis Holoprosencephaly Semi lobar Holoprosencephaly Dandy-Walker malformation Hydrancephaly Mega cisterna magna Agenesis of corpus callosum Corpus Callosum anomalies Agenesis of corpus callosum Intraventricular lesions Choriod plexus papilloma Intraventricular Meningioma Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Vascular malformation Bilateral internal carotid aneurysms Arteriovenous malformation Cavernous hemangiomas Venous angioma Sturge webber syndrome Ependymoma Medulloblastoma
Primitive Neuroepithelial tumors [PNET] Medulloblastoma Acoustic neuroma Epidermiod cyst Cerebellar Hemorrhage Cerebellar Infarction Pontine infarction Pilocytic Astrocytoma Hemangioblastoma Multiple sclerosis Brain stem hematoma Brain stem glioma Osmotic demyelination syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Colloid cyst Intra-ventricular dermoid cyst Anaplastic astrocytoma Falcine meningioma with cystic component Tuberous sclerosis with Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma ARACHNOID CYSTcorpus callosum lipoma corpus callosum marchiafava CORPUS CALLOSUM MS CNS Herniations descending trasnstentorial herniation cholesterol granuloma endolymphatic sac tumor glomus tympanicum malignent otitis externa, osteomyelitis base skull chordoma germinoma neuroenteric cyst schizencephaly septic cavernous sinus thrombosis superficial siderosis epidermoid pineal diffusion LEFORT fracture tripod fracture adrenoleukodystrophy leigh disease AIDS PML progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy karappe disease , dysmyelinition , thalamic involvement leukodystrophy alexander metachromatic leuckodystrophy melas meerf ..zellweger subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis jugular schwannoma Neuroblastoma metastasis TRIGEMINAL SCHWANNOMA Neurofibroma Tuberous Sclerosis
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease cerberallar haemangioblastoma basal ganglia calcifications karappe disease LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASES metachromatic leukodystrophy krabbe
mucopolysaccharidosis PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS adrenoleukodystrophy zellweger syndrome MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION MELAS syndrome Leigh's disease Kearn-sayre syndrome CANAVAN DISEASE UNKNOWN CAUSES Pelizaeus-
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5-Fetal face ultrasound Dr Ahmed Esawy
- 2. Dr. Ahmed Esawy MBBS M.Sc MD Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 3. Fetal face by 3D,4D Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 4. Fetal face by 3D,4D Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 5. FETAL FACE IN 1ST HALF OF PREGNANCY 10TH ,12TH ,14TH .18TH PREGNANCY Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 6. FETAL FACE IN 2ND HALF OF PREGNANCY Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 7. DEVELOPMENT OF NASOLACRIMAL GROOVE 13TH WEEKS FETUS,7TH WEEK EMBRYO Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 8. Open eyelids in 2nd half pregnancy Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 10. Dr/AHMED ESAWY Three-dimensional ultrasound image of a normal fetal face (24 weeks of gestation).
- 11. Dr/AHMED ESAWY (a) Normal profile of fetal lips (L) in the second trimester; (b) profile of fetal lips showing the upper lips (L) with a large cleft (C) present.
- 12. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 13. PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN FETAL FACE STRUCTURES Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 14. • Orbits Axial view • Proptosis • Hypertelorism, hypotelorism (orbital spacing) • Facial cleft • Nose and lip Sagittal profile • Coronal view • Axial view • Proboscis • Micrognathia • Facial mass • Spina bifida Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 15. NORMAL SONOGRAPHIC ANATOMY Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 16. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 17. A combination of sagittal and coronal sections allows a detailed evaluation of the fetal face from early gestation The fetal face 2D sonography of the fetal face CRESTA ALVEOLAR POSTERIOR PALADAR DURO VELO DEL PALADAR UVUL A LABIO SUPERIOR Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 18. 3D sonography of fetal face :3D ultrasound is an ideal tool for the evaluation of the fetal face Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 19. 3D ultrasound of the fetal skull The bones that form the fetal skull and the interposed sutures and fontanelles are visualized using an application of 3D ultrasound Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 20. 3D tomography of fetal face 3D tomography of fetal face Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 21. Lateral cleft of the fetal face Lateral cleft of the fetal face Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 22. Skin tag Legend:Skin tag Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 23. EAR AND FACE APPENDIX Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 24. Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome :Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by overgrowth and different patterns of anomalies including mostly omphalocele, macrosomia, macroglossia and placental dysplasia Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 25. ORBITAL DEFECTS Hypotelorism (stenopia): Hypotelorism (decreased interorbital distance) Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 27. Facial anomalies with holoprosencephaly Facial anomalies with holoprosencephaly Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 28. • the fetal eyeballs visualized. • The fetal lens of the eyes are visualized as minute echogenic rings in the orbit. Real time Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 29. • Another set of ultrasound images of the normal fetal lenses are seen above. This fetus is 21 weeks gestational age. The presence of the lens rules out anopthalmia (absence of the eyeballs). Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 33. Lymphangioma of the tongue. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 34. • Hypotelorism, proboscis, with Holoprosencephaly and overriding of aorta in fetus • Trisomy-13 and Trisomy-18 are the common chromosomal disorders found in such cases. (OR= Orbits) Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 35. both orbits are very close to each other proboscis The presence of hypotelorism and proboscis is called ethmocephaly Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 36. small fleshy projection above the eyes in the region of the forehead Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 37. overriding of aorta Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 38. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 39. Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip • 13% of all congenital anomalies in US • 50% Lateral clefting – Lip and Palate • 25% Lip alone • 25% Palate alone • 25% Bilateral • 60% have additional anomalies – Polydactyly – Congenital Heart Dz – Trisomy 21 Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 40. Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip cont… • US Dx: – Groove extends • Nostril thru lip • Median Cleft Lip – Assoc w/ Holoprosencephaly – < 0.7% – US: • Wide centralized defect – Upper Lip – Palate Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 42. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 43. Sagittal section of a 24 weeks fetus. The soft palate is between the arrows. The vomer bone is outlined. From “Prenatal ultrasound examination of the secondary palate Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 44. Cleft Lip • 2nd most common congenital malformation • Estimated to be 1:700 live births • 50% both lip and palate are defective • Can be caused by both genetic and environmental factors • 97% of the time it is an isolated finding • Occurs shortly after 3rd week of gestation when the grooves that separate the structures that form the primitive oral cavity persist, they would normally be obliterated by normal growth. • Most commonly seen is a unilateral cleft Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 45. • Upper lip defect on nose/mouth view Ultrasound Findings Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 46. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 47. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 48. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 49. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 50. Cleft lip and palate Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 51. SMALL CLEFT LIP Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 52. • isolated cleft lip anomaly. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 53. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 54. Cleft lip and palate. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 55. Upper lip defect on nose/mouth view Ultrasound Findings Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 56. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 57. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 58. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 59. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 60. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 61. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 62. The fetal palate Legend:3D ultrasound allows the visualization of the fetal palate Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 63. Varieties of fetal facial clefts :Varieties of fetal facial clefts Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 64. Isolated cleft lip Legend:Isolated cleft lip Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 65. Cleft lip and palate Legend:Cleft lip and palate Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 66. Bilateral cleft lip and palate :Bilateral cleft lip and palate Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 67. MICROGNATHIA • Micrognathia is characterized by mandibular hypoplasia causing a receding chin Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 68. Microphthalmia is defined as a decreased size of the eyeball and anophthalmia refers to the absence of the eye Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 69. Micrognathia associated with a Dandy- Walker variant. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 71. Micrognathia associated with a Dandy- Walker variant. Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 72. • Normal nasal bone ossification at 12 weeks gestation. Transabdominal US image of the fetal facial profile shows ossification of the nasal bone (NB). Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 73. • Absent nasal bone ossification at 12 weeks gestation in a fetus with trisomy 21. Transabdominal US image of the fetal facial profile shows no ossification in the expected location of the nasal bone (NB). Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 74. Absent nasal bone Dr/AHMED ESAWY
- 75. present nasal bone Dr/AHMED ESAWY