I have applied capital budgeting process on cement industry in Pakistan. It would be helpfull.

1. FINAL SEMESTER PROJECT

2. Investment Screening and selection
Capital Budget Proposal
Budgeting proposal and authorization
Project Tracking
Post Compilation Audit

3. Cement
Industry Pakistan
Business
Expansion
Establishing
news Industry
Capital
Budgeting

4. STEP 1

5. Investment
Screening
Opportunities
Threats

6. Opportunities
•Existence of a cartel type arrangement of APCMA.
•Expansion of operations to southern regions.
•Greater budget allocations for PSDPs.
•Reduced tariffs and taxes.
•Pakistan is rich in coal reserves (Thar) whose exploitation can
provide a cheap and continuous source of energy to cement
industry.
•Economy is improving (low inflation rate).
•Improvement in infrastructure spending

7. Threats
•Political instability in the country.
•Poor law and order conditions.
•Governmental interference.
•Price volatility
•High circular debt
•Severe power energy shortages

8. PORTER’S FIVE FORCES MODEL OF CEMENT SECTOR
 1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
 2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
 3. Barriers to Entry in the Market
 4. Threat of Substitute Product
 5. Rivalry among the Existing Competitors

9. 1. BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
 the most significant industry among all industries of Pakistan
 these raw materials are natural resources
 Pakistan is abundant in limestone and gypsum resources
 is coal or fuel which contributes approximately 40% cost.

10. 2. BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
 structure with more than 50 % share with top five companies
 Secondly formation of cartels has maintained same prices in the
region
 Thirdly it’s difficult for a new company to enter in the market
because of the barriers (but big companies can
 However in winter due to low demand prices could be decrease
but overall bargaining power is low

11. 3. BARRIERS TO ENTRY IN THE MARKET
 1. High Cost
 2. Absence of Healthy Competition
 3. Nature of Industry

12. 4. THREAT OF SUBSTITUTE PRODUCT
 threat of substitute product for cement is very low
 steel as a substitute could prove very costly
 timber, steel or gypsum which can replace cement we would
come to know that they are best fitted to be used in the regions
of extreme climate.

13. 5. RIVALRY AMONG THE EXISTING COMPETITORS
 29 small and large cement companies which are currently
producing cement.
 people can shift easily from one firm to another due to low
switching cost which increases competition between firms.
 Prices are not competitive advantage
 Brand image would help determine higher prices due to cartel

14. SELECTION
 Environmental Aspects
 Legal Aspects
 Technological Aspects
 Social Aspects
 Economic Aspect
 Political Aspects

15. STEP 2

16. CAPITAL BUDGET PROPOSAL
Method
olgy Expecte
d costs
Time
required

17. PER UNIT COST ANALYSIS OF CEMENT SECTOR OF PAKISTAN
2008
(000)Rs
2009
(000)Rs
2010
(000)Rs
2011
(000)Rs
2012
(000)Rs
2013
(000)Rs
Sale Price/Ton 4.88 5.34 4.85 5.77 6.94 7.50
V.Cost/Ton 2.80 3.48 3.52 3.78 5.17 4.53
Contribution
Margin/Ton
2.08 1.86 1.33 1.99 1.77 2.97
Fixed Cost/Ton 1.00 0.91 1.02 1.00 1.29 1.44
T.Cost/Ton 3.80 4.39 4.54 4.78 6.46 5.97
M.O.S 34% 61% 25% 39% 43% 53%

18. BREAK EVEN (A VIEW OF EXISTING INDUSTRY)
Cement companies Break-even in Rs. Break-even in units (ton)
Al-abbas cement 762,873 265,955
Attock cement 1,885,682 331,291
Bestway cement 2,694,403 448,737
Cherat cement 1,274,814 249,951
Dada bhoy cement 169,755 37,323
Dewan cement 2,232,315 364,814
Kohat cement 867,772 142,244
Lucky cement 4,996,686 936,576
Maple leaf cement 3,898,648 641,702
Lafarge Pak cement 3,394,987 635,968
Pioneer cement 1,441,959 226,362
Thatta cement 370,535 55,950
Leiner Pak Gelatine cement 327,917 10,499
D.G. Khan cement 7,428,762 1,811,695
Fauji cement 1,895,289 347,654
Flying cement 5,271 (19,027)
Ghareeb Wall cement 1,207,317 232,730
JVDC 203,726 35,991
Average 1,947,706 375,356

19. ABOVE AVERAGE BREAK EVEN COMPANIES
 1. Bestway cement
 2. Dewan cement
 3. Lucky cement
 4. Maple Leaf cement
 5. Lafarge Pak cement
 6. D.G. Khan Cement
The Real
compititon

20. SALES PRICE PER UNIT
S.P/Unit 2008
(000)Rs
2009
(000)Rs
2010
(000)Rs
2011
(000)Rs
2012
(000)Rs
2013
(000)Rs
Industry
Average
4.88 5.34 4.85 5.77 6.94 7.50
Rate of Change of
S.P/Unit
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Industry Average 0.15 0.45 0.20 0.21 0.15
Rate of change of
sales Price

21. VARIABLE COSTS PER UNIT
V.C/Unit 2008
(000)Rs
2009
(000)Rs
2010
(000)Rs
2011
(000)Rs
2012
(000)Rs
2013
(000)Rs
Industry Average
2.81 3.48 3.52 3.78 5.17 4.53

22. FIXED COST PER UNIT
F.Cost/Unit 2008
(000)Rs
2009
(000)Rs
2010
(000)Rs
2011
(000)Rs
2012
(000)Rs
2013
(000)Rs
Industry
Average
1.00 0.91 1.02 1.00 1.29 1.44

23. COST OF SALE PER UNIT
T.Cost/Unit 2008
(000)Rs
2009
(000)Rs
2010
(000)Rs
2011
(000)Rs
2012
(000)Rs
2013
(000)Rs
Industry
Average
3.80 4.39 4.54 4.78 6.46 5.97

24. MARGIN OF SAFETY
Margin of
Safety
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Industry
Averages
34% 61% 25% 39% 43% 53%

25. CONCLUSION
 The cost analysis has concluded that sales per unit in 2013 has
increased, cost per unit has decreased resulting in high profitability
so that’s a positive sign for the sector.
 Total variable cost of the sector has decreased in 2013, hence
increasing the contribution margin. This will not only decrease the
break-even point but also increase the profit margin on each unit
after achieving break-even. The sector has a high contribution
margin of 2970 Rs in 2013. This means that after achieving break-
even each ton will give a profit of this amount.
 Margin of safety is 53% in 2013 which means that if industry loses half
of its sales even then it would be safe from going into loss. So that
shows a very good performance of the sector. High Margin of safety
and high contribution margin in 2013 proved very good for the
sector.

26. Table 62: Overview of Cement Sector in F.Y. 2013
Overview of cement sector Financial year 2013
Average total assets
1.68 Billions
Average total liabilities
8.27 Billions
Average total equity
1.04 Billions
Average sales
1.01 Billions
Average EPS
8.14
Average installed cement capacity
1.62 M-Tons
Average actual cement production
1.47 M-Tons
Average installed clinker capacity
1.77 M-Tons
Average actual clinker production
5.96 M-Tons

27. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Total assets Total liabilities Total equity Sales
Averages in FY 2013 (Billions-Rs.)
Averages (Billions-Rs.)

28. 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Installed capacity-cemnt Actual production-cement Installed capacity-clinker Actual production-clinker
Averages in FY 2013-M.Ton
Averages-M.Ton

29. PROPOSAL
 Average total assets of the sector are increasing in recent years which
show positive growth prospective (i.e. sector is growing).
 Cement sector is moving long financing to short term financing.
 Cement sector increased emphasis on cost cutting has enhanced
profitability
 Currently net profit in the sector has turned positive in recent years
because of increased sales and cost control measures therefore the
sector has become attractive.
 Currently sector is utilizing their assets efficiently to generate revenues.
 Cement sector has enough resources to pay short term obligations but
also facing short term liquidity and cash flow problems.

30. PROPOSAL
 Currently cement sector is more solvent and debt financing is
decreasing.
 Cement sector has less chance of loss and efficient assets
management in earning profits (High net profits) now.
 The total variable cost per unit for the sector has decreased and
the portion of fixed cost in total cost has increased which has
resulted in low breakeven and high contribution margin.
 Sale price per ton of cement sector has increased and total cost
per ton has decreased resulting in high profitability in 2013.
 Margin of safety of cement sector has increased.

33.  Reserve a company name online via the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP)
E-services website
 Pay the name reservation and company incorporation fees at the MCB Bank
 Obtain a digital signature from the National Institutional Facilitation Technologies (NIFT) system of
SECP
 Complete online registration on the Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) e-portal
 Apply for a national tax number (NTN) and register for income tax
 Apply for a Sales Tax Number (STN) at the tax facilitation center of the Regional Tax Office (RTO) of
the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) in Lahore
 Register for Professional Tax with the Excise & Taxation Department of the District
 Register with the Sind Employees Social Security Institution (SESSI)
 Register with Employees Old-Age Benefits Institution (EOBI)
 Register under the West Pakistan Shops and Establishment Ordinance 1969 with the Labor
Department of the District

35. APPROVAL
 THE PROPOSAL AFTER BEING PREPARED AND AUTHORIZED WILL BE
PRESENTED IN A MEETING AND CEO WILL APPROVE IT FOR FURTHER
PROCESSING

36. STEP 4

37. EXPENDITURES
 Fixed cost
 Variable cost

38. VARIABLE COST
Raw material, direct labor,
variable FOH and variable
selling and distributive
expenses
Variable FOH:
Fuel and power
Stores and spares
consumed
Repair and maintenance
Vehicle running and
maintenance
Indirect material
Communication
Transportation
Traveling and conveyance
Printing and stationary
Other manufacturing cost
Variable Selling and
Distributive Cost:
Salaries and wages
Logistic and related charges
Loading and others
Communication
Traveling and conveyance
Freight
Printing and stationary
Utilities
Vehicles and maintenance
Repair and maintenance
Others selling expense

39. FIXED COST
 Depreciation and amortization
 Insurance
 Provision for slow moving spare
parts
 Earthmoving machinery
 Inspection for electrical installment
 Rent, rates and taxes
 Mess subsidy
 Technical assistance
 Legal and professional charges
 Fixed Selling and Distributive
Expenses:
 Insurance
 Rent, rates and taxes
Depreciation
Security charges
Insurance
Fee subscription and periodicals
Advertisement and sales promotion
Entertainment
Office canteen
Meetings and conferences

40. Year 0 1 2 3 4
Sales - 3750000 1680000 1380000 1320000
Advertisement Cost - 650000 100000 - -
Material 810000 378000 324000 324000
Fixed Cost 600000 600000 600000 600000
OH 900000 420000 360000 360000
operating cash flows 790000 182000 96000 36000
Tax @30% 237000 54600 28800 10800
Net cash flows 613000 187400 127200 85200
In dollars

41. Cement companies Break-even in Rs. Break-even in units (ton)
Al-abbas cement 762,873 265,955
Attock cement 1,885,682 331,291
Bestway cement 2,694,403 448,737
Cherat cement 1,274,814 249,951
Dada bhoy cement 169,755 37,323
Dewan cement 2,232,315 364,814
Kohat cement 867,772 142,244
Lucky cement 4,996,686 936,576
Maple leaf cement 3,898,648 641,702
Lafarge Pak cement 3,394,987 635,968
Pioneer cement 1,441,959 226,362
Thatta cement 370,535 55,950
Leiner Pak Gelatine cement 327,917 10,499
D.G. Khan cement 7,428,762 1,811,695
Fauji cement 1,895,289 347,654
Flying cement 5,271 (19,027)
Ghareeb Wall cement 1,207,317 232,730
JVDC 203,726 35,991
Average 1,947,706 375,356

42. Year Cash Flows PV@ 10%
0 800000 800000
1 613000 0.909 557217
2 187400 0.826 154792.4
3 127200 0.751 95527.2
4 85200 0.683 58191.6
NPV 65728.2
In dollars

43. Year Cash Flows Dis @10%
PV@
10%
Dis.@15
%
PV
@15%
0 800000 800000 800000
1 613000 0.909 557217 0.833 510629
2 187400 0.826 154792.4 0.694 130055.6
3 127200 0.751 95527.2 0.578 73521.6
4 85200 0.683 58191.6 0.482 41066.4
NPV 65728.2 -44727.4
In dollars

44. STEP 5

45. Ratios analysis
Horizontal analysis
Vertical analysis
Overview of cement sector Financial year 2013
Average total assets 1.68 Billions
Average total liabilities 8.27 Billions
Average total equity 1.04 Billions
Average sales 1.01 Billions
Average EPS 8.14
Average installed cement capacity 1.62 M-Tons
Average actual cement production 1.47 M-Tons
Average installed clinker capacity 1.77 M-Tons
Average actual clinker production 5.96 M-Tons
Average capacity utilization-cement 90.9%