Chapter 7 Power Point

Chapter 7 Lecture
Chapter 7:
Minerals: Building
and Moving Our
Body
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Outcomes
1. Distinguish between major, trace, and ultra-
trace minerals.
2. Explain why certain minerals are referred to as
electrolytes and identify their primary functions
in the body.
3. Explain how the level of sodium in your blood
can affect your blood pressure.
4. Identify two trace minerals important in energy
metabolism.

Learning Outcomes
5. Identify two trace minerals essential for the
body's synthesis of thyroid hormones.
6. Explain how the body uses iron, and identify
dietary sources and factors affecting its
absorption.
7. Discuss the role of zinc in metabolism and
immune function, and identify common food
sources.

Learning Outcomes
8. Identify the four mineral components of bone
and explain how bone is formed and
maintained.
9. State the four primary functions of calcium.
10.Discuss the risk factors and available
treatments for osteoporosis.

What Are Minerals?
• Minerals
• Solid, elemental substances
• Do not contain carbon
• Are not broken down by natural processes
like digestion
• Able to carry an electrical charge

Functions of the Major and Trace Minerals

Major Minerals
• Major minerals
• Required in larger amounts
• At least 100 mg/day are needed
Calcium Magnesium
Sodium Sulfur
Potassium Chloride
Phosphorus

Major Minerals

Trace Minerals
• Trace minerals
• Required in smaller amounts
• Less than 100 mg/day are needed
Selenium Manganese
Fluoride Iron
Iodine Zinc
Chromium Copper

Trace Minerals

Ultra-Trace Minerals
• Ultra-trace minerals
• Less than 1 mg/kg body weight needed per
day
Boron Molybdenum
Nickel Silicon
• Only molybdenum is considered essential; it
has an RDA of 45 µg/day.

Electrolytes
• Body fluid is the primary building block of cellular
structure and contains:
• water
• electrolytes: mineral salts dissolved in water,
including:
• sodium
• potassium
• chloride
• phosphorus

Electrolytes
• Electrolytes have many different functions in the
body.
• Form ions: electrically charged particles
• Carry electrical charges
• Maintain fluid balance because they:
• strongly attract water
• do not move easily across cell membranes

Fluid Balance

Sodium is Part of Table Salt
• Functions of sodium
• Fluid and electrolyte balance
• Associated with blood pressure and pH
balance in the body
• Required for nerve impulse transmission
• Assists in the transport of certain nutrients
(e.g., glucose) into body cells

• Recommended intake
• AI is 1,500 mg/day (a little more than 1/2 a
teaspoon)
• Sources of sodium
• Processed foods typically contain added
sodium.

• Hypertension
• Blood pressure above the average range
• Not necessarily caused by sodium, but
hypertension is more common in people who
consume more sodium.
• DASH diet ("Dietary Approaches to Stop
Hypertension") can significantly reduce blood
pressure.

The DASH Eating Plan

Potassium Helps Maintain Healthful Blood
Pressure
• Functions of potassium
• Balance of fluids and sodium
• Very important in muscle contractions and
transmission of nerve impulses
• High potassium intake helps maintain a lower
blood pressure.

Pressure
• AI for adults is 4.7 g/day
• Sources of potassium
• Processed foods are usually low in
potassium.
• Fresh fruit, vegetables, and whole grains are
good sources of potassium.

Pressure

Pressure
• Potassium toxicity is rare in healthy people
because the kidneys excrete the excess.
• Potassium deficiency is also rare but can occur
in patients with kidney disease, loss of body
fluids and abuse of alcohol or laxatives.

Chloride
• Functions of chloride
• Works with phosphorus to maintain correct
fluid balance
• Assists the immune system in killing bacteria
• Assists in the transmission of nerve impulses

Chloride
• Sources of chloride:
• Salt present in foods
• Some fruits and vegetables
• There are no known toxicity symptoms, and
chloride deficiencies are also rare.

Chromium
• Chromium is:
• a trace mineral
• important in carbohydrate metabolism
• found especially in mushrooms, prunes, dark
chocolate, nuts, whole grains, and cereals
• not toxic; deficiency is uncommon in the
United States

Manganese
• Manganese is:
• a trace mineral
• involved in energy metabolism
• involved in the production of bone and
cartilage
• deficiency is uncommon in humans

Sulfur
• Sulfur is:
• a major mineral
• a component of the B vitamins thiamin and
biotin
• essential to the shape of proteins
• not known to be toxic, deficiency is
uncommon

Iodine
• Iodine is:
• a trace mineral
• critical for making thyroid hormones
• found in saltwater fish
• added to table salt (iodized salt)
• Both iodine deficiency and toxicity can result in
hypothyroidism and goiter.
• Iodine deficiency in pregnancy increases risk of
birth defects.

Selenium
• Selenium is:
• a trace mineral
• found in a few amino acids
• necessary for making thyroid hormones
• an antioxidant to protect vitamin E reserves
and safeguard cell membranes
• found especially in organ meats and nuts

Selenium

Blood
• Blood is the only fluid tissue in the body.
• Functions
• Transport of oxygen and nutrients to cells
• Removal of wastes from tissues

Blood
• Components of blood
• Erythrocytes: red blood cells for transporting
oxygen through the body
• Leukocytes: white blood cells of the immune
system
• Platelets: cell fragments that assist in blood
clotting
• Plasma: the fluid portion of the blood

Blood

Iron
• Iron is:
• a trace mineral
• a component of the protein hemoglobin that
carries oxygen in erythrocytes
• a component of myoglobin that carries
oxygen in muscle cells
• a coenzyme involved in energy metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Iron

Iron Absorption
• Two types of iron are found in foods.
• Heme iron: found in animal-based foods and
more absorbable
• Non-heme iron: not easily absorbed

Iron Absorption
• Iron absorption is increased by:
• eating meat, poultry, or fish
• taking a Vitamin C supplement with food
• Iron absorption is decreased by:
• phytates (chemicals in legumes, rice, and
whole grains)
• black tea, coffee, and red wine
• soybean-based protein and calcium

Iron
• RDA varies based on age, gender, and other
factors.
• 1.8 times higher for vegetarians
• Higher for young women than for men
• Sources of iron
• Meat, poultry, fish, clams, oysters, enriched
cereals and breads
• Cooking in cast iron increases iron content.

Sources of Iron

Iron
• What if we consume too much iron?
• Iron overdose is the most common cause of
poisoning deaths in children.
• Toxicity symptoms: nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, dizziness, confusion
• Delayed treatment of iron toxicity can result in
severe damage to the heart, central nervous
system, liver, kidneys.

Iron
• What if we don't consume enough iron?
• Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient
deficiency in the world.
• Iron-deficiency anemia: red blood cells do
not contain enough hemoglobin
• High-risk groups include infants, young
children, preadolescent girls, menstruating
women, and pregnant women.

Zinc
• Zinc is:
• a trace mineral
• a coenzyme for hemoglobin production and
for many other enzymes
• required for proper development and function
of the immune system
• required for normal growth

Zinc
• The need for zinc is small, but the amount of
absorption is variable.
• Vegetarians may need zinc supplements.
• Sources of zinc
• Red meats, some seafood, whole grains,
enriched grains and cereals

Zinc

Zinc
• What if we consume too much zinc?
• Toxicity can occur from supplements.
• Symptoms are intestinal pain, cramps,
nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite.
• What if we don't consume enough zinc?
• Deficiencies are uncommon in the United
States.
• Symptoms are growth retardation, diarrhea,
delayed sexual maturation.

Copper
• Copper:
• is a trace mineral
• contributes to blood tissue, collagen, and
tissues surrounding nerves
• is required for iron transport
• is involved in production of chemical
neurotransmitters required for brain function

Copper
• RDA for adults is 900 mg/day
• Sources of copper
• Organ meats, seafood, nuts, seeds, whole
grain foods

Copper
• What if we consume too much copper?
• Toxicity is not well studied in humans.
• What if we don't consume enough copper?
• Copper deficiency is rare, but high intake of
zinc and/or iron can reduce copper
absorption.

Bone Health
• Bone structure
• Provides strength to support the body
• Allows for flexibility
• Composed of roughly 65% minerals for
density and hardness
• Collagen fibers: fibrous protein in bone
tissue providing strength, durability, and
flexibility

Bone Health
• Two types of bone tissue
• Cortical bone (compact bone): very dense
tissue making up 80% of the skeleton
• Trabecular bone (spongy bone):
"scaffolding" on the inside of bones; supports
cortical bone and makes up 20% of the
skeleton

Bone Health

Bone Health
• Bone density
• Refers to the strength of bones
• Peak bone density is reached before the age
of 30.
• Density begins to decrease after age 40
because breakdown exceeds new bone
formation.

Bone Health
• Bone mass is regularly recycled by a process of
remodeling.
• Breakdown: surface of bones is broken down
by osteoclasts
• Osteoclasts are cells that erode the surface of
bones.
• Formation of new bone by osteoblasts
• Osteoblasts produce the collagen-containing
component of bone.

Calcium
• Calcium:
• is the most abundant major mineral in the
body
• is required to form and maintain bones and
teeth
• assists with acid–base balance
• is critical for transmission of nerve impulses
• assists in muscle contraction

Calcium
• AI values vary with age and gender.
• Intake is limited by bioavailability–the
amount that can be absorbed.
• Sources of calcium
• Skim milk, low-fat cheese, nonfat yogurt,
green leafy vegetables

Calcium Metabolism
Click on the Calcium
Metabolism link separate
from the power point.

Common Sources of Calcium

Calcium
• What if we consume too much calcium?
• Excess calcium is excreted from the body.
• Calcium supplements can lead to mineral
imbalances.
• Severe hypercalcemia can lead to death.
• What if we don't consume enough calcium?
• Long-term consequence of inadequate
calcium is osteoporosis.

Phosphorus
• Phosphorus is:
• a major mineral
• critical for proper bone formation
• found in ATP, DNA, RNA
• required to regulate biochemical pathways by
activating or deactivating enzymes
• a major component of the cell membrane

Phosphorus
• RDA for phosphorus is 700 mg/day
• Sources of phosphorus
• Widespread in many foods
• Found in high amounts in foods that contain
protein (e.g., meat, milk, eggs)

Phosphorus

Phosphorus
• What if we consume too much phosphorus?
• Causes muscle spasms, convulsions
• What if we don't consume enough
phosphorus?
• Deficiencies of phosphorus are rare.
• Can occur with alcohol abuse or in elderly
people with poor diets

Magnesium
• Magnesium:
• is a major mineral
• assists over 300 enzyme systems to function
properly
• is required for the production of ATP, DNA,
and proteins
• supports muscle contraction and blood
clotting

Magnesium
• RDA varies based on age and gender.
• 310 mg/day for women age 19–30
• 400 mg/day for men age 19–30
• Sources of magnesium
• Green leafy vegetables, whole grains, seeds,
nuts, seafood, beans

Magnesium

Magnesium
• What if we consume too much magnesium?
• No toxicity from magnesium in food
• Magnesium supplements can cause diarrhea,
nausea, cramps, dehydration.
• What if we don't consume enough
magnesium?
• Low magnesium can result in low blood
calcium and osteoporosis.

Fluoride
• 99% of the body's fluoride is stored in teeth and
bones.
• Fluoride:
• is a trace mineral
• is required for proper development and
maintenance of teeth and bones
• combines with calcium and phosphorus to
protect teeth from bacteria

Fluoride
• RDA varies by gender and increases with age
during childhood.
• Sources of fluoride
• Fluoridated dental products
• Fluoridated water
• Tea

Fluoride
• What if we consume too much fluoride?
• Fluorosis (excess fluoride) creates porous
tooth enamel; teeth become stained and pitted.
• What if we don't consume enough fluoride?
• Dental caries (cavities)

Osteoporosis
• Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by:
• low bone mass
• deterioration of bone tissue
• fragile bones leading to bone fractures
• compaction of bone; decreased height
• shortening and hunching of the spine

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis
• Factors influencing the risk of osteoporosis
include:
• age
• gender
• genetics
• smoking
• nutrition
• physical activity

Osteoporosis
• Age is a factor for osteoporosis because:
• bone mass decreases with age
• age-related hormonal changes influence
bone density
• older adults are less able to metabolize
vitamin D

Osteoporosis
• Gender is a risk factor for osteoporosis.
• 80% of Americans with osteoporosis are
women.
• Women have lower bone density than men.
• Estrogen loss in post-menopausal
women causes increased bone loss.

Osteoporosis
• Nutritional factors may affect the risk for
osteoporosis.
• Total energy intake
• Calcium and vitamin D are important for
proper bone development and maintenance
of bone density.
• Diets high in fruits and vegetables are
associated with improved bone health.
• Alcohol abuse increases risk.

Osteoporosis
• Physical activity influences the risk for
osteoporosis.
• Regular exercise causes stress to bones,
leading to increased bone mass.
• Weight-bearing activities (walking, jogging,
weight training) are especially helpful in
increasing bone mass.

Osteoporosis
• There is no known cure for osteoporosis.
• The progression of osteoporosis may be slowed
by:
• adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
• regular exercise
• medications to slow or stop bone breakdown

Chapter 7 Power Point

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Chapter 7 Power Point

Similar to Chapter 7 Power Point (20)

More from Macomb Community College

More from Macomb Community College (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Chapter 7 Power Point