The document summarizes a study on using water hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) to remove metal ions from water. It discusses the objectives of studying the plant's efficiency in removing metals and the effect of pH. It reviews literature on the plant's removal of metals like copper, cadmium, and chromium from over 90% within 25 days. The methodology discusses preparing synthetic wastewater with metals like iron, aluminum, copper and chromium at different pH levels and concentrations. Results show the plant removed over 90% of chromium at pH 4.5 but only 33-77% at other pH levels. Iron removal was 78-80% on average. The plant absorbed more iron than other metals.

1. A study on the removal of
metal ions by Eichhornia Crassipes
[Water Hyacinth]
Presented By
Anvita Tripathi (P14EN004)
Anudeep Nema (P14EN006)
V. Sindhuri (P14EN007)
Sooraj Garg (P14EN009)
Vinitha E.V. (P14EN011)
Patel Sefali (P14EN018)

2. CONTENTS
• Objectives of study
• Introduction
• Literature review
• Methodology
• Results & Discussion
• Effect of pH on metal removal
• Plant study
• Conclusion
• Reference
2

3. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
• Efficiency of Water Hyacinth in the removal of metal ions
• Effect of pH in the removal efficiency of metal ions
3

4. INTRODUCTION
• Contamination of the aquatic environment by toxic metal ions is a serious
problem
• Fresh water contamination by metal ions has two significant effects - Salinity
and Toxicity
• Phytoremediation - one of the waste water treatment methods by using plant
based systems for removing the contaminants from various natural sources.
• Important features
Lower costs for treatment
Generation of a potentially recyclable metal ion-rich plant residue.
• The most common aquatic macrophytes among the floating-leaved, being
employed in wastewater treatment is water hyacinth
4

5. WATER HYACINTH FOR METAL ION REMOVAL
• One of the most productive plants on earth
• Free floating (but sometimes rooted) freshwater plant
• Root of the plant absorbs metal pollutant in the wastewater and enhance the
quality of the water
• Store most of the heavy metal in their bladders, followed by their stems and
leaves, followed by their roots – Transportation of metal occurs
5

6. LITERATURE REVIEW
6
Title Specification Results
“Phytoremediation of
Copper and Cadmium
from Water Using Water
Hyacinth, Eichhornia
Crassipes”
Gomati S., Adhikari S.,
Mohanty P., (2014)
Plants used : Eichhornia
crassipes.
Parameters : Cu and Cd
25 days retention time
By Eichhornia crassipes:
Heavy metal reduction: more
than 90% for both copper and
cadmium.
“Water hyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes) –
An efficient and economic
adsorbent for textile
effluent treatment – A
review”
Priya E. S. and Selvan P.
S.,(2014)
Plants used : Water
hyacinth (Eichhornia
crassipes).
Parameters : dye stuffs
and heavy metals like Fe,
Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Mn, Hg
and As.
21 days retention time
The capacity of the water
hyacinth for aluminium in Al
rich waste water is 63 %, for
manganese in synthetic
wastewater is high, and for
copper is 99%.

7. 7
Literature review(cont..)
Title Specification Results
“Analysis of heavy metal
content in water hyacinth
from lake victoria,Kenya”
Matindi C. N (2014)
Plants used : Eichhornia
crassipes.
Parameters : Pb2+, Fe2+,
Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Cr2+,
Cd2+ and Ni2+
Concentration of some metals
in roots was found to be up to
3 times higher than in leaves
and stems. Fe2+ and Mn2+ were
the highest recorded at 21 and
16 ppm of dry weight,
respectively.
“Phytoremediation of
textile waste water using
potential wetland plant”
Mahmood Q., Zheng P.,
et al, (2005)
Plants used : Water
hyacinth (Eichhornia
crassipes).
Parameters : heavy
metals like Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd
Retention time: 4 days
Heavy metal reduction:
94.78%(Cr), 96.88%(Zn) and
94.44% (Cu),75% Cd

8. MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY
Collection and washing
of plants
Preparation of synthetic
wastewater
Phytoremediation set-up at
three different pH
Initial analysis of
metals at different
pH
Analysis of metals after
detention period
8

9. Water Hyacinth Plants
• Collected from Cosway, Surat
• Experimental set-up- 3 Tubs of 30 L capacity each
• Weight of the plants taken was 1.5kg for each test cycle
• Approximately 12 plants were kept in each reactor
Synthetic wastewater
• Simulated sample was prepared for metals like Iron, Aluminium, Copper,
Chromium and Manganese
Phyto-remediation set-up at 3 different pH
• Three set of runs by varying concentration of simulated mixed sample by 7.5
mg/L, 10 mg/L and 12.5 mg/L
• For each set of concentration/run, pH in three reactors is varied by 4.5 , 7 and 9.5
• Five liters of each metal sample is mixed in each reactor to form 25 liters of
synthetic sample in each reactor
9

10. Initial analysis of metals at different pH
• Initial metal ions concentration (Fe, Mn, Al, Cu & Cr) were analysed for all
samples of concentration of 7.5 mg/L , 10 mg/L and 12.5 mg/L for different
pH in Batch I (pH 4.5), Batch II (pH 7) and Batch III (pH 9.5) respectively
• Initial metal concentration in plants was analysed after digestion.
• Moisture Content of initial plant samples were determined.
Analysis of metals after detention period(5 days)
• Final metal ions concentration were analysed for all samples of
concentration 7.5 mg/L , 10 mg/L and 12.5 mg/L and also for plant samples
(after digestion) at all pH(4.5, 7 & 9.5) levels.
10

11. PARAMETER METHOD WAVELENGTH(nm)
pH Glass electrode method
Iron Phenonthraline method 510
Copper Cuprethol Method 435
Chromium Colorometric method 540
Aluminium Eriochrome Cyanine R method 535
Manganese Persulfate method 525
11
Digestion of Plant sample
• 0.2 grams of ground oven dried sample was subjected to digestion with
mixer (5:1) of sulphuric acid and perchloric acid (HClO4).
• Digestion was taken place with three different temperature profile (100º C
for 20 minutes, 150º C for 10 minutes and 250º C for 50 minutes).
Methods followed for analysis of Metals

12. Phytoremediation set- up
12

13. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
• Distinctive variations in removal efficiency of water hyacinth (biosorbent) on Fe,
Cr, Cu, Al and Mn were recorded.
• In the initial period, plants remained healthy; testing was done on samples
collected on 1st & 5th day.
• With the passage of time, plants were found to get weaker and hence, fresh set of
plants were brought after 5 days.
• Metal solutions prepared for synthetic waste water had an average pH of 2.32,
3.27, 6.09, 6.80 and 7.32 for Fe, Cu, Al, Cr and Mn respectively
• pH of the mixed synthetic waste water - 2.87, 2.80 and 2.70 for concentration 7.5
mg/L, 10.0 mg/Land 12.5 mg/ L respectively.
• Reduction in pH level might be because of precipitating up of oxides and
hydroxides of metal ions, forming to acidic nature, making the pH level of
composite sample to reduce.
13

14. Percentage Removal of Iron for Batch I, II and III
pH
Concentration (mg/L)
7.5(Batch-I) 10.0(Batch-II) 12.5(Batch-III) Average
4.5
83.93% 79.95% 71.7% 78.55%
7.0
81.03% 76.99% 71.84% 76.62%
9.5
86.94% 81.07% 72.99% 80.33%
14
EFFICIENCY OF WATER HYACINTH IN THE REMOVAL OF
METAL IONS

15. 15
83.93%
79.95%
71.7%
81.03%
76.99%
71.84%
86.94%
81.07%
72.99%
Conc = 7.5 Conc = 10 Conc = 12.5
Fe Removal at different pH
pH = 4.5 pH = 7 pH = 9.5
Concentration in mg/L

16. Percentage Removal of Chromium for Batch I, II and III
16
pH Concentration (mg/L)
7.5(Batch-I) 10.0(Batch-II) 12.5(Batch-III) Average
4.5
100% 100% 91.89% 97.29%
7.0
66.67% 65% 77.87% 69.85%
9.5
63% 33.33% 63.24% 53.19%

17. 17
100% 100%
91.89%
66.67%
65%
77.87%
63%
33.33%
63.24%
Conc = 7.5 Conc = 10 Conc = 12.5
Cr Removal at different pH
pH = 4.5 pH = 7 pH = 9.5
Concentration in mg/L

18. 18
pH Concentration (mg/L)
7.5(Batch-I) 10.0(Batch-II) 12.5(Batch-III) Average
4.5
73.26% 68.28% 71.25% 70.93%
7.0
54.48% 63.54% 72.66% 63.56%
9.5
59.15% 66.61% 68.61% 64.78%
Percentage Removal of Aluminium for Batch I, II and III

19. 19
73.26%
68.28%
71.25%
54.48%
63.54%
72.66%
59.15%
66.61%
68.61%
Conc = 7.5 Conc = 10 Conc = 12.5
Al Removal at different pH
pH = 4.5 pH = 7 pH = 9.5

20. 20
Percentage Removal of Copper for Batch I, II and III
pH Concentration (mg/L)
7.5(Batch-I) 10.0(Batch-II) 12.5(Batch-III) Average
4.5 100% 99.52% 96.82% 98.78%
7.0 95.23% 81.97% 83.14% 86.78%
9.5 98.54% 87.78% 83.21% 89.94%

21. 21
Concentration in mg/L
100% 99.52%
96.82%95.23%
81.97% 83.14%
98.54%
87.78%
83.21%
Conc = 7.5 Conc = 10 Conc = 12.5
Cu Removal at different pH
pH = 4.5 pH = 7 pH = 9.5

22. 22
pH Concentration (mg/L)
7.5(Batch-I) 10.0(Batch-II) 12.5(Batch-III) Average
4.5
64.14% 69.84% 66.59% 67.49%
7.0
66.04% 69.74% 66.58% 67.45%
9.5
61.12% 67.15% 64.38% 64.22%
Percentage Removal of Manganese for Batch I, II and III

23. 23
64.14%
69.84%
66.59%
66.04%
69.74%
66.58%
61.12%
67.15%
64.38%
Conc = 7.5 Conc = 10 Conc = 12.5
Mn Removal at different pH
pH = 4.5 pH = 7 pH = 9.5
Concentration in mg/L

24. EFFECT OF pH ON METAL REMOVAL
pH Average Percentage Removal (%)
Fe Cr Al Cu Mn
4.5 78.55 97.29 70.93 98.78 67.49
7.0 76.62 69.85 63.56 86.78 67.45
9.5 80.33 53.19 64.78 89.94 64.22
24

25. 25
83.93
64.14%
73.26
100% 100%
79.95
69.84
68.28
100% 99.52
71.7
66.59
71.25
91.89
96.82
Fe Mn Al Cr Cu
% Removal at pH 4.5
Conc = 7.5 Con = 10 Conc 12.5

26. 26
81.03
66.04
54.48%
66.67
95.23%
76.99
69.74
63.54
65
81.97
71.84
66.58
72.66
77.87
83.14
Fe Mn Al Cr Cu
% Removal at pH 7
Conc = 7.5 Con = 10 Conc 12.5

27. 27
86.94
61.12
59.15
63
98.54%
81.07
67.15 66.16
33.33%
87.78
72.99
64.38
68.61
63.24
83.2
Fe Mn Al Cr Cu
% Removal at pH 9.5
Conc = 7.5 Con = 10 Conc 12.5

28. PLANT STUDY
• In plants concentration of Iron was high, while the concentration of
Aluminium was least.
• Order of initial concentration of metal ions in plants –
- Fe > Cr > Cu > Mn > Al.
Moisture Content of Water Hyacinth Plant
28
BATCH –I BATCH –II BATCH –III
AVERAGE
MOISTURE
CONTENT (%)
91.82 95.18 95.29

29. 29
pH BATCH Initial Concentration
(mg/L)
Final Concentration
( mg/ L)
In plant In water In plant In water
4.5 I 71 6.41 70.25 1.03
II 69.83 8.93 71.28 1.79
III 67.96 9.081 74.28 2.57
7.0 I 71 7.01 70.23 1.33
II 69.83 9.17 71.27 2.11
III 67.96 9.02 72.56 2.54
9.5 I 71 6.64 70.18 0.867
II 69.83 7.98 73.24 1.51
III 67.96 9.07 76.28 2.45
Concentration of Iron Metal in Waste water and Water Hyacinth Plant

30. 30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Concentrationinmg/l
Plant Initial
Water Initial
Plant Final
Water Final
b
Batch IIBatch I
pH = 4.5
Batch IIIBatch IIBatch IBatch III Batch IIIBatch IIBatch I
pH = 7.0 pH = 9.5
Iron Concentration in waste water sample and Water Hyacinth

31. 31
Concentration of Copper Metal in Waste water and Water Hyacinth Plant
pH BATCH Initial Concentration
(mg/L)
Final Concentration
( mg/ L)
In plant In water In plant In water
4.5 I 7.56 5.93 10.03 N.D
II 7.28 7.77 11.09 0.037
III 7.52 9.44 12.12 0.33
7.0 I 7.56 3.15 8.97 0.15
II 7.28 4.88 10.65 0.88
III 7.52 8.78 11.64 1.48
9.5 I 7.56 4.78 9.45 0.07
II 7.28 7.85 10.82 0.96
III 7.52 9.7 11.85 1.63

32. 32
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Concentrationinmg/l
Plant Initial
Water Initial
Plant Final
Water Final
b
Batch IIBatch I
pH = 4.5
Batch IIIBatch IIBatch IBatch III Batch IIIBatch IIBatch I
pH = 7.0 pH = 9.5
Copper Concentration in waste water sample and Water Hyacinth

33. 33
Concentration of Aluminium Metal in Waste Water and Water Hyacinth Plant
pH BATCH Initial Concentration
(mg/L)
Final Concentration
( mg/ L)
In plant In water In plant In water
4.5 I 3.69 4.75 6.1 1.27
II 3.89 5.99 6.75 1.72
III 3.27 8.05 7.01 2.56
7.0 I 3.69 2.79 5.68 1.95
II 3.89 3.1 6.02 1.13
III 3.27 5.56 6.2 1.89
9.5 I 3.69 3.06 5.95 1.25
II 3.89 4.76 6.45 1.59
III 3.27 7.04 6.67 2.21

34. 34
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Concentrationinmg/l
Plant Initial
Water Initial
Plant Final
Water Final
b
Batch IIBatch I
pH = 4.5
Batch IIIBatch IIBatch IBatch III Batch IIIBatch IIBatch I
pH = 7.0 pH = 9.5
Aluminium Concentration in waste water sample and Water Hyacinth

35. 35
Concentration of Manganese Metal in Waste water and Water Hyacinth Plant
pH BATCH Initial Concentration
(mg/L)
Final Concentration
( mg/ L)
In plant In water In plant In water
4.5 I 6.23 5.55 7.18 1.99
II 6.13 7.46 8.21 2.25
III 6.6 8.89 9.04 2.97
7.0 I 6.23 5.89 7.64 2
II 6.13 7.6 8.95 2.3
III 6.6 8.76 9.45 2.91
9.5 I 6.23 5.17 7.25 2.01
II 6.13 7 8.64 2.3
III 6.6 8.52 9.28 2.88

36. 36
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Concentrationinmg/l
Plant Initial
Water Initial
Plant Final
Water Final
b
Batch IIBatch I
pH = 4.5
Batch IIIBatch IIBatch IBatch III Batch IIIBatch IIBatch I
pH = 7.0 pH = 9.5
Manganese Concentration in waste water sample and Water Hyacinth

37. CONCLUSION
• 100% toxic metal removal for chromium and copper has been achieved at
pH level of 4.5 at a concentration of 7.5 mg/L.
• As the concentration of synthetic sample was increased, for certain pH
level, the removal efficiency of metals was found to be declining.
• Average removal of heavy metals like Fe, Cr, Al, Cu, and Mn, at the end
of five day retention time are found to be 78.55%, 97.29%, 70.93%,
98.78% & 67.49%(at pH 4.5); 76.62%, 69.85%, 63.56%, 86.78% &
67.45%(at pH 7); 80.33%, 53.19%, 64.78%, 89.94% &
64.22%(at pH 9.5).
• Removal efficiencies that have been achieved for the five metals at pH
level and concentration are random in nature. This might be because of
precipitation of certain metal oxides and hydroxides, due to some
synergistic action with other metals.
• Heavy metal removal by water hyacinth is a low cost biosorption
technique, can be implemented for a small scale metal industry effluents,
which can be made to grow near the areas of metal industry effluents.
37

38. 38
Work done

39. REFERENCE
• Jaikumar M.,2012, A Review On Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) And
Phytoremediation To Treat Aqua Pollution In Velachery Lake, Chennai –
Tamilnadu, International Journal of Recent Scientific Research,Vol. 3, Issue, 2,
pp.95 – 102
• Lokeshwari H., Chandrappa G. T., 2006, Heavy Metals content in water, Water
Hyacinth and Sediments of Lalbagh Tank, Bangalore (India), Journal of Environ.
Science & Engg., Vol 48, No.3, P.183-188
• Mahmood Q, Zheng P., Islam E, Hayat Y., Hassan M. J., Jilani G. and Jin R. C.,
2015, Lab Scale Studies on Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Marts Solms) for
Biotreatment of Textile Wastewater, Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences,
Vol. 3 No.2 pp. 83-88
• Mojiri A., 2012, Phytoremediation of heavy metals from municipal wastewater by
Typhadomingensis, African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 6(3), pp. 643-
647
• Rachel M., 2001, Enhancement of Metal Ion Removal Capacity of Water
Hyacinth,The Chinese University of Hong Kong
39

40. • Sarker K.C. and Dr. Ullaha R., 2013, Determination of Trace Amount Of Copper
(Cu) Using Uv-Vis Spectrophotometric Method, International Journal of scientific
research and management (IJSRM),Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 23-44
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Heavy Metals in Water and Sediment: A Case Study of Tembi, Journal of
Environmental and Public Health, Article ID 858720, 5 pages
• Swain G., Adhikari S. and Mohanty P., 2014, Phytoremediation of Copper and
Cadmium from Water Using Water Hyacinth, Eichhornia Crassipes, International
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology (IJAST) Volume 2, Issue 1
• Syuhaida A. W., Norlkadijah S. I., Praveena S. M., Suriyani A., 2014, The
Comparison of Phytoremediation Abilities of Water Mimosa and Water Hyacinth,
ARPN Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 4, 12
40

41. THANK YOU..!!!
41