2. Stroke syndromes
Cluster of signs and symptoms
produced due to the occlusion of an
artery(due to an atherothrombotic
lesion or an emboli or dissection )
supplying a particular region of the
brain
3. classification
Large vessel stroke within the
anterior circulation
Large vessel stroke within the
posterior circulation
Small vessel disease of either
vascular bed
7. Stroke within the anterior
circulation
Due to occlusion of Internal carotid
artery and its branches
Middle cerebral artery, Anterior
cerebral artery and Anterior
choroidal artery
8. Middle cerebral Artery
M1 segment(proximal)- deep
penetrating or lenticulostriate
branches– Internal capsule, caudate
nuclues, putamen and outer
pallidus
11. M2 Segment
M2(distal)- superior and inferior
divisions- the entire superolateral
surface of frontal and parietal lobe
except frontal pole, strip along the
superomedial frontal and parietal
cortex, occipital lobe convolutions
and medial temporal cortex
13. Complete MCA syndrome
Contralateral hemiplegia
Contralateral hemianaesthesia
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
Gaze preference to the ipsilateral side
If dominant hemisphere involved-Global
aphasia
If non dominant hemisphere involved-
Hemispatial neglect, anasognosia and
constructional apraxia
14. Partial syndromes
M1 syndrome-occlusion of
lenticulostriate branches-
If ischemia of internal capsule
produces pure motor or sensorymotor
stroke contralateral to the side of
lesion
If ischemia of putamen, pallidus-
predominantly parkinsonian features
16. M2 syndromes
If superior division involved
Brachial syndrome- weakness of hand and arm
Frontal opercular syndrome-Brocas aphasia
with facial weakness with or without arm
weakness
proximal part of the superior division involved-
clinical features of motor weakness, sensory
disturbances and brocas aphasia
17. M2 syndrome
If inferior division of M2 involved-
If dominant hemisphere- Wernickes aphasia
without weakness with contralateral
homonymous superior quadrantanopia
If non dominant hemisphere- Hemispatial
neglect , spatial agonosia without weakness
22. A1 segment
A1 segment occlusion rarely
produces clinical syndrome because
collateral flow through anterior
communicating artery and
collaterals from MCA and PCA
23. A2 syndrome
Motor area for leg and foot-c/l paralysis of foot and
leg
Sensory area for foot and leg-c/l cortical sensory
loss of foot and leg
Sensorimotor area in paracentral lobule-urinary
incontinence
Medial surface of posterior frontal lobe-c/l grasp
and suckling reflex
Cingulate gyrus and the medial inferior portions of
frontal, parietal and temporal lobes-abulia
24. Anterior choroidal artery
Supplies posterior limb of internal
capsule, retrolentiform and sublentiform
parts
Complete syndrome rare due to collaterals
from MCA, PCA, and ICA
Syndrome comprises
c/l hemiplegia
c/l hemianaesthesia
c/l homonymous hemianopia
26. Stroke within the posterior
circulation
Paired Vertebral arteries
Basilar artery
Paired Posterior cerebral arteries
Gives small penetrating branches
and short and long circumferential
branches
29. Posterior cerebral artery
P1 segment-Precommunal-
Midbrain, thalamus and
subthalamus
P2 segment-Temporal and occipital
cortex
30. P1 syndromes
Due to the involvement of
ipsilateral subthalamus, cerebral
peduncles and midbrain
31. P1 syndrome
Midbrain
Claudes- 3rd nerve palsy with c/l ataxia-
Red nuclues
Webers- 3rd nerve palsy with c/l
hemiplegia-Cerebral peduncle
Subthalamus-c/l hemiballismus
Thalamus- Thalamic dejerine Roussy
syndrome- c/l hemisensory loss followed
later by severe agonising pain
33. P2 syndromes
Infarction of medial temporal and
occipital lobes
Occipital lobe-c/l homonymous
hemianopia with macular sparing, if
visual association area spared, patient
aware of visual defect
Medial temporal lobe- Memory
impairement
Visual hallucinations
34. P2 syndromes
Antons syndrome-bilateral occlusion
in distal PCAs – bilateral occipital lobe
infarction- cortical blindness and
patient often unaware and even deny
it
Balints syndrome-bilateral visual
association areas- palinopsia and
asimultagnosia
37. V4 and PICA
V1 and V4- prone for
atherothrombosis
If V1 occlusion
If occlusion is in subclavian artery
proximal to origin of vertebral
artery-subclavian steal syndrome
38. Lateral medullary
syndrome(Wallenburgs)
Caused due to occlusion of V4 segment or PICA
Descending tract and nucleus of trigeminal nerve- Pain,
numbness and abnormal sensation over one half of face
Vestibular nucleus-Vertigo, nausea, vomiting and diplopia
Issuing fibres of 9th and 10th nerve nucleus- Dysphagia,
hoarseness, palatal paralysis
Restiform body, and cerebellar hemispheres-Ataxia of
limbs
Descending sympathetic tract-Horners syndrome
Spinothalamic tract- c/l loss of pain and temperature
40. Medial medullary syndrome
Infarction of pyramid- c/l hemiplegia
of arm and leg, sparing face
If medial lemniscus-c/l loss of tactile
and proprioception
If hypoglossal nerve nucleus involved-
ipsilateral LMN hypoglossal nerve
palsy – atrophy of half of tongue.
41. Basilar Artery
Paramedian- wedge of pons in
midline
Short circumerential- lateral two
thirds of pons and middle and
superior cerebellar peduncles
Long circumferential- Superior and
anterior inferior cerebellar
42. Basilar artery syndromes
Occlusion of basilar artery-b/l
brainstem signs
Occlusion of basilar branch artery-
unilateral motor, sensory and
cranial nerves
43. Basilar artery syndromes
Complete basilar artery
occlusion(Locked in state)-b/l long
tract(sensory/motor) with cranial
nerve and cerebellar dysfunction-
preserved
consciousness,quadriplegia and
cranial nerve signs
44. Basilar artery branch-syndrome of anterior inferior
cerebellar artery(lateral inferior pontine syndrome)
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery-
lateral part of inferior pons and
anterior part of inferior cerebellar
hemispheres
Cerebellum-Ataxia of limb and gait
7th nerve nuclues- Facial weakness
8th nerve nucleus-Deafness, tinnitus, vertigo, nausea,
vomiting
Spinothalamic tract-c/l loss of pain and temperature
46. Basilar artery branch-Syndrome of superior cerebellar
artery(Lateral superior pontine syndrome)
Superior cerebellar artery- lateral
part of superior pons and superior
surface of cerebellar hemispheres
Superior and middle cerebellar peduncles and
superior cerebellar hemisphere-Ataxia of limb and
gait
Vestibular nucleus-dizziness, nausea and vomiting
Spinothalamic tract-c/l loss of pain and
temperature
48. Medial pontine syndromes
Caused due to occlusion of
paramedian and short circumferential
branches of basilar artery
Corticobulbar and corticospinal-c/l
face, arm and leg paralysis
Cerebellar peduncles-ataxia of limb
and gait