This report spotlights telco's' strategies regarding backhauling and fixed mobile convergence, how the transport network is evolving within the migration to all-IP and which choices telcos take to meet the increasing demand of bandwidth. The study analyses the evolution of backhaul networks, its investment control and the necessary implementation with the legacy infrastructure. Key questions' How high are the Capex and Opex related to the mobile backhaul infrastructure' What are the technologies used and which one can be a cost-effective alternative'' What are the stakes for operators' How can they improve their mobile backhaul infrastructure '' What are the upcoming trends for backhhaul upgrade' How are the major MNOs deploying their backhaul strategy'' Is optical fibre the unique answer to rising mobile data traffic due to LTE deployment'> This report ships with a complementary slideshow.

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Mobile Backhaul Trends and Telcos% Strategies
Published on August 2011
Report Summary
This report spotlights telco's' strategies regarding backhauling and fixed mobile convergence, how the transport network is evolving
within the migration to all-IP and which choices telcos take to meet the increasing demand of bandwidth. The study analyses the
evolution of backhaul networks, its investment control and the necessary implementation with the legacy infrastructure.
Key questions
' How high are the Capex and Opex related to the mobile backhaul infrastructure' What are the technologies used and which one can
be a cost-effective alternative'
' What are the stakes for operators' How can they improve their mobile backhaul infrastructure '
' What are the upcoming trends for backhhaul upgrade' How are the major MNOs deploying their backhaul strategy'
' Is optical fibre the unique answer to rising mobile data traffic due to LTE deployment'
> This report ships with a complementary slideshow.
Table of Content
Contents
1. Executive Summary 6
1.1. New mobile technologies improve network capacity and data rates 7
1.2. Traditional backhaul model is unsustainable 7
1.3. Beyond capacity, cost is the determinant criterion for backhaul migration . 8
1.4. Combination of FTTx and LTE backhaul investments could ease backhaul upgrade 10
2. Methodology 12
3. Backhaul in the eyes of the telcos 13
3.1. Dramatic growth of data traffic 13
3.1.1. Global data traffic will quadruple by 2014 . 13
3.1.2. Current data growth driven by mobile usage 13
3.2. Telcos still cautious with network spends . 14
3.2.1. No additional capex foreseen by telcos 14
3.2.2. Operator investments in legacy mobile backhaul are not sustainable 15
4. Backhaul, the state of the art . 18
4.1. Definition of backhaul 18
4.2. Backhaul network elements and RAN requirements / constraints . 18
4.2.1. Capacity, latency and jitter 18
4.2.2. Quality of Service (QoS) . 19
4.2.3. Clock synchronisation . 19
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4.2.4. Management with Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) 20
4.2.5. Supporting legacy and IP over new backhaul network . 20
4.3. Various technologies can support backhaul at Physical Layer' . 23
4.4. Microwave . 24
4.4.1. Copper . 26
4.4.2. Fibre . 29
4.4.3. Others 31
4.4.4. Summary . 32
4.5. Transport network options for backhaul 34
4.6. Future options for mobile backhauling 35
5. Case studies 38
6. Conclusions 55
6.1. Key backhaul challenges faced by MNOs 55
6.2. Analysis of strategy options for MNOs 58
Figures
Figure 1: Gap between revenues and traffic growth .7
Figure 2: Circuit emulation with pseudowire 8
Figure 3: Operator strategies in migrating backhaul networks 9
Figure 4: FTTH network adapted for LTE backhaul 10
Figure 5: Backhaul technologies breakdown today . 11
Figure 6: Backhaul technologies breakdown in 2016 11
Figure 7: Global IP traffic trends with breakdown applications, 2009-2014 13
Figure 8: Annual mobile traffic 2010-2020, EB 14
Figure 9: Gap between revenues and traffic growth . 14
Figure 10: MNO capex in value and growth rates, 2005-2010 15
Figure 11: Protocol stacks in mobile backhaul 16
Figure 12: Typical network costs breakdown 17
Figure 13: Illustration of mobile backhaul 18
Figure 14: Circuit emulation with pseudowires 21
Figure 15: TDM emulation technologies 21
Figure 16: Options to transport legacy over packet networks, and inversely 21
Figure 17: Cell sites and Aggregate gateways 22
Figure 18: Available backhaul support technologies . 23
Figure 19: TDM and Ethernet evolution over microwave 24
Figure 20: Different architectures: Point-to-point and Point-to-multipoint 24
Figure 21: Adaptive Coding and Modulation . 25
Figure 22: Relative weight of microwave among backhaul support technologies in 2010 26
Figure 23: Several options to use xDSL as mobile backhaul 26
Figure 24: Relative weight of copper among backhaul support technologies in 2010 27
Figure 25: Evolution of VDSL2 rate-reach curves for downstream and upstream traffic . 28
Figure 26: FTTH network adapted for LTE backhaul 29
Figure 27: GPON as mobile backhaul . 30
Figure 28: Relative weight of fibre among backhaul support technologies in 2010 31
Figure 29: Theoretical backhaul capacity and radio capacity requirements 32
Figure 30: Breakdown of mobile backhauling choice by Telecom Italia 33
Figure 31: Comparison of cost per bandwidth requirement between fibre and microwave . 33
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Figure 32: Backhaul technologies breakdown today . 33
Figure 33: Backhaul technologies breakdown in 2016 33
Figure 34: Mobile transport options . 35
Figure 35: Gradual migration with bonded E1/T1 36
Figure 36: Gradual migration with data offload on Ethernet network 36
Figure 37: Gradual migration with separate legacy and Ethernet backhaul networks . 37
Figure 38: Gradual migration with Unique Ethernet backhaul using Pseudowire for legacy services . 37
Figure 39: Full Ethernet backhaul . 37
Figure 40: Fibre-based broadband roll out 42
Figure 41: Mobile network coverage, by technology . 43
Figure 42: Planned deployment of FTTH 45
Figure 43: Cableco Hybrid Fiber-Coax networks used for mobile backhaul 53
Figure 44: Decision-making criteria . 56
Figure 45: Possible stages for backhaul migration 57
Figure 46: Development of radio access architecture and its impact on backhaul 58
Figure 47: Operator strategies in migrating backhaul networks . . 60
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