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1. NAME: RAJA ROSENANI BINTI RAJA ABDULLAH
CLASS: 5 ADIODA
SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY
TEACHER’S NAME:

2. BIL. TOPICS PAGES
1. SOAP AND DETERGENT
a) Definition of soap and examples of soap
b) History of soap manufacturing
c) Preparation of soap through saponification
d) Definition of detergent and examples of detergent
e) Preparation of detergent
f) The cleansing of soap and detergent
g) Comparison of the effectiveness of cleansing action of soap and
detergent in hard water
h) The purpose of adding detergent additives
i) Survey of soap and detergent used
2. FOOD ADDITIVES
a) Purpose of using food additives
b) Types, examples and functions of food additives
c) Survey on additives in food
d) Disadvantages of using food additives
3. MEDICINES
a) Examples of traditional medicines, their sources and uses
b) Types, functions and examples of modern medicines
c) The possible side effects of using modern and traditional medicines
including examples
d) The correct usage of modern and traditional medicines
e) Drug abuse
i. List of drugs that are normally abused
ii. Reasons why teenagers take drugs
iii. The side effects of the drugs on health
iv. The impacts of drug abuse on our society
v. Ways to prevent the drug abuse

4. DEFINITION OF SOAP
1. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids.
2. The general formula of a soap can be written as RCOO-Na+ or RCOO-K+, where R is an
alkyl group usually containing 12 or 18 carbon atoms. R can be saturated or unsaturated.
SOAP FORMULA
Sodium laurate CH3(CH2)10COO-Na+
Sodium palmitate CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+
Potassium stearate CH3(CH2)16COO-K+
Potassium oleate CH3(CH2)7CH=
CH(CH2)7COO-K+
Table 1.1 The formulae of some examples of soap
THE HISTORY OF SOAP MANUFACTURING
Large-scale commercial
soapmaking occured in
Twenty years
1791 when a French
later, Belgian chemist
chemist, Nicholas
Ernest Solvay
In the past, soap was Leblanc patented a
developed a process to
made by mixing animal process for making
further reduce the cost
fats with alkaline wood soda ash or sodium
of obtaining soda
ashes. carbonate from
ash, thereby reducing
common salt. The
the cost of soap
process yeilding large
manufacturing.
quantities of quality
soda ash.

5. SAPONIFICATION
1. Boiling fats or oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution or concentrated
potassium hydroxide solution to produce glycerol and the salts of fatty acids which are
the soaps. The general equation for this reaction is :
O O
II II
- - - -
CH2 O C R CH2 OH R-C-O-Na+
I
O O
II II
CH2-O- C-R + 3NaOH CHOH + R- C-O-Na+
O O
II II
- - -
CH2 O C R CH2OH R-C-O-Na+
Oil or fat alkali glycerol soaps
Where the three alkyl groups (R, R’ and R’’) can be the same or different group.
2. The fats and oils are hydrolyses first to form glycerol and fatty acids. The acid then reacts
with an alkali to form the corresponding sodium or potassium salts.
3. The following equation shows how soap, sodium palmitate, is prepared.
When concentrated
potassium
hydroxide is used
instead of
Potassium soaps concentrated
are softer, milder sodium hydroxide
than sodium solution, potassium
soaps and are soap, potassium
usually used for palmitate is
bathing. formed.

6. DEFINITION OF DETERGENT
1. Detergents are synthetic cleansing agents made from hydrocarbons obtained from
petroleum fractions. Thus, detergents are petrochemicals.
2. Detergents can be classified into three main types, depending on the charge on the
detergent ion.
a) Anionic detergents where the head of the detergent particle contains a negatively
charged ion. Negatively
Example: R – O – SO3-Na+ (Sodium alkyl sulphate) charged ion
b) Cationic detergents where the head of the detergent particle contains a positively
charged ion.
Positively
Example: R – N (CH3)3+BR- charged ion
c) Non ionic detergents
Example: R – O – CH2CH2OH
There are two types of anionic detergents :
a) Detergent molecule with a benzene ring such as sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate.
Where R represents a long
hydrocarbon chain.
We can represent the detergent ion, alkylbenzene sulphonate ion, more simply as :
b) Detergent molecule without a benzene ring such as sodium alkyl sulphate.
We can represent the detergent ion, alkyl sulphate ion as:
R – OSO3-

7. PREPARATION OF DETERGENT
1. Production of lauryl hydrogen sulphate
CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OH + H₂SO₄ CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃H + H₂O
Lauryl alcohol Lauryl hydrogen sulphate
2. neutralization of lauryl hydrogen sulphate
CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃H + NaOH CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃Na + H₂O
Lauryl hydrogen sulphate Sodium lauryl sulphate
DETERGENT
THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT

8. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT
Condition Soap Detergent
Hard water Form an insoluble Detergent is effective
(contain calcium precipitate = soap scum cleaner. Form soluble
& magnesium (formation of soap scum substances = calcium or
ion) causes wastage of soap) magnesium salts (do
not form scum)
Soft water (do not Soap is effective Detergent is effective
contain calcium & cleaner. cleaner.
magnesium ion)
Acidic water Form insoluble long- Detergent is effective
(contain hydrogen chain fatty acids cleaner. Form soluble
ion) (reduces the amount of substances (Do not
soap used for cleaning) form scum)
Environment Soap is biodegradable Soap is non-
biodegradable

9. Biological enzymes
Biological enzymes in detergents can break down fat and
protein molecules in food stains. The fatty acids, glycerol and
amino acids produced are soluble in water and are removed
during washing.
Stabilisers Perfumes
The functions of Perfumes are
stabilizers is to added to make
prevents the clothes smell
formation of fresh and clean
foam
ADDITIVES AND
FUNCTIONS
Whitening /
Drying agents ; Sodium bleaching agents
sulphate and sodium : sodium
silicate perborate
Anhydrous sodium Bleaches
sulphate and sodium (bleaching
silicate (Na2S2O3) are agents) remove
used as drying agents to coloured stains
ensure that the by oxidation
detergent in powdered process. When
firm is always in a dry coloured stanis
condition. are oxidized, the
colour will
disappear

12. Preservatives:
to inhibit or
prevent the
growth of
moulds, yeast
and bacteria that
Thickeners spoil foods
Thickeners are
substances
which, when added Stabilisers and
to the thickeners: to
mixture, increase its improve the
viscosity without texture of foods
substantially
modifying its other
properties.
PURPOSES OF FOOD
PRESERVATIVES
Colouring
agents: to Flavouring
restore the agents: to
colour or to enhance the
enhance the taste of food
natural colour
Antioxidants: to
prevent spoilage of
food due to
oxidation by
oxygen

13. TYPES, EXAMPLES AND FUNCTIONS OF FOOD ADDITIVES
TYPES EXAMPLES FUNCTIONS
Preservatives sodium nitrite, sodium to inhibit or prevent the growth of moulds,
benzoate yeast and bacteria that spoil food
Stabilizer gelatin and acacia gum to improve the texture of foods
Thickener gelatin and acacia gum Thickeners are substances which, when
added to the mixture, increase its viscosity
without substantially modifying its other
properties.
Flavouring Monosodium to enhance the taste of food
agents glutamate(MSG), aspartame
Dye azo compounds, triphenyl added to food to replace colors lost during
compounds preparation, or to make food look more
attractive.
Antioxidants ascorbic acid to prevent spoilage of food due to
oxidation by oxygen

15. Effects on health
Allergy: MSG
Carcinogenic: NaNO₂
Brain damage: MSG
Hyperactivity: sodium benzoate
leukemia: Aspartame
Effects on environment
A
B
C
D
My advice:
Avoiding the different types of food additives can help improve many health problems.
Have a better understanding about preservatives in food and what they can do to you.
If you are on the road to improving your health, enjoy looking after yourself, to keep you
looking younger, you need to be familiar with some of the preservatives to avoid.

17. Traditional medicines
Derived from plants and animals
Plant Local name Uses
Aloe vera Lidah buaya Sap used to relieved pain from burns
Betel Sireh Leaves relieved sore eyes
Bitter gourd Peria Fruit used to cure diabetes
Coconut Kelapa Young coconut water reduces fever
Garlic Bawang putih Reduces infection and hypertension
Ginger Halia Reduces inflammation and improves blood
circulation and digestion
Ginseng Ginseng Roots maintain good health
Hibiscus Bunga Raya Leaves relieves headache and hair loss
Turmeric Kunyit Cures pimples
Sea cucumber (gamat)
• To treat Japanese encephalitis
and hole in the heart
Centipede
• To treat lockjaw and convulsions
Ant
• To treat hepatitis B

18. PICTURES

19. TYPES EXAMPLES FUNCTIONS
ANALGESICS Paracetamol reduces fever, relieves flu
Aspirin symptoms and relieves pain
Codeine but it does not reduce
inflammation
Aspirin is used for relief,
particularly where there is
inflammation involved, such as
arthritic pain and dental pain.
used in headache tables and
cough medicines but cause
drowsiness
ANTIBOITICS Penicillin treat diseases, caused by
Streptomycin bacteria, such as pneumonia,
gonorrhea and syphilis
treat tuberculosis, whooping
cough and some forms of
pneumonia.
PSYCOTHERAPEUTIC 1. Stimulant to reduce fatigue
Methylphenidate, to reduce tension and anxiety
Dextroamphetamine, to treat psychiatric illness
Amphetamine
2. Antipsychotics
Barbiturates, Tranquilisers
3. Antidepressants
Chlorpromazine,
Haloperidol, Clozapine

20. Modern medicine
Example Side effects
Methylphenidate, High dose or excessive use of stimulants over long periods of
dextroamphetamine, time can lead to anxiety, hallucinations, severe depression, or
amphetamine physical and psychological dependence.
Tranquilisers Tranquilisers cause drowsiness, poor coordinationor
lightheadadness. Overdose of these drugs can lead to
respiratory difficulties, sleeplessness, coma and even death
Barbiturates Barbiturates cause addition. People who rely on barbiturates to
fight against insomnia sometimes kill themselves accidentally by
taking an overdose
Aspirin Can cause bleeding in the stomach because aspirin is
vey acidic. Can cause allergic reactions, skin rashes and
asthmatic attacks
Paracetamol Liver damage
Codeine Addiction, depression and nausea.
Morphine Addiction
Traditional medicine
Example Side effect
Quinine Hearing loss
Kava-kava liver damage
THE CORRECT USAGE OF OF MODERN AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
1. Self-medication
Do not prescribe medicines for yourself (self-medication) or for other people. Discuss
with your doctor and listen to him concerning the medicine to be taken.
2. Follow the instructions given
Follow the instructions given by your doctor or pharmacist concerning the dosage and
method of taking the medicine.
3. Medicines for adult and children
Medicines for adult should not be given to children and vice versa.
4. Side effects
Visit the doctor immediately if there are symptoms of allergy or other effects of the
drugs.
5. Expiry date
Like foods, medicines also have expiry date. Do not take medicines after their expiry
dates.

21. List the drugs that are normally abused.
Ecstasy
Morphine
Ice
Nicotine
Give reasons why teenagers take drugs
Stress
Poverty
Influenced by peers
The side effects of the drugs on health
Ecstasy can cause depression and anxiety
Morphine can cause addiction
Ice can cause stroke and injuries to the liver and kidneys
Nicotine can cause addiction
The impact of drug abuse to the society
The increase of drug addict in the society
Lead to grey society
Increase of crime rate in the society
Ways to prevent drug abuse
Use the correct amount of dosage
Use the drug for the correct purpose