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HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
Glycolysis pathway in cells
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Energy Storage/release
The Oxidation of Carbon Fuels Is an Important
Source of Cellular Energy
ATP serves as the principal immediate donor of
free energy.
Motion, active transport, signal amplification, and
biosynthesis can occur only if ATP is continually
regenerated
The carbon in fuel molecules—such as glucose
and fats—is oxidized to CO2, and the energy
released is used to regenerate ATP
The carbon oxidation energy is used in some
cases to create a compound with high phosphoryl
transfer potential and in other cases to create an
ion gradient. In either case, the end point is the
formation of ATP.
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Glycolysis
Glycolytic pathway is common to virtually all cells, both
prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Stage 1: Conversion of glucose into fructose 1,6-
bisphosphate
consists of three steps: a phosphorylation, an
isomerization, and a second phosphorylation reaction.
Glucose enters cells through specific transport
proteins and has one principal fate: it is
phosphorylated by ATP to form glucose 6-phosphate.
This step is notable for two reasons:
1. glucose 6-phosphate cannot diffuse through the
membrane, because of its negative charges
2. the addition of the phosphoryl group begins to
destabilize glucose, thus facilitating its further metabolism.
4
Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
Hexokinase
Phosphoglucose
isomerase
Phosphofructokinase
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Glycolysis
Stage 1, which is the conversion of glucose into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
5
Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
Hexokinase
Phosphoglucose
isomerase
Phosphofructokinase
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Glycolysis
Stage 2: cleavage of the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into two three-
carbon fragments
6
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
Aldolase
Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
Triose phosphate
isomerase
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Glycolysis
Stage 3: ATP is harvested when the three-carbon
fragments are oxidized to pyruvate.
7
Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphoate
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate
ADP
ATP
Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate
kinase
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Enolase
Pyruvate
Pyruvate Kinase
Phosphoglycerate
mutase
ADP
ATP
Pi, NAD+
NADH
H2O
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Glycolysis
8
Stage 3: ATP is harvested when the three-carbon fragments are oxidized
to pyruvate.
Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+
2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O
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The Glycolytic Pathway is Tightly
Controlled
The rate of conversion of glucose into pyruvate is regulated to
meet two major cellular needs:
1. the production of ATP
2. the provision of building blocks for synthetic reactions,
such as the formation of fatty acids
In metabolic pathways, enzymes catalyzing essentially
irreversible reactions are potential sites of control.
In glycolysis, the reactions catalyzed by hexokinase,
phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase are virtually
irreversible, each of them serves as a control site.
These enzyme activities are regulated by
1. the reversible binding of allosteric effectors or by covalent
modification
2. Transcription of these enzymes
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Glycolysis Pathway
10
Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
ATP
ADP
ATP
ADP
Hexokinase
Phosphoglucose
isomerase
Phosphofructokinase
Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
Aldolase
Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
Triose phosphate
isomerase
Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphoate
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate
ADP
ATP
Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate
kinase
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Enolase
Pyruvate
Pyruvate Kinase
Phosphoglycerate
mutase
ADP
ATP
Pi, NAD+
NADH
H2O
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Sources
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22593/
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Biochemistry, Biology,
Microbiology, Immunology,
Chemistry & Physics
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PROTÉGÉ EDUCATION CENTER, LLC
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Career Development Program
High school graduates & College students
SAT
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Grades 3 to 12
Science Math
(Biology, Chemistry & Physics)
College
Biology, Biochemistry,
Microbiology, Immunology,
Chemistry
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Physics
Biology Research Lab
Assistant
Certificate of Completion
Medical
Laboratory
Scientist
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Preparation
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732-432-4900
Computer Science
Certificate of Completion
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