This document discusses different office space layouts and their impacts on productivity and employee well-being. It notes that while open plan offices are now common, occupying 70% of American workspaces, studies have shown they reduce productivity due to loss of focus from noise and lack of privacy. Cubicles were popular in the 1960s-80s for their low-cost efficiency but also isolate workers. Color psychology research indicates purple, green and blue foster calmness while red and orange boost energy. Finally, the history of office design is reviewed from early 20th century Taylorist crowded floors to today's emphasis on networking and mobility.
2. HOME OFFICE
vs.
10%
38%
of US
employees
now
regularly
work from
home.
of employed
Americans with
college degrees do
some or all of their
work from home.
HOME WORKING
13%
led to
performance
increase
9% was from
working more minutes
per shift (fewer
breaks and sick days)
4%
from more calls
per minute (attributed
to a quieter working
environment)
Promotion rate conditional on performance fell.
3. COLOR
PSYCHOLOGY
PURPLE
royalty, wealth,
sophistication, exotic,
spiritual, prosperity,
respect, mystery
YELLOW
RED
happiness, laughter,
cheery, warmth,
optimism, hunger
GREEN
natural, cool,
growth, health,
envy, tranquility,
harmony
ORANGE
love, energy,
excitement,
intensity,
warmth,
comfort
BLUE
calm, serenity,
wisdom,
loyalty, truth
love, energy,
excitement,
intensity,
warmth, comfort
WHITE
purity, innocence,
cleanliness, sense
of space, neutrality
BLACK
authority, power,
strength, intelligence,
evil, mourning
5. OPEN SPACE CUBICLES
vs.
Productivity killers in the open office
conversations
machines
70
temperature
ringing
phones
Those over 45 are more sensitive to
these conditions and have a bigger
(negative) effect on their productivity
6. OPEN SPACE CUBICLES
vs.
open office setups reported
62% more sick days
on average than one-occupant
layouts (Scandinavian Journal of Work Study)
+
Participants that moved into an open
office plan were not only unhappy,
but their team relations had
broken down even more so.
7. OPEN SPACE CUBICLES
vs.
A study of 42,000 US office
workers in 303 buildings concluded:
Open-plan layouts are disruptive due to
!
loss of privacy
uncontrollable noise
and were clearly outperformed
by enclosed private offices.
8. THE OFFICE
In 1980, half of new
office furniture was
placed in cubicle offices.
CUBICLE
A popular, cheap, efficient way to gather
employees in one grand arena in the 1960’s.
It is estimated that by 1974,
cubicles accounted for
20% of new office
furniture expenditures.
The average office
space per worker in the
U.S. dropped from
250 sq ft
in 2000
-TO-
190 sq ft
in 2005
9. HISTORY
OF THE OFFICE SPACE
A brief history of how seating arrangements have
reflected our changing attitudes toward work.
1
TAYLORISM
(ca. 1904)
American engineer Frederick
Taylor was obsessed with
efficiency and oversight and is
credited as one of the first
people to actually design an
office space. Taylor crowded
workers together in a completely
open environment while bosses
looked on from private offices,
much like on a factory floor.
10. HISTORY
2
OF THE OFFICE SPACE
BUROLANDSCHAFT
(ca. 1960)
The German "office landscape" brought
the socialist values of 1950s Europe to
the workplace: Management was no
longer cosseted in executive suites.
Local arrangements might vary by
function—side-by-side workstations for
clerks or pinwheel arrangements for
designers, to make chatting easier—but
the layout stayed undivided.
11. HISTORY
3
OF THE OFFICE SPACE
ACTION OFFICE
(ca. 1968)
Bürolandschaft inspired Herman
Miller to create a product based
on the new European workplace
philosophy. Action was the first
modular business furniture
system, with low dividers and
flexible work surfaces. It's still in
production today and widely
used. In fact, you probably know
Action by its generic, more
sinister name: cubicle.
12. HISTORY
OF THE OFFICE SPACE
4
CUBE FARM
(ca. 1980)
It's the cubicle concept taken to the
extreme. As the ranks of middle
managers swelled, a new class of
employee was created: too important
for a mere desk but too junior for a
window seat. Facilities managers
accommodated them in the cheapest
way possible, with modular walls. The
sea of cubicles was born.
13. HISTORY
5
OF THE OFFICE SPACE
VIRTUAL OFFICE
(ca. 1994)
Ad agency TBWAChiatDay's
LA headquarters was a Frank
Gehry masterpiece. But the
interior, dreamed up by the
company's CEO, was a fiasco.
The virtual office had no personal
desks; you grabbed a laptop in
the morning and scrambled to
claim a seat. Productivity
nose-dived, and the firm quickly
became a laughingstock.
14. HISTORY
6
OF THE OFFICE SPACE
NETWORKING
(present)
During the past decade, furniture
designers have tried to part the sea of
cubicles and encourage
sociability—without going nuts. Knoll,
for example, created systems with
movable, semi-enclosed pods and
connected desks whose shape separates
work areas in lieu of dividers. Most
recently, Vitra unveiled furniture in
which privacy is suggested if not
realized. Its large tables have low
dividers that cordon off personal space
but won't guard personal calls.