This presentation broadly talks about various international transportation modes with more emphasis on Ocean mode.

1. INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION

2. INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION
TyPES Of INTERNATIONAL
TRANSPORTATION
1. TRuck ANd RAIL
2. AIR TRANSPORTATION
3. OcEAN TRANSPORTATION
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3. TRuck ANd RAIL
PRImARy cARRIERS AmONg cOuNTRIES IN ThE SAmE
cONTINENT Such AS uSA, mExIcO, & cANAdA, Eu
cOuNTRIES
cONTAINERIzEd PIggybAck SERvIcE ON RAIL
 cOmbINEd TRANSPORTATION Of OcEAN ANd INLANd TO
dOmESTIc fINAL dESTINATION
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AIR TRANSPORTATIONmOST ExPENSIvE buT fASTEST mOdE Of
TRANSPORTATION
hIgh vALuEd gOOdS
fRAgILE ANd PERIShAbLE gOOdS
ShORTER TRANSIT TImE: SPEEdy dELIvERy
LESS buRdEN ON INvENTORy: JuST-IN-TImE dELIvERy

4. AIR fREIghT
 by wEIghT OR vOLumE
 STEEP PROgRESSIvE RATE STRucTuRE
 dEPENdINg ON cOmmOdITIES
AIR fREIghT cARRIERS
 AIRLINES: OPERATE OwN AIR PLANES
 AIR fREIghT cONSOLIdATORS
 AIR fREIghT whOLESALERS fOR LESS ThAN cONTAINER LOAd
(LcL)
 mORE wAITINg TImE fOR cONSOLIdATION
 fREIghT fORwARdINg SERvIcE by fREIghT cONSOLIdATOR
 ExPORT cuSTOmS cLEARANcE SERvIcE by fREIghT
cONSOLIdATOR
 INTERNATIONAL cOuRIERS
 dOcumENTS ANd SmALL PAckAgES
 hOuSE TO hOuSE SERvIcE
 ONE TO ThREE dAy guARANTEEd dELIvERy
 dhL, uPS, fEdERAL ExPRESS, EmERy, uS POSTAL SERvIcE
4

5. OcEAN TRANSPORTATION
90% Of ThE TOTAL INTERNATIONAL TRAdE ARE TRANSPORTEd by OcEAN. hENcE
ShIPPINg INduSTRy hAS A vITAL ROLE TO PLAy IN INTERNATIONAL TRAdE.
 LEAST ExPENSIvE TRANSPORTATION mOdE
 fASTER, mORE fuEL-EffIcIENT vESSELS
 ShIPPINg LINES
 uSuALLy OwN ANd OPERATE cARgO vESSELS .
 bELONgS TO cONfERENcE OR NON-cONfERENcE . (NON-cONfERENcE LINES
OPERATE INdEPENdENTLy ON ITS OwN TARIff AS wELL AS TERmS ANd cONdITIONS.
ThEy ARE cOmmONLy cALLEd "INdEPENdENTS" IN ThE ShIPPINg INduSTRy. SOmE
INdEPENdENT LINES ALSO TEAm uP TO fORm cONSORTIumS TO INcREASE ThEIR
PARTIcIPATION IN TRAdE ROuTES, INcREASE ThEIR SAILINg fREquENcy ANd
gEOgRAPhIcAL cOvERAgE TO mEET ThE dEmANdS Of ThE ShIPPINg INduSTRy.)
 NvOcc'S (NON-vESSEL OPERATINg cOmmON cARRIERS) - ThE STATuS Of A
NvOcc IS SImILAR TO A cARRIER ExcEPT ThAT IT dOES NOT OwN ANd OPERATE Such
vESSELS. ThE NvOcc AcTS AS A mIddLEmAN bETwEEN ShIPPERS ANd cARRIERS. hIS
fuNcTIONS INcLudE bOOkINg SPAcE wITh ShIPPINg cOmPANIES, PROvIdINg
dOcumENTATION SERvIcES TO ShIPPERS, cOORdINATINg wITh SuPPLIERS, ShIPPERS
ANd ThE ShIPPINg LINES TO ENSuRE SmOOTh dELIvERy Of cARgO TO ANd fROm ThE
PORT ANd ARRANgINg cuSTOmS cLEARANcE Of ThE cARgO.
 dO NOT OwN OR OPERATE ThE vESSELS
 SPEcIALIzEd IN LcL cARgOES-- SmALL ShIPmENTS IN A cONTAINER 5

7. cONvENTIONAL gENERAL cARgO vESSEL

8. vESSEL – gEARLESS-
A mAJOR chARAcTERISTIc Of A cONTAINER ShIP IS whEThER IT
hAS cRANES INSTALLEd fOR hANdLINg ITS cARgO. ThOSE ThAT
hAvE cARgO cRANES ARE cALLEd gEAREd ANd ThOSE ThAT
dON'T ARE cALLEd uNgEAREd OR gEARLESS.

9. vESSEL-
gEAREd

10. RORO vESSEL
ROLL-ON/ROLL-Off (RORO OR RO-RO) ShIPS ARE vESSELS
dESIgNEd TO cARRy whEELEd cARgO, Such AS AuTOmObILES,
TRuckS, SEmI-TRAILER TRuckS, TRAILERS, ANd RAILROAd
cARS, ThAT ARE dRIvEN ON ANd Off ThE ShIP ON ThEIR OwN
whEELS OR uSINg A PLATfORm vEhIcLE, Such AS A SELf-
PROPELLEd mOduLAR TRANSPORTER. ThIS IS IN cONTRAST TO
LIfT-ON/LIfT-Off (LOLO) vESSELS, whIch uSE A cRANE TO LOAd
ANd uNLOAd cARgO.
RORO vESSELS hAvE buILT-IN RAmPS ThAT ALLOw ThE cARgO
TO bE EffIcIENTLy ROLLEd ON ANd Off ThE vESSEL whEN IN
PORT. whILE SmALLER fERRIES ThAT OPERATE AcROSS RIvERS
ANd OThER ShORT dISTANcES OfTEN hAvE buILT-IN RAmPS, ThE
TERm RORO IS gENERALLy RESERvEd fOR LARgER OcEANgOINg
vESSELS. ThE RAmPS ANd dOORS mAy bE STERN-ONLy, OR bOw
ANd STERN fOR quIck LOAdINg.

12. cONTAINER ShIPS ARE dISTINguIShEd INTO 7 mAJOR SIzE cATEgORIES: SmALL fEEdER,
fEEdER, fEEdERmAx, PANAmAx, POST-PANAmAx, NEw PANAmAx ANd uLTRA-LARgE..
ThERE ARE 161 cONTAINER ShIPS IN ThE vLcS cLASS (vERy LARgE cONTAINER ShIPS, mORE
ThAN 10,000 TEu), ANd 51 PORTS IN ThE wORLd cAN AccOmmOdATE ThEm.

13. Maersk Line – DenMark- Maersk Line fLeet coMprises More than 600
vesseLs anD a nuMber of containers corresponDing to More than 3.8 M teu
Msc – switzerLanD
cMa cgM group – france
evergreen Line– taiwan
apL – singapore
cosco – china
hapag-LLoyD group – gerMany
cscL – china
hanjin -rep. of korea
nyk – japan

14. nature of gooDs
outer
Deck
inner Deck
stowage
above
waterLine
stowage
beLow
waterLine
Moisture sensitive ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓
teMperature
sensitive
✗ ✓ ✓ ✓
ventiLation
requireD
✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
container Decks
containers are positioneD on vesseLs accorDing to nature of
gooDs. there are 4 Major container Deck of a container ship

15. container stuffing
there are Many software for LoaDing container optiMizer- this kinD of software aLso caLLeD container
stuffing software, cargo LoaDing software, or container LoaDing software.
this software wiLL create best LoaD pLans to MiniMize the container space useD.
there are Many features consiDereD when choosing LoaDing container software such as:
- MuLtipLe container sizes per shipMent (no LiMit)
- MuLtipLe cargo sizes per shipMent (LiMit to 150 sizes)
- caLcuLate costing anD cost per package being shippeD
- 4 cargo types (carton/paLLet/cyLinDer/unit LoaD)
- 4 container types (sea container/air container/fLat paLLet/paLLet box)
- 5 container shapes (rectanguLar anD sLope containers)
- unusabLe space in container (corner casting, airfLow space etc.)
- save LoaDeD paLLet as unit LoaD cargo type (2-stages LoaDing)
- support to interLock LoaD pattern (best resuLt for paLLet LoaDing)
- freeze LoaDing (recaLcuLate on LoaDeD container)
- Mix cargo type LoaDing (carton/paLLet/cyLinDer/unit LoaD)
- fLat LoaDing (fLat LoaDing styLe)
- 3D view (360 Degree rotation)
- weight Distribution graph
- ManuaL LoaD (reaL Drag anD Drop)
- eDit LoaDeD container
- fiLo (first in Last out) LoaDing styLe
- stack LoaDing ruLe
- uLtiMate MoDe caLcuLation
- support to network environMent
- group LoaDing (finD MaxiMuM quantity of set to fuLL container)
- finD MaxiMuM quantity to fuLL container
- carton Designer MoDuLe (proDuct > carton > paLLet > container)
- DeMonstration itseLf
- autoMatic upgraDe inforM

18. aLL cargoes other than buLk coMMoDities were MoveD
package by package anD piece by piece with MuLtipLe
hanDLing, resuLting in DaMage, piLferage anD tiMe Loss.

19. as per wikipeDia:
‘containerization is a systeM of freight transport baseD on a range of
steeL interMoDaL containers (aLso 'shipping containers', 'iso containers' etc).
containers are buiLt to stanDarDizeD DiMensions, anD can be LoaDeD anD
unLoaDeD, stackeD, transporteD efficientLy over Long Distances, anD
transferreD froM one MoDe of transport to another—container
ships, raiL anD seMi-traiLer trucks—without being openeD. the
systeM was DeveLopeD after worLD war ii, LeD to greatLy reDuceD transport
costs, anD supporteD a vast increase in internationaL traDe.’
iso stanDarD for containers:
a.five coMMon stanDarD Lengths: 20-ft, 40-ft, 45-ft, 48-ft anD 53-ft
b.container capacity is expresseD in teu – twenty-feet equivaLent units or or
feu = forty foot equivaLent units .
c.height is not consiDereD for expression
D.MaxiMuM gross Mass for 20ft is 24000 kgs anD for 40-ft is 30,480 kgs
soMe big naMes in container transport:
nyk Line, evergreen Marine, cMa-cgM, Maersk Line, Msc, hapag-
LLoyD, apL, hanjin, cscL
in inDia – shipping corporation of inDia

20. aDvantage
tiMe saving
fLexibiLity between Different types of
transport
hanDLing eLiMinateD
Labour saving
LittLe DaMage
speciaL containers
avoiD thefts & piLferage
DisaDvantage
Labor cost
not suitabLe to transport sMaLLer aMount of
gooDs
DeLays in DeLivery
heavy LoaDs- DaMageD roaDs

21. Shipper books
shipment with Line
Line advises port depot to
release empty to Shipper
Port depot releases
empty to Shipper
Released empty is taken
to Shipper’s premises
At Shipper’s premises
shipment stuffed into Contr.
At Shipper’s premises
shipment stuffed into
Contr.
Stuffed laden box returned
to port by Shipper
Stuffed laden box upon
return to port is stacked in
CY
laden box taken to vsl side
for loading
laden box is loaded to vsl
Ship sails out with the
shipment
fLowchart

22. ～ container ～

23. c-tpat for container security
container integrity Must be MaintaineD to protect against the
introDuction of unauthorizeD MateriaLs anD/or persons. at the point of
staffing, proceDures Must be in pLace to properLy seaL anD Maintain
the integrity of the shipping containers.
a high security seaL Must be affixeD to aLL LoaDeD containers bounD
for the uniteD states. aLL seaLs Must Meet or exceeD the current pas
iso 17712 stanDarDs for high security seaLs.
container inspections
proceDures Must be in pLace to verify the physicaL integrity of the container
structure prior to stuffing, to incLuDe the reLiabiLity of the Locking MechanisM of
the Doors. a 7-point checkList or inspection process is recoMMenDeD for aLL
containers baseD on the foLLowing circuMstances:
•front waLL
•Left siDe
•right siDe
•fLoor
•ceiLing/roof
•insiDe/outsiDe Doors
•outsiDe/unDercarriage
container seaLs

24. Corner
Fitting
Hinge
CSC Plate
Locking Bar
Guide
Bracket
Cone Protector
Gasket
Cam & keeper
Handle
Catch & retainer
J-Bar
TIR Plate
RightRightLeft Door Sill
Door Header
Handle Hub
Weight Decal
REAR

25. Front Header
Front Sill
Front Panel
Front Corner Post
Corner
Fitting
Right Left
Bottom
Top
Cone Protector
FRONT

26. Bottom Rail
Forklift Pocket
Ventilator
Top Rail
Bottom Rail
Gusset
UIC Decal
Height Code
SIDE

27. Roof Panel
Rear Extension Plate
Roof Gusset
Top Rail
Roof Gusset
Front Extension PlateLeft Right
ROOF

28. Front Sill
Cross Member
Forklift Pocket
Straps
Forklift Pocket
Member
Understructure

29. Cross Member
Tunnel Bolster
Tunnel Rail
Outrigger
Stiffener
Front Panel
Front Sill
Corner Fitting
Cone Protector
40 feet40’/HQ Understructure

30. Right Side
Panel
Left Side Panel
Roof Panel
Front Panel
Central Rail
Goose Neck Tunnel Plate
Floor
Lashing Ring
Lashing Ring Lashing Ring
Lashing Bar
Lashing Ring
Interior

31. Roof Bow
Swing Header Hinge
Open Top

32. Tarpaulin
Swing Header Hinge
TIR Cable or Cord
Open Top view

33. TIR cable end-piece
TIR Cable or Cord
Eye Ring & Eye Let
Open Top ( side view )

35. General CarGo
PaCkaGed CarGo transPorted not in Container
Fiberboard (Cardboard) box, Crate(wooden
box), Fiber drum, steel drum, wooden barrel,
baG or saCk, and bale
reFriGerated holds For Frozen meat or Fresh
Fruit
35

36. bulk CarGo
CarGo without PaCkaGe
dry bulk CarGo: Coal, Grain, ore, Gravel loaded
into the holds by Cranes or Clamshells or
Conveyor system
liquid bulk CarGo: Gasoline, edible oil, liquidiFied
natural Gas (lnG) or liquidiFied Petroleum Gas
(lPG) loaded into the tank by PiPinG system
36

37. Container Cargo
PaCkaged Cargo transPorted in a Container
House to House serviCe
unloaded to Container FreigHt station (CFs) in
tHe Case oF more tHan one Cargo owner and
Container Yard (CY) in tHe Case oF one Cargo
owner
37

38. tank Container
20' For transPortation oF liquid
CHemiCals and Food
stuFFs
drY FreigHt Container
20' and 40' general PurPose Container to CarrY
solid drY goods like Coal, grain, steel ProduCts,
ore and otHer similar ProduCts in loose Form.
HigH CuBe Container
40' and 45' 9'6" HigH - For over HeigHt and
voluminous Cargo

39. oPen toP Container
20' and 40' removaBle
tarPaulin For toP
loading oF over
HeigHt Cargo
Flat raCk
20' and 40' For over widtH and HeavY
Cargo
PlatForm
20' and 40' For extra lengtH and
HeavY Cargo

40. tHe exterior dimensions oF all Containers ConForming to iso
standards are 20 Feet long x 8 Feet wide x 8 Feet 6 inCHes
HigH or 9 Feet 6 inCHes HigH For HigH CuBe Containers.
ventilated Container
20’ ideal For Cargo requiring
ventilation
Bulk Container
20’ For Bulk Cargoes

41. insulated Container
20' and 40‘ Hq- For Heat and Cold
sensitive Cargo
reeFer Container
20' and 40’ & 40’Hq
For temPerature Controlled Cargo.
Cooling, Freezing or Heating oF Foods or
CHemiCals. reeFers are reFrigerated sHiPPing Containers
tYPiCallY used to transPort Cargo
requiring temPerature-Controlled
Conditions suCH as vegetaBles, Fruit, FisH, Protein or otHer
Commodities.

42. Container
Handling
Container Handling Crane
or Portainer Crane
traveliFt
side-loader
skeleton Flat Car
quaYside equiPment
road CHassis
straddle Carrier
liFt truCk witH toP
sPreader
gantrY Cranes
overHead Cranes

44. tHis Cargo will also Have to move via truCk or rail on its journeY From origin
to destination. an intermodal network is ComPrised oF sHiPs, trains, Planes and
truCks, inCluding tHe surFaCe over wHiCH tHeY move and tHe ConneCtions or
transFer Points Between tHe modes, oFten reFerred to as intermodal
ConneCtors. serviCe disruPtion or insuFFiCient CaPaCitY anYwHere in tHe
network Could result in sHiPment delaYs and inCreased Cost.
exPloring HuB and Feeder
model

45. transsHiPment is tHe sHiPment oF goods or Containers to an intermediate
destination, tHen to Yet anotHer destination.
one PossiBle reason For transsHiPment is to CHange tHe means oF transPort during tHe
journeY (e.g., From sHiP transPort to road transPort), known as transloading. anotHer
reason is to ComBine small sHiPments into a large sHiPment (Consolidation), dividing tHe
large sHiPment at tHe otHer end (deConsolidation). transsHiPment usuallY takes
PlaCe in transPort HuBs. muCH international transsHiPment also takes PlaCe in
designated Customs areas, tHus avoiding tHe need For Customs CHeCks or duties,
otHerwise a major HindranCe For eFFiCient transPort. an item Handled (From tHe
sHiPPer's Point oF view) as a single movement is not generallY Considered transsHiPPed,
even iF it CHanges From one mode oF transPort to anotHer at several Points.
PreviouslY, it was oFten not distinguisHed From transloading, sinCe eaCH leg oF suCH a
triP was tYPiCallY Handled BY a diFFerent sHiPPer. transsHiPment is normallY FullY
legitimate and an everYdaY Part oF world trade. However, it Can also Be a metHod
used to disguise intent, as is tHe Case witH illegal logging, smuggling, or greY-market
goods.

46. a Container terminal is a FaCilitY wHere Cargo Containers are
transsHiPPed Between diFFerent transPort veHiCles, For onward
transPortation. tHe transsHiPment maY Be Between Container sHiPs and
land veHiCles, For examPle trains or truCks, in wHiCH Case tHe terminal
is desCriBed as a maritime Container terminal. alternativelY tHe
transsHiPment maY Be Between land veHiCles, tYPiCallY Between train
and truCk, in wHiCH Case tHe terminal is desCriBed as an inland
Container terminal.
maritime Container terminals tend to Be Part oF a larger Port, and tHe
Biggest maritime Container terminals Can Be Found situated around
major HarBours. inland Container terminals tend to Be loCated in or
near major Cities, witH good rail ConneCtions to maritime Container
terminals.
BotH maritime and inland Container terminals usuallY Provide storage
FaCilities For BotH loaded and emPtY Containers. loaded Containers
are stored For relativelY sHort Periods, wHilst waiting For onward
transPortation, wHilst unloaded Containers maY Be stored For longer
Periods awaiting tHeir next use. Containers are normallY staCked For
storage, and tHe resulting stores are known as Container staCks.
a drY Port (sometimes inland Port) is an inland intermodal terminal
direCtlY ConneCted BY road or rail to a seaPort and oPerating as a
Centre For tHe transsHiPment oF sea Cargo to inland destinations. in
addition to tHeir role in Cargo transsHiPment, drY Ports maY also
inClude FaCilities For storage and Consolidation oF goods, maintenanCe

47. some numBers aBout sea transPort in india:
•sea transPort Carries 95% oF india’s exPorts BY volumes and 70% BY value
•india Has 13 major Ports and 187 non-major Ports along 7517 km Coastline
•CaPaCitY exPeCted to reaCH 21.0 m teu BY 2014
•Per world Bank studY, tHe western region (mumBai and gujarat) Can Handle
66% Container tHrougHPuts For tHe CountrY, 27% Can Be Handled in soutHern
region and BalanCe at eastern region
•india is growing at 7-8% growtH rate.
•tHe exPorts oF FinisHed grouPs are growing and so Port inFrastruCture needs
to Be sCaled uP to Handle tHe new emerging standards oF tHe vessels.