"The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows. Ascertain this and teach him accordingly" Ausubel, D..P. (1960) Thia short presentation hopes to show the value of using a variety of tools including graphics organizers which function as 'advance organizers' in Ausubel's quote above and help the teacher scaffold learning

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Marisa ConstantinidesMarisa Constantinides
CELT AthensCELT Athens
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TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/
K
W

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What is
scaffolding?
What is
scaffolding?
What tools
can we use?
What tools
can we use?
How can we
plan for
it?
How can we
plan for
it?
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/
Why should
we do it?
Why should
we do it?

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The dog that found the shoe
Woman Policeman
Dog
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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a learninga learning
processprocess
designeddesigned
to promote ato promote a
deeper leveldeeper level
of learningof learning
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructional_scaffolding
Image courtesy of morguefiles
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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Image courtese of http://cdn4.vtourist.com/4/4120548-Propylaea_from_inside_on_Acropolis_Athens.jpg
Support given during theSupport given during the
learning process which islearning process which is
tailored to the needs oftailored to the needs of
the student with thethe student with the
intention of helping theintention of helping the
student achieve his/herstudent achieve his/her
learning goalslearning goals
(Sawyer, 2006).(Sawyer, 2006).
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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“If I had to reduce all educational psychology to just
one principle, I would say this: The most important
single factor influencing learning is what the learner
already knows. Ascertain this and teach him
accordingly”
Ausubel, D. P. (1960)..
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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P
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
Adaptation of a chart created by Anderson, A. & Lynch, T. 1988, Listening, OUP (p.13)
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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NASA GAME
You have crash-landed
on the moon with your
space shuttle and must
decide what to take
with you from the list of
things which are OK for
the long walk to the
mother ship
Look at the following
objects:
• Matches
• Compass
• Blanket
• Flashlight
• Oxygen tanks
• Water
• A flare
• Some parachute silk
• Some concentrated
food
• A raft
• A star map
• A transistor radio
• A 45 calibre pistol
• 15 metres of nylon ropeAdapted from ‘Keep Talking” F Klippel, CUP
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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Teache
r
Students
brainstormbrainstorm
elicitelicit
recallrecall
activateactivate
questionquestion
researchresearch
briefbrief
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•Give clear instructions
•Include careful checks
•Discuss the purposes of activities
•Reduce uncertainty
•Inform of outcomes
•Offer support while Ss are working
•State what your feedback will focus on
•Involve Ss in the Feedback
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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•Careful ‘micro-planning’
•Thorough prep/briefing stage
•Pre-teaching key concepts or
lexis
•Ensuring ss have the necessary
knowledge
•Inform of outcomes
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From http://flippingmath.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/scaffolding.jpg
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Attempt
How did he do it? What did he use? Why did he fail ?
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Husband tried to kill his wife 7 times© Marisa Constantinides 2002
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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Attempt
How did he do it?
e.g. tried to strangle her
What did he use?
e.g. his bare hands
Why did he fail ?
e.g. got a cramp
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Husband tried to kill his wife 7 times© Marisa Constantinides 2002
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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• provide organisational structures & frames
• help organise student thinking & output
• create opportunities for information transfer*
• provide bridges from comprehension to production*
* Widdowson, H.G., 1979, Explorations in Applied Linguistics, Oxford
University Press (pp. 73-74)
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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Husband triedHusband tried
to kill his wife 7to kill his wife 7
timestimes

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Dialogue
?
“ Good Lord! You’re the spitting image of…”
“ So, tell me Anna, what do you do?”
“ Christ, what is going on in there?”
“ What are you doing here with Anna Scott?”
“ Anna Scott! The film star! Oh God! Oh God!”
“ I’m sorry I’m so late.”
“ You haven’t slept with her have you?”
“ I absolutely totally and utterly adore you!”
“ Hello Anna…………………..Scott! Have some wine”
“ Hello Anna. Delighted to meet you!”
“I genuinely believe we could be best friends.”
“Always imagined it must be a tough job – acting. Last
film you did, what did you get paid?”
“I actually walked in the loo with her……She had to ask
me to leave!”
“What do you think of the guinea fowl?”
HO3 Who said what?
Try and match the pieces of dialogue with the character you think said them
Honey : H
Bella : B
Bernie : Ber
Max : M
Anna Scott : A
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JexO-N39Nzg
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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From Applebee, A. N. 1986.
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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Appropriateness of the
instructional task.
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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Student ownership of theStudent ownership of the
learning eventlearning event.
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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A structured learningA structured learning
environment.environment.
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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SharedShared
responsibilityresponsibility..
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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Transfer ofTransfer of
control.control.
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•More engagementMore engagement
•Learners primed for tasksLearners primed for tasks
•Motivation to participateMotivation to participate
•Top down processing helpTop down processing help
•Bridges to later stages in the lessonBridges to later stages in the lesson
•Better lesson flowBetter lesson flow
•Task accountabilityTask accountability
•Focused & purposeful language workFocused & purposeful language work
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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•Deeper LearningDeeper Learning
•Dynamic DiscussionsDynamic Discussions
•Individualized InstructionIndividualized Instruction
•Peer-teaching & peer-learningPeer-teaching & peer-learning
•Supportive learning environmentSupportive learning environment
•Lowering of affective filterLowering of affective filter
•Learning through doingLearning through doing
•Development of learner autonomyDevelopment of learner autonomy
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mentor
mentorfacilitator
facilitator
monitormonitor assessor
assessor
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

50. 50From http://flippingmath.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/scaffolding.jpg
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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…… paying attention topaying attention to howhow to beto be
successful…successful…
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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…… the building is not yet complete…the building is not yet complete…
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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…… but knows the scaffolding will onebut knows the scaffolding will one
day be removed…day be removed…
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TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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My email marisa.constantinides@gmail.comMy email marisa.constantinides@gmail.com
Twitter @Marisa_CTwitter @Marisa_C
My Centre www.celt.edu.grMy Centre www.celt.edu.gr
Image creditsImage credits Images not credited either my own, Microsoft Clipart or fromImages not credited either my own, Microsoft Clipart or from
http://www.morguefile.comhttp://www.morguefile.com
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/

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Showing appreciationShowing appreciation
Being tolerantBeing tolerant
Being enthusiasticBeing enthusiastic
Smiling and encouragingSmiling and encouraging
Believing that all students willBelieving that all students will
succeed…succeed…
…… and they will!and they will!
TESOL Greece 2014 – Marisa Constantinides – CELT Athens – http://www.celt.edu.gr/