Turner syndrome is a health complication that affects only girls and women when the X chromosome (a sex chromosome) is partially or completely missing. Turner syndrome is usually diagnosed in prenatal stages, during infancy or in early childhood.

1. TURNER SYNDROME
CAUSES | SYMPTOMS | TREATMENT

2. INTRODUCTION TO TURNER
SYNDROME
• Turner syndrome is a health complication that affects
only girls and women when the X chromosome (a sex
chromosome) is partially or completely missing. The
syndrome can lead to developmental problems like short
height, failure to start puberty, infertility, heart
problems, learning issues and social behaviour problems.
• Turner syndrome is usually diagnosed in prenatal stages,
during infancy or in early childhood. In some cases, the
diagnosis is delayed till teen age because of mild signs
and symptoms of the syndrome.

3. Symptoms of Turner syndrome includes:
• The reason behind the absence of an X chromosome may
be because of an error in the father's sperm or in the
mother's egg. This results in every cell having only one X
chromosome.
• In certain cases, an error occurs in cell division during
initial stages of foetal development. This results in some
cells having two copies of the X chromosome. Other cells
contain only one copy of the X chromosome.
CAUSES OF TURNER SYNDROME

4. Symptoms of Turner syndrome vary indefinitely during
different stages of a girl’s life:
Before birth
• Excessive fluid collection at the back of the neck or
unusual fluid collections
• Heart irregularities
• Abnormal kidneys
SYMPTOMS OF TURNER SYNDROME

5. At birth or during infancy
• Wide neck
• Small lower jaw
• Narrow and high roof of the mouth
• Receding hairline at the back of the head
• Low-set ears
• Broad chest and widely spaced nipples
• Short height, fingers and toes
• Arms that turn outward at the elbows
• Narrow, turned upward fingernails and toenails
• Inflammation of the hands and feet
• Delayed overall body development
SYMPTOMS OF TURNER SYNDROME

6. In teens, young and old women
• Less growth in childhood
• Short height, about 20 centimeters, less than expected
• Normal intelligence with learning disabilities, especially
concepts
• Difficulty in understanding other people's emotions or
reactions
• Failure to start sexual changes expected during puberty
• Sexual growth that halts during teenage years
• Early end to the menses not due to pregnancy
• Inability to conceive a child without fertility treatment
SYMPTOMS OF TURNER SYNDROME

7. • In most of the cases, girls are recommended growth
hormone therapy. The objective is to increase height as
much as possible at right times during your daughter's
childhood and teen years. Growth hormone treatment is
given in the injection form several times a week. In
addition, your doctor may recommend an androgen
called oxandrolone.
• Most girls with Turner syndrome require estrogen and
similar hormone therapy to start puberty and achieve
adult sexual development. Normally, Estrogen
replacement therapy carries on for life until a woman
reaches the average age of menopause.
TREATMENTS OF TURNER
SYNDROME

8. It’s difficult to distinguish the symptoms of
Turner syndrome from other disorders. See your
primary care physician if you believe your
daughter shows signs of Turner syndrome.

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