2. Community discussion
• Communication between tribes, societies
• Editors took stories from London papers,
recounted what people said at the local pub.
3. The invention of news,
1690-1850
Assortment of local advertising
small paragraphs of local adversting
Large chunks of European and economic
intelligence lifted from London papers
18th Century printers avoided controversy,
printing largely foreign news because there
was no ground for local leader grumbling
7. 1800-1890
• Correspondents, not occupation
• 1820s, newspapers began sending out
reporters to ship
• Between 1833-1835 entrepreneurs
developed penny press.
• Sought out local news
• Began competition for local news
9. Development of daily newspaper
• Transition from partisan to
mercantile press
• Pennsylvania Evening Post &
Advertiser
• First daily newspaper
• American Minerva
• Noah Webster, editor, is college
educated (not just a printer)
• Paper has wider appeal (beyond
N.Y.C.)
10. Development of daily newspaper
• Separation of fact and
opinion
• National Intelligencer
begins in 1800
• Covers Congress –
verbatim
• Idea of a newspaper
of record
• Forerunner of the
Congressional Record
11. Development of daily newspaper
• Better presses, cheaper
paper
• Idea emerges that news
is new
• Reporters appear
• Foreign news still
important
• Competition appears
12. Great Newspaper Editors
Benjamin Day
New York Sun
Henry Raymond
New-York Times
James Gordon Bennett
New York Herald
Horace Greeley
New York Tribune
Journalism History
14. The first recorded newspaper interview
H.G. — Am I to regard Mormonism (so-called) as a new religion, or as simply a new development of Christianity?
B.Y. — We hold that there can be no true Christian Church without a priesthood directly commissioned by and in immediate
communication with the Son of God and Savior of mankind. Such a church is that of the Latter-Day Saints, called by their enemies
Mormons; we know no other that even pretends to have present and direct revelations of God's will.
H.G. — Then I am to understand that you regard all other churches professing to be Christian as The Church of Rome regards all
churches not in communion with itself — as schismatic, heretical, and out of the way of salvation?
B. Y. — Yes, substantially.
H.G. — Apart from this, in what respect do your doctrines differ from those of our Orthodox Protestant Churches — the Baptist or
Methodist, for example?
B.Y. — We hold the doctrines of Christianity, as revealed in the Old and New Testaments — also in the Book of Mormon, which teaches
the same cardinal truths, and those only.
H.G. — Do you believe in the doctrine of the Trinity?
B. Y. — We do; but not exactly as it is held by other churches. We believe in the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, as equal, but not
identical — not as one person [being]. We believe in all the Bible teaches on this subject.
H.G. — Do you believe in a personal devil — a distinct, conscious, spiritual being, whose nature and acts are essentially malignant and
evil?
B.Y. — We do.
H.G. — Do you hold the doctrine of Eternal Punishment?
B.Y. — We do; though perhaps not exactly as other churches do. We believe it as the Bible teaches it.
H.G. — I understand that you regard Baptism by Immersion as essential.
B.Y. — We do.
H.G. — Do you practice Infant Baptism?
B.Y. — No.
H.G. — Do you make removal to these valleys obligatory on your converts?
B.Y. — They would consider themselves greatly aggrieved if they were not invited hither. We hold to such a gathering together of God's
People as the Bible foretells, and that this is the place and now is the time appointed for its consummation.
18. Photojournalism
• Photographers no longer need
permission or cooperation of
subjects
• Photographs more candid, intimate,
immediate, episodic
• Considered “objective” documents
• News content in their own right,
not just illustrations ancillary to the
text
19. Milestones
Leica: mass produced in 1924
• Half-tone
photographic printing
• Gelatin-based film
• Flashbulbs
• Smaller, mass-produced
cameras
20. LIFE Magazine
• Founded in 1936
• Instant success
• Two million
circulation by 1938
• 22 million readers by
1944
22. Wireless
James Clerk Maxwell
Electromagnetic radiation theorized 1864
•
Heinrich Hertz
Transmission of radio waves 1887
•
Guglielmo Marconi
First wireless transmission 1895
Transatlantic wireless transmission 1901
•
•
23. Broadcasting
Reginald Fessenden
Wireless voice transmission 1906
•
Lee deForest
Audion Tube 1864
Broadcasts from Eiffel Tower 1908
•
•
Edwin Howard Armstrong
Regenerative Circuit 1913
•
24. Radio Networks
US Congress
Establishes the Federal Radio
Commission 1927
•
David Sarnoff
Suggests Radio Music Box 1916
Establishes NBC 1926
•
•
William Paley
Columbia Broadcast System 1928
•
25. Radio-Press War
•
•
1922 - A.P. says copy is not for radio
1933 - “Biltmore Agreement”
•
•
UPI “clacker”
•
Two, five-minute newscasts per day
(after 9:30 a.m. and 9:00 p.m.)
Networks respond with
commentary
1939 - A.P. lifts ban
27. Radio-Press War
•
1922 - A.P. says copy is not
for radio
•
1933 - “Biltmore Agreement”
•
Two, five-minute newscasts
per day (after 9:30 a.m.
and 9:00 p.m.)
•
UPI “clacker”
•
Networks respond with
commentary
1939 - A.P. lifts ban
32. 30 Minutes
• CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite September 3, 1963
• NBC News “Huntley-Brinkley Report” September 9, 1963
• ABC News with Peter Jennings - January
1965
33. Pentagon Papers
• MacNamara orders a history
of U.S. involvement in
Indochina
• Leaked by Daniel Ellsberg
• Published in June 1971 by
New York Times
• Government sues for prior
restraint
• Other papers, including
Washington Post, also publish
34.
35. Watergate Break-in
• June 17, 1972: Democratic
National Committee in the
Watergate complex
• Five “plumbers” planting
Watergate complex – Washington, D.C.
listening devices are caught
by Washington, D.C. police
• Operation financed by
illegal contributions to
CREEP
• Mercantile press: emphasizes trade and commerce (similar to WSJ today)
• Pennsylvania Evening Post and Daily Advertiser -- first daily in 1783. Proves taht newspapers could come out daily and that a business press was marketable.
• Focus of paper was tight at first, then moved to include things that affected business, such as politics.
• Attracted advertising -- much of it runs on the front page
• First time papers have become economically viable (making profits) without being underwritten.
• Beginnings of complex news organizations
• Noah Webster of dictionary fame
• Minerva = Roman name for goddess of knowledge (it’s Athena in Greek)
• Literary flavor, appealed to broader audience
• Facts begin to be separated from opinion. Minerva even has a “baby” editorial page....that is pieces labeled as opinion.
• Specifically started to cover congress in a factual manner
• Sat in galleries and recorded verbatim the debates -- not summaries.
• Meant for the nation, but sold mostly in Washington, D.C.
• The notion comes about that there can be a “newspaper of record.”
• Newspapers circulated by stagecoach
• Freidrich Koenig designed a two-cylinder press (two-sided paper) in London, idea is copied in America.
• Topliff’s idea of rowing out to ships in harbor to retrieve news and sell it to newspapers - the beginning of news services.
